1
|
Barbosa JC, Gonçalves S, Makowski M, Silva ÍC, Caetano T, Schneider T, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD, Santos NC, Mendo S. Insights into the mode of action of the two-peptide lantibiotic lichenicidin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 211:112308. [PMID: 34973602 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are promising candidates to address the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance. They belong to a class of natural compounds exhibiting strong activity against clinically relevant Gram-positive bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Lichenicidin is a class II two-peptide lantibiotic. The presence of the two mature peptides, Bliα and Bliβ, is necessary for full activity against target bacteria. This work aims at clarifying the synergistic activity of both peptides in their interaction with the target membranes. The effect of lichenicidin was tested against S. aureus cells and large unilamellar vesicles. Lichenicidin increases the net surface charge of S. aureus, as shown by zeta-potential measurements, without reaching electroneutralization. In addition, lichenicidin causes cell surface perturbations that culminate in the leakage of its internal contents, as observed by atomic force microscopy. Bliα seems to have low affinity for S. aureus, however, it contributes to increase the affinity of Bliβ, because together they present higher affinity than separately. In contrast, Bliα seems to provide an anchoring site for lichenicidin in lipid II-containing membranes. Interestingly, Bliβ alone can induce high levels of membrane leakage, but this effect appears to be faster in the presence of Bliα. Based on this information, we propose a mechanism of action of lichenicidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Barbosa
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marcin Makowski
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ítala C Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Caetano
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Eva Mösker
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yushchuk O, Ostash I, Mösker E, Vlasiuk I, Deneka M, Rückert C, Busche T, Fedorenko V, Kalinowski J, Süssmuth RD, Ostash B. Eliciting the silent lucensomycin biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces cyanogenus S136 via manipulation of the global regulatory gene adpA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3507. [PMID: 33568768 PMCID: PMC7875965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are among the most prolific sources of medically and agriculturally important compounds, derived from their biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for specialized (secondary) pathways of metabolism. Genomics witnesses that the majority of actinobacterial BGCs are silent, most likely due to their low or zero transcription. Much effort is put into the search for approaches towards activation of silent BGCs, as this is believed to revitalize the discovery of novel natural products. We hypothesized that the global transcriptional factor AdpA, due to its highly degenerate operator sequence, could be used to upregulate the expression of silent BGCs. Using Streptomyces cyanogenus S136 as a test case, we showed that plasmids expressing either full-length adpA or its DNA-binding domain led to significant changes in the metabolome. These were evident as changes in the accumulation of colored compounds, bioactivity, as well as the emergence of a new pattern of secondary metabolites as revealed by HPLC-ESI-mass spectrometry. We further focused on the most abundant secondary metabolite and identified it as the polyene antibiotic lucensomycin. Finally, we uncovered the entire gene cluster for lucensomycin biosynthesis (lcm), that remained elusive for five decades until now, and outlined an evidence-based scenario for its adpA-mediated activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Yushchuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Ostash
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Eva Mösker
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iryna Vlasiuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Deneka
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Christian Rückert
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Victor Fedorenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 4 Hrushevskoho st., Rm. 102, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barbosa J, Caetano T, Mösker E, Süssmuth R, Mendo S. Lichenicidin rational site-directed mutagenesis library: A tool to generate bioengineered lantibiotics. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3053-3062. [PMID: 31350903 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptides that arise as an alternative to the traditional antibiotics. Lichenicidin is active against clinically relevant bacteria and it was the first lantibiotic to be fully produced in vivo in the Gram-negative host Escherichia coli. Here, we present the results of a library of lichenicidin mutants, in which the mutations were generated based on the extensive bibliographical search available for other lantibiotics. The antibacterial activity of two-peptide lantibiotics, as is lichenicidin, requires the synergistic activity of two peptides. We established a method that allows screening for bioactivity which does not require the purification of the complementary peptide. It is an inexpensive, fast and user-friendly method that can be scaled up to screen large libraries of bioengineered two-peptide lantibiotics. The applied system is reliable and robust because, in general, the results obtained corroborate structure-activity relationship studies carried out for other lantibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Caetano
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eva Mösker
- Institut für Chemie, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koshla OT, Rokytskyy IV, Ostash IS, Busche T, Kalinowski J, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD, Fedorenko VO, Ostash BO. Secondary Metabolome and Transcriptome of Streptomyces albus J1074 in Liquid Medium SG2. CYTOL GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452719010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Ramm S, Krawczyk B, Mühlenweg A, Poch A, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD. A Self‐Sacrificing
N
‐Methyltransferase Is the Precursor of the Fungal Natural Product Omphalotin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9994-9997. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ramm
- Institut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Agnes Mühlenweg
- Institut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Annette Poch
- Institut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Eva Mösker
- Institut für Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramm S, Krawczyk B, Mühlenweg A, Poch A, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD. Eine sich selbst opfernde
N
‐Methyltransferase ist die Vorstufe des pilzlichen Sekundärmetaboliten Omphalotin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ramm
- Institut für Chemie Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | | | - Agnes Mühlenweg
- Institut für Chemie Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Annette Poch
- Institut für Chemie Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Eva Mösker
- Institut für Chemie Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuthning A, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD. Engineering the heterologous expression of lanthipeptides in Escherichia coli by multigene assembly. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6351-61. [PMID: 25846334 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are an important class of ribosomally synthesised peptide antibiotics with a remarkable pharmacological potential. Structural variants of lantibiotics generated by peptide engineering in vivo are an important aspect for improving the peptide's efficacy, stability and bioavailability as well as production titre, which severely impacts the potential exploitation in pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, expression systems are needed which allow for a robust genetic access for ample mutagenesis experiments. Based on previous heterologous expression of the two-component lanthipeptide lichenicidin (Bliα and Bliβ) in Escherichia coli BLic5, we now employ a multigene assembly strategy for recombinant lantibiotic peptide production in the Gram-negative host. Two E. coli high copy plasmids for separate and increased expression of a two-component lantibiotic were cloned and tested for expression. From these E. coli HP expression strains, an up to 100 times increased expression was found compared with Bacillus licheniformis I89 and E. coli BLic5. Total expression yields reach 4 mg L(-1) for Bliα and 6 mg L(-1) for Bliβ. The expression system developed in this study constitutes an important cornerstone for future in vivo peptide engineering studies and is of significance for potential applications aiming at higher production titres of ribosomally synthesised, post translationally modified peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kuthning
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Müller S, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Mainz A, Hertlein G, Heid NC, Mösker E, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Titelbild: Paenilamicin - Struktur und Biosynthese eines hybriden Polyketid-/nichtribosomalen Peptidantibiotikums des bienenpathogenen Bakteriums Paenibacillus larvae(Angew. Chem. 40/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Müller S, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Mainz A, Hertlein G, Heid NC, Mösker E, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Paenilamicin - Struktur und Biosynthese eines hybriden Polyketid-/nichtribosomalen Peptidantibiotikums des bienenpathogenen BakteriumsPaenibacillus larvae. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Müller S, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Mainz A, Hertlein G, Heid NC, Mösker E, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Paenilamicin: structure and biosynthesis of a hybrid nonribosomal peptide/polyketide antibiotic from the bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10821-5. [PMID: 25080172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honey bees that occurs worldwide. Previously, we identified a complex hybrid nonribosomal peptide/polyketide synthesis (NRPS/PKS) gene cluster in the genome of P. larvae. Herein, we present the isolation and structure elucidation of the antibacterial and antifungal products of this gene cluster, termed paenilamicins. The unique structures of the paenilamicins give deep insight into the underlying complex hybrid NRPS/PKS biosynthetic machinery. Bee larval co-infection assays reveal that the paenilamicins are employed by P. larvae in fighting ecological niche competitors and are not directly involved in killing the bee larvae. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities qualify the paenilamicins as attractive candidates for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin (Germany) http://www.biochemie.tu-berlin.de
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller S, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Mainz A, Hertlein G, Heid NC, Mösker E, van den Elst H, Overkleeft HS, Genersch E, Süssmuth RD. Cover Picture: Paenilamicin: Structure and Biosynthesis of a Hybrid Nonribosomal Peptide/Polyketide Antibiotic from the Bee PathogenPaenibacillus larvae(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40/2014). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Baramov T, Keijzer K, Irran E, Mösker E, Baik MH, Süssmuth R. Synthesis and structural characterization of hexacoordinate silicon, germanium, and titanium complexes of the E. coli siderophore enterobactin. Chemistry 2013; 19:10536-42. [PMID: 23821482 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The E. coli siderophore enterobactin, one of the strongest Fe(III) chelators known to date, is also capable of binding Si(IV) under physiological conditions. We report on the synthesis and structural characterization of the tris(catecholate) Si(IV) -enterobactin complex and its Ge(IV) and Ti(IV) analogues. Comparative structural analysis, supported by quantum-chemical calculations, reveals the correlation between the ionic radius and the structural changes in enterobactin upon complexation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todor Baramov
- Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät II, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Caetano T, Krawczyk JM, Mösker E, Süssmuth RD, Mendo S. Heterologous expression, biosynthesis, and mutagenesis of type II lantibiotics from Bacillus licheniformis in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:90-100. [PMID: 21276942 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lichenicidin is a class II two-component lantibiotic produced by Bacillus licheniformis. It is composed of the two peptides Bliα and Bliβ, which act synergistically against various Gram-positive bacteria. The lichenicidin gene cluster was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, thus constituting the first report to our knowledge of a full reconstitution of a lantibiotic biosynthetic pathway in vivo by a Gram-negative host. This system was further exploited to characterize and assign the function of proteins encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster in the maturation of lichenicidin peptides. Moreover, a trans complementation system was developed for expression of Bliα and Bliβ variants in vivo. This contribution will spur future studies in the heterologous expression and engineering of lantibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Caetano
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal; Medinfar-Pharmaceutical Products SA, Amadora, 2700 Venda Nova, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schmiederer T, Rausch S, Valdebenito M, Mantri Y, Mösker E, Baramov T, Stelmaszyk K, Schmieder P, Butz D, Müller SI, Schneider K, Baik MH, Hantke K, Süssmuth RD. Die E.-coli-Siderophore Enterobactin und Salmochelin bilden sechsfach koordinierte Siliciumkomplexe bei physiologischen pH-Werten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Schmiederer T, Rausch S, Valdebenito M, Mantri Y, Mösker E, Baramov T, Stelmaszyk K, Schmieder P, Butz D, Müller SI, Schneider K, Baik MH, Hantke K, Süssmuth RD. The E. coli Siderophores Enterobactin and Salmochelin Form Six-Coordinate Silicon Complexes at Physiological pH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4230-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Weber RWS, Kappe R, Paululat T, Mösker E, Anke H. Anti-Candida metabolites from endophytic fungi. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:886-92. [PMID: 17286994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Submerged cultures of some 1500 Ascomycota and Basidiomycota isolated from their fruit-bodies or as soil-borne, coprophilous or endophytic fungi were screened for activity against Candida albicans and a range of other pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi. Considerably more Ascomycota (11-16%) than Basidiomycota (3.5%) produced metabolites with activity against C. albicans. From five species of endophytes, six bioactive compounds were isolated and identified, viz. cerulenin (1), arundifungin (2), sphaeropsidin A (3), 5-(1,3-butadiene-1-yl)-3-(propene-1-yl)-2-(5H)-furanone (4), ascosteroside A (formerly called ascosteroside; 5) and a derivative of 5, ascosteroside B (6). 1, 3 and 5 were isolated from fungi belonging to different orders than previously described producers. Antifungal activities of 2 and 4-6 in the agar diffusion test were comparable with those of amphotericin B. Compound 6 exhibited a similar antifungal activity as 5 but its cytotoxicity towards Hep G2 cells was considerably lower. This study points to endophytic fungi related to hemibiotrophic or latent plant pathogens as an important source of bio- and chemodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland W S Weber
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|