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Romeiro-Brito M, Taylor NP, Zappi DC, Telhe MC, Franco FF, Moraes EM. Unravelling phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Cereeae using target enrichment sequencing. Ann Bot 2023; 132:989-1006. [PMID: 37815357 PMCID: PMC10808018 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cactaceae are succulent plants, quasi-endemic to the American continent, and one of the most endangered plant groups in the world. Molecular phylogenies have been key to unravelling phylogenetic relationships among major cactus groups, previously hampered by high levels of morphological convergence. Phylogenetic studies using plastid markers have not provided adequate resolution for determining generic relationships within cactus groups. This is the case for the tribe Cereeae s.l., a highly diverse group from tropical America. Here we aimed to reconstruct a well-resolved phylogenetic tree of tribe Cereeae and update the circumscription of suprageneric and generic groups in this tribe. METHODS We integrated sequence data from public gene and genomic databases with new target sequences (generated using the customized Cactaceae591 probe set) across representatives of this tribe, with a denser taxon sampling of the subtribe Cereinae. We inferred concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic trees and compared the performance of both approaches. KEY RESULTS Six well-supported suprageneric clades were identified using different datasets. However, only genomic datasets, especially the Cactaceae591, were able to resolve the contentious relationships within the subtribe Cereinae. CONCLUSIONS We propose a new taxonomic classification within Cereeae based on well-resolved clades, including new subtribes (Aylosterinae subtr. nov., Uebelmanniinae subtr. nov. and Gymnocalyciinae subtr. nov.) and revised subtribes (Trichocereinae, Rebutiinae and Cereinae). We emphasize the importance of using genomic datasets allied with coalescent inference to investigate evolutionary patterns within the tribe Cereeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Romeiro-Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nigel P Taylor
- University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar Botanic Gardens Campus, Gibraltar
| | - Daniela C Zappi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Milena C Telhe
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Romeiro-Brito M, Khan G, Perez MF, Zappi DC, Taylor NP, Olsthoorn G, Franco FF, Moraes EM. Revisiting phylogeny, systematics, and biogeography of a Pleistocene radiation. Am J Bot 2023; 110:1-17. [PMID: 36708517 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pilosocereus (Cactaceae) is an important dry forest element in all subregions and transitional zones of the neotropics, with the highest diversity in eastern Brazil. The genus is subdivided into informal taxonomic groups; however, most of these are not supported by recent molecular phylogenetic inferences. This lack of confidence is probably due to the use of an insufficient number of loci and the complexity of cactus diversification. Here, we explored the species relationships in Pilosocereus in more detail, integrating multilocus phylogenetic approaches with the assessment of the ancestral range and the effect of geography on diversification shifts. METHODS We used 28 nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial loci from 54 plant samples of 31 Pilosocereus species for phylogenetic analyses. We used concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic trees and Bayesian models to estimate the most likely ancestral range and diversification shifts. RESULTS All Pilosocereus species were clustered in the same branch, except P. bohlei. The phylogenetic relationships were more associated with the geographic distribution than taxonomic affinities among taxa. The genus began diversifying during the Plio-Pleistocene transition in the Caatinga domain and experienced an increased diversification rate during the Calabrian age. CONCLUSIONS We recovered a well-supported multispecies coalescent phylogeny. Our results refine the pattern of rapid diversification of Pilosocereus species across neotropical drylands during the Pleistocene and highlight the need for taxonomic rearrangements in the genus. We recovered a pulse of diversification during the Pleistocene that was likely driven by multiple dispersal and vicariance events within and among the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Romeiro-Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Gulzar Khan
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky-University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manolo F Perez
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Zappi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília (UNB), PO Box 04457, Brasília, DF, 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Nigel P Taylor
- University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar Botanic Gardens Campus, The Alameda, PO Box 843, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | | | - Fernando F Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
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Perez MF, Bonatelli IAS, Romeiro-Brito M, Franco FF, Taylor NP, Zappi DC, Moraes EM. Coalescent-based species delimitation meets deep learning: Insights from a highly fragmented cactus system. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:1016-1028. [PMID: 34669256 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Delimiting species boundaries is a major goal in evolutionary biology. An increasing volume of literature has focused on the challenges of investigating cryptic diversity within complex evolutionary scenarios of speciation, including gene flow and demographic fluctuations. New methods based on model selection, such as approximate Bayesian computation, approximate likelihoods, and machine learning are promising tools arising in this field. Here, we introduce a framework for species delimitation using the multispecies coalescent model coupled with a deep learning algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We compared this strategy with a similar ABC approach. We applied both methods to test species boundary hypotheses based on current and previous taxonomic delimitations as well as genetic data (sequences from 41 loci) in Pilosocereus aurisetus, a cactus species complex with a sky-island distribution and taxonomic uncertainty. To validate our method, we also applied the same strategy on data from widely accepted species from the genus Drosophila. The results show that our CNN approach has a high capacity to distinguish among the simulated species delimitation scenarios, with higher accuracy than ABC. For the cactus data set, a splitter hypothesis without gene flow showed the highest probability in both CNN and ABC approaches, a result agreeing with previous taxonomic classifications and in line with the sky-island distribution and low dispersal of P. aurisetus. Our results highlight the cryptic diversity within the P. aurisetus complex and show that CNNs are a promising approach for distinguishing complex evolutionary histories, even outperforming the accuracy of other model-based approaches such as ABC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Isabel A S Bonatelli
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando F Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela C Zappi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil
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Bonatelli IAS, Gehara M, Carstens BC, Colli GR, Moraes EM. Comparative and predictive phylogeography in the South American diagonal of open formations: Unravelling the biological and environmental influences on multitaxon demography. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:331-342. [PMID: 34614269 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phylogeography investigates historical drivers of the geographical distribution of intraspecific lineages. Particular attention has been given to ecological, climatic and geological processes in the diversification of the Neotropical biota. Several species sampled across the South American diagonal of open formations (DOF), comprising the Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco biomes, experienced range shifts coincident with Quaternary climatic changes. However, comparative studies across different spatial, temporal and biological scales on DOF species are still meagre. Here, we combine phylogeographical model selection and machine learning predictive frameworks to investigate the influence of Pleistocene climatic changes on several plant and animal species from the DOF. We assembled mitochondrial/chloroplastic DNA sequences in public repositories and inferred the demographic responses of 44 species, comprising 70 intraspecific lineages of plants, lizards, frogs, spiders and insects. We then built a random forest model using biotic and abiotic information to identify the best predictors of demographic responses in the Pleistocene. Finally, we assessed the temporal synchrony of species demographic responses with hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation. Biotic variables related to population connectivity, gene flow and habitat preferences largely predicted how species responded to Pleistocene climatic changes, and demographic changes were synchronous primarily during the Middle Pleistocene. Although 22 (~31%) lineages underwent demographic expansion, presumably associated with the spread of aridity during the glacial Pleistocene periods, our findings suggest that nine lineages (~13%) exhibited the opposite response due to taxon-specific attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A S Bonatelli
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gehara
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Guarino R Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil
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Khan G, Franco FF, Silva GAR, Bombonato JR, Machado M, Alonso DP, Ribolla PEM, Albach DC, Moraes EM. Maintaining genetic integrity with high promiscuity: Frequent hybridization with low introgression in multiple hybrid zones of Melocactus (Cactaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 142:106642. [PMID: 31605812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization and introgression between species in contact/hybrid zones provide important insight into the genetic and ecological mechanisms of speciation. Cactaceae represents the most important radiation of true succulent angiosperms in the New World. This diversification continues to date, with species experiencing few intrinsic barriers to gene flow and the frequent occurrence of natural hybridization. Here, we used RAD-Seq single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to investigate the genetic architecture of hybridization in four hybrid zones hosting Melocactus concinnus and four congeneric species (M. ernestii, M. glaucescens, M. paucispinus, and M. zehntneri). Our results revealed that M. concinnus is highly promiscuous in sympatric areas and hybridizes with various species distributed in Morro do Chapéu (Diamantina Plateau, Bahia), eastern Brazil. However, the contemporary genomic introgression among the investigated species is very low (c. 2-5%), confirming that even in the face of hybridization, Melocactus species maintain their genetic integrity. The genomic cline approach showed a large fraction of loci deviating from a model of neutral introgression, where most of the loci are consistent with selection favoring parental genotypes. Our results suggest the occurrence of weak premating but strong postmating reproductive isolation in the analyzed cactus species. Furthermore, as most of the Melocactus species are restricted in distribution, hybridization might negatively affect their integrity if hybrids replace the parental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Khan
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Franco
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia, Brazil
| | - Gislaine A R Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Bombonato
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Brazil
| | - Marlon Machado
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Diego P Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E M Ribolla
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirk C Albach
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia, Brazil.
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Perez MF, Franco FF, Bombonato JR, Bonatelli IAS, Khan G, Romeiro-Brito M, Fegies AC, Ribeiro PM, Silva GAR, Moraes EM. Assessing population structure in the face of isolation by distance: Are we neglecting the problem? DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando F. Franco
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana R. Bombonato
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Gulzar Khan
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Monique Romeiro-Brito
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana C. Fegies
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulianny M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gislaine A. R. Silva
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Evandro M. Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
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Khan G, Godoy MO, Franco FF, Perez MF, Taylor NP, Zappi DC, Machado MC, Moraes EM. Extreme population subdivision or cryptic speciation in the cactus Pilosocereus jauruensis? A taxonomic challenge posed by a naturally fragmented system. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1359215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Khan
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana O. Godoy
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando F. Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nigel P. Taylor
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Daniela C. Zappi
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marlon C. Machado
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Rodovia BR 116, km 03, 44031-460 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Evandro M. Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Luna˗Lucena D, Moure˗Oliveira D, Ferreira KM, Lucena DAA, Garófalo CA, Moraes EM, Del Lama MA. High mitochondrial DNA diversity and lack of population structure in a solitary cavity-nesting bee in an urban landscape. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Perez MF, Bonatelli IAS, Moraes EM, Carstens BC. Model-based analysis supports interglacial refugia over long-dispersal events in the diversification of two South American cactus species. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:550-7. [PMID: 27071846 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pilosocereus machrisii and P. aurisetus are cactus species within the P. aurisetus complex, a group of eight cacti that are restricted to rocky habitats within the Neotropical savannas of eastern South America. Previous studies have suggested that diversification within this complex was driven by distributional fragmentation, isolation leading to allopatric differentiation, and secondary contact among divergent lineages. These events have been associated with Quaternary climatic cycles, leading to the hypothesis that the xerophytic vegetation patches which presently harbor these populations operate as refugia during the current interglacial. However, owing to limitations of the standard phylogeographic approaches used in these studies, this hypothesis was not explicitly tested. Here we use Approximate Bayesian Computation to refine the previous inferences and test the role of different events in the diversification of two species within P. aurisetus group. We used molecular data from chloroplast DNA and simple sequence repeats loci of P. machrisii and P. aurisetus, the two species with broadest distribution in the complex, in order to test if the diversification in each species was driven mostly by vicariance or by long-dispersal events. We found that both species were affected primarily by vicariance, with a refuge model as the most likely scenario for P. aurisetus and a soft vicariance scenario most probable for P. machrisii. These results emphasize the importance of distributional fragmentation in these species, and add support to the hypothesis of long-term isolation in interglacial refugia previously proposed for the P. aurisetus species complex diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I A S Bonatelli
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Perez MF, Carstens BC, Rodrigues GL, Moraes EM. Anonymous nuclear markers data supporting species tree phylogeny and divergence time estimates in a cactus species complex in South America. Data Brief 2016; 6:456-60. [PMID: 26900589 PMCID: PMC4716445 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supportive data related to the article “Anonymous nuclear markers reveal taxonomic incongruence and long-term disjunction in a cactus species complex with continental-island distribution in South America” (Perez et al., 2016) [1]. Here, we present pyrosequencing results, primer sequences, a cpDNA phylogeny, and a species tree phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo L Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
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Romeiro-Brito M, Moraes EM, Taylor NP, Zappi DC, Franco FF. Lineage-specific evolutionary rate in plants: Contributions of a screening for Cereus (Cactaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2016; 4:apps1500074. [PMID: 26819857 PMCID: PMC4716776 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Predictable chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences have been listed for the shallowest taxonomic studies in plants. We investigated whether plastid regions that vary between closely allied species could be applied for intraspecific studies and compared the variation of these plastid segments with two nuclear regions. METHODS We screened 16 plastid and two nuclear intronic regions for species of the genus Cereus (Cactaceae) at three hierarchical levels (species from different clades, species of the same clade, and allopatric populations). RESULTS Ten plastid regions presented interspecific variation, and six of them showed variation at the intraspecific level. The two nuclear regions showed both inter- and intraspecific variation, and in general they showed higher levels of variability in almost all hierarchical levels than the plastid segments. DISCUSSION Our data suggest no correspondence between variation of plastid regions at the interspecific and intraspecific level, probably due to lineage-specific variation in cpDNA, which appears to have less effect in nuclear data. Despite the heterogeneity in evolutionary rates of cpDNA, we highlight three plastid segments that may be considered in initial screenings in plant phylogeographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Romeiro-Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro M. Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nigel P. Taylor
- National Parks Board, Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Daniela C. Zappi
- Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando F. Franco
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, 18052780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Perez MF, Carstens BC, Rodrigues GL, Moraes EM. Anonymous nuclear markers reveal taxonomic incongruence and long-term disjunction in a cactus species complex with continental-island distribution in South America. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 95:11-9. [PMID: 26582125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Pilosocereus aurisetus complex consists of eight cactus species with a fragmented distribution associated to xeric enclaves within the Cerrado biome in eastern South America. The phylogeny of these species is incompletely resolved, and this instability complicates evolutionary analyses. Previous analyses based on both plastid and microsatellite markers suggested that this complex contained species with inherent phylogeographic structure, which was attributed to recent diversification and recurring range shifts. However, limitations of the molecular markers used in these analyses prevented some questions from being properly addressed. In order to better understand the relationship among these species and make a preliminary assessment of the genetic structure within them, we developed anonymous nuclear loci from pyrosequencing data of 40 individuals from four species in the P. aurisetus complex. The data obtained from these loci were used to identify genetic clusters within species, and to investigate the phylogenetic relationship among these inferred clusters using a species tree methodology. Coupled with a palaeodistributional modelling, our results reveal a deep phylogenetic and climatic disjunction between two geographic lineages. Our results highlight the importance of sampling more regions from the genome to gain better insights on the evolution of species with an intricate evolutionary history. The methodology used here provides a feasible approach to develop numerous genealogical molecular markers throughout the genome for non-model species. These data provide a more robust hypothesis for the relationship among the lineages of the P. aurisetus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F Perez
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Bryan C Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo L Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil
| | - Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil.
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Bonatelli IAS, Carstens BC, Moraes EM. Using Next Generation RAD Sequencing to Isolate Multispecies Microsatellites for Pilosocereus (Cactaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142602. [PMID: 26561396 PMCID: PMC4641700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite markers (also known as SSRs, Simple Sequence Repeats) are widely used in plant science and are among the most informative molecular markers for population genetic investigations, but the development of such markers presents substantial challenges. In this report, we discuss how next generation sequencing can replace the cloning, Sanger sequencing, identification of polymorphic loci, and testing cross-amplification that were previously required to develop microsatellites. We report the development of a large set of microsatellite markers for five species of the Neotropical cactus genus Pilosocereus using a restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) on a Roche 454 platform. We identified an average of 165 microsatellites per individual, with the absolute numbers across individuals proportional to the sequence reads obtained per individual. Frequency distribution of the repeat units was similar in the five species, with shorter motifs such as di- and trinucleotide being the most abundant repeats. In addition, we provide 72 microsatellites that could be potentially amplified in the sampled species and 22 polymorphic microsatellites validated in two populations of the species Pilosocereus machrisii. Although low coverage sequencing among individuals was observed for most of the loci, which we suggest to be more related to the nature of the microsatellite markers and the possible bias inserted by the restriction enzymes than to the genome size, our work demonstrates that an NGS approach is an efficient method to isolate multispecies microsatellites even in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan C. Carstens
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Evandro M. Moraes
- Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Moraes EM, Cidade FW, Silva GAR, Machado MC. Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the rare and endangered cactus Uebelmannia pectinifera (Cactaceae) and its congeneric species. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:10359-66. [PMID: 25501248 DOI: 10.4238/2014.december.4.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cactus genus Uebelmannia includes 3 narrow endemic species associated with rocky savanna habitats in eastern South America. Because of their rarity and illegal over-collection, all of these species are endangered. Taxonomic uncertainties resulting from dramatic local variation in morphology within Uebelmannia species preclude effective conservation efforts, such as the reintroduction or translocation of plants, to restore declining populations. In this study, we developed and characterized 18 perfect, dinucleotide simple-sequence repeat markers for U. pectinifera, the most widely distributed species in the genus, and tested the cross-amplification of these markers in the remaining congeneric species and subspecies. All markers were polymorphic in a sample from 2 U. pectinifera populations. The effective number of alleles ranged from 1.6 to 8.7, with an average per population of 3.3 (SE ± 0.30) and 4.5 (SE ± 0.50). Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.375 to 0.847 and 8-10 loci showed departures from Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium in the analyzed populations. Based on the observed polymorphism level of each marker, as well as the analysis of null allele presence and evidence of amplification of duplicate loci, a subset of 12 loci can be used as reliable markers to investigate the genetic structure, diversity, and species limits of the Uebelmannia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brasil
| | - F W Cidade
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brasil
| | - G A R Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, Brasil
| | - M C Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil
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Bonatelli IAS, Perez MF, Peterson AT, Taylor NP, Zappi DC, Machado MC, Koch I, Pires AHC, Moraes EM. Interglacial microrefugia and diversification of a cactus species complex: phylogeography and palaeodistributional reconstructions forPilosocereus aurisetusand allies. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3044-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. S. Bonatelli
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Nigel P. Taylor
- National Parks Board; Singapore Botanic Gardens; 1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569 Singapore
- Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - Daniela C. Zappi
- Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB UK
- Gardens by the Bay; 18 Marina Gardens Drive Singapore Singapore
| | - Marlon C. Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; Rodovia BR 116 km 03 44031-460 Feira de Santana Bahia Brazil
| | - Ingrid Koch
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriana H. C. Pires
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Evandro M. Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia; Universidade Federal de São Carlos; Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780 Sorocaba São Paulo Brazil
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Moraes EM, Perez MF, Téo MF, Zappi DC, Taylor NP, Machado MC. Erratum to: Cross-species amplification of microsatellites reveals incongruence in the molecular variation and taxonomic limits of the Pilosocereus aurisetus group (Cactaceae). Genetica 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-013-9724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Moraes EM, Perez MF, Téo MF, Zappi DC, Taylor NP, Machado MC. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites reveals incongruence in the molecular variation and taxonomic limits of the Pilosocereus aurisetus group (Cactaceae). Genetica 2012; 140:277-85. [PMID: 22983678 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Pilosocereus aurisetus group contains eight cactus species restricted to xeric habitats in eastern and central Brazil that have an archipelago-like distribution. In this study, 5-11 microsatellite markers previously designed for Pilosocereus machrisii were evaluated for cross-amplification and polymorphisms in ten populations from six species of the P. aurisetus group. The genotypic information was subsequently used to investigate the genetic relationships between the individuals, populations, and species analyzed. Only the Pmac101 locus failed to amplify in all of the six analyzed species, resulting in an 88 % success rate. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from 2 to 12, and the most successfully amplified loci showed at least one population with a larger number of alleles than were reported in the source species. The population relationships revealed clear genetic clustering in a neighbor-joining tree that was partially incongruent with the taxonomic limits between the P. aurisetus and P. machrisii species, a fact which parallels the problematic taxonomy of the P. aurisetus group. A Bayesian clustering analysis of the individual genotypes confirmed the observed taxonomic incongruence. These microsatellite markers provide a valuable resource for facilitating large-scale genetic studies on population structures, systematics and evolutionary history in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052780, Brazil.
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Perez MF, Téo MF, Zappi DC, Taylor NP, Moraes EM. Isolation, characterization, and cross-species amplification of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Pilosocereus machrisii (Cactaceae). Am J Bot 2011; 98:e204-e206. [PMID: 21821581 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite primers were developed in Pilosocereus machrisii, a columnar cactus with a patchy distribution in eastern tropical South America, to assess its genetic diversity and population structure. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven microsatellite markers were developed, of which one was monomorphic among 51 individuals from two populations. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus ranged from two to eight, and the total number of alleles was 57. From the 11 isolated loci, nine were successfully amplified in the other four Pilosocereus species. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that these markers will be useful for studies of genetic diversity, patterns of gene flow, and population genetic structure in P. machrisii, as well as across other congeneric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo F Perez
- Campus Sorocaba, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. João Leme dos Santos km 110 18052780, Sorocaba, Brazil
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Mateus RP, Machado LP, Moraes EM, Sene FM. Allozymatic divergence between border populations of two cryptic species of the Drosophila buzzatii cluster species (Diptera: Drosophilidae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Damianovic MHRZ, Moraes EM, Zaiat M, Foresti E. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination in horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactors. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:4361-4367. [PMID: 19443213 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study verifies the potential applicability of horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactors to pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination. Two bench-scale HAIB reactors (R1 and R2) were filled with cubic polyurethane foam matrices containing immobilized anaerobic sludge. The reactors were then continuously fed with synthetic wastewater consisting of PCP, glucose, acetic acid, and formic acid as co-substrates for PCP anaerobic degradation. Before being immobilized in polyurethane foam matrices, the biomass was exposed to wastewater containing PCP in reactors fed at a semi-continuous rate of 2.0 microg PCP g(-1) VS. The applied PCP loading rate was increased from 0.05 to 2.59 mg PCP l(-1)day(-1) for R1, and from 0.06 to 4.15 mg PCP l(-1)day(-1) for R2. The organic loading rates (OLR) were 1.1 and 1.7 kg COD m(-3)day(-1) at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 24h for R1 and 18 h for R2. Under such conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of up to 98% were achieved in the HAIB reactors. Both reactors exhibited the ability to remove 97% of the loaded PCP. Dichlorophenol (DCP) was the primary chlorophenol detected in the effluent. The adsorption of PCP and metabolites formed during PCP degradation in the packed bed was negligible for PCP removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H R Z Damianovic
- Laboratório de Processos Biológicos, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Paim APS, Souza JB, Adorno MAT, Moraes EM. Monitoring the trihalomethanes present in water after treatment with chlorine under laboratory condition. Environ Monit Assess 2007; 125:265-70. [PMID: 17219242 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work assays involving chlorinated water samples, which were previous spiked with humic substances or algae blue green and following the production of the THMs for 30 days is described. To implement the assays, five portions of 1,000 ml of water were stored in glass bottles. The water samples were treated with solutions containing 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l(-1) chlorine. The samples aliquots (60 ml) were transferred into the glass vials, 10 ml were removed to have a headspace and 100 microl of the 10 mg l(-1) pentafluortoluene bromide solution was added to each vial. The extraction step was performed by adding 10 g of Na(2)SO(4) followed by 5 ml of n-pentane. The vials were stopped with a TFE-faced septum and sealed with aluminum caps. The generated THMs were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using reference solutions with concentration ranging from 8 to 120 microg l(-1) THMs. Three assays were monitored during 30 days and chloroform was the predominant compound found in the water samples, while other species of THMs were not detected. The results showed that when the chlorine concentration was increased in water samples containing algae the concentration of THM varied randomly. Nevertheless, in water samples containing humic substances the increase of the THM concentration presented a relationship with the chlorine concentration. It was also observed that chloroform concentration increased with the elapsed time up to one and six days to water samples spiked with humic substances and algae blue green, respectively and decreased along 30 days. By other hand, assays performed using water samples containing decanted algae material showed that THM was not generated by the chlorine addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P S Paim
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Luiz Freire, s/n Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Moraes EM, Abreu AG, Andrade SCS, Sene FM, Solferini VN. Population genetic structure of two columnar cacti with a patchy distribution in eastern Brazil. Genetica 2006; 125:311-23. [PMID: 16247702 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-0716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variability and population genetic structure of six populations of Praecereus euchlorus and Pilosocereus machrisii were investigated. The genetic variability in single populations of Pilosocereus vilaboensis, Pilosocereus aureispinus, and Facheiroa squamosa was also examined. All of these cacti species have a patchy geographic distribution in which they are restricted to small areas of xeric habitats in eastern Brazil. An analysis of genetic structure was used to gain insights into the historical mechanisms responsible for the patchy distribution of P. euchlorus and P. machrisii. High genetic variability was found at the populational level in all species (P=58.9-92.8%, A(p)=2.34-3.33, H(e)=0.266-0.401), and did not support our expectations of low variability based on the small population size. Substantial inbreeding was detected within populations (F(IS)=0.370-0.623). In agreement with their insular distribution patterns, P. euchlorus and P. machrisii had a high genetic differentiation (F(ST)=0.484 and F(ST)=0.281, respectively), with no evidence of isolation by distance. Accordingly, estimates of gene flow (N(m)) calculated from F(ST) and private alleles were below the level of N(m)=1 in P. machrisii and P. euchlorus. These results favored historical fragmentation as the mechanism responsible for the patchy distribution of these two species. The genetic distance between P. machrisii and P. vilaboensis was not compatible with their taxonomic distinction, indicating a possible local speciation event in this genus, or the occurrence of introgression events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro M Moraes
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Moraes EM, Manfrin MH, Laus AC, Rosada RS, Bomfin SC, Sene FM. Wing shape heritability and morphological divergence of the sibling species Drosophila mercatorum and Drosophila paranaensis. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 92:466-73. [PMID: 15107807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit-flies Drosophila paranaensis and Drosophila mercatorum pararepleta are sibling species belonging to the repleta group. Females of these two species are normally considered to be morphologically indistinguishable while males only differ consistently in the morphology of their genitalia. These species are sympatric throughout a large area of their geographic distribution. In this study, we investigated the degree of morphological divergence between D. paranaensis and D. mercatorum pararepleta based on morphometric analysis of their wings. The ellipse method was used to describe the placement of the longitudinal and transversal wing veins as well as the size of the wing and the shape of its outline. The heritability under laboratory and field conditions was also estimated from the parameters generated. Multivariate analysis showed that wing morphology possessed sufficient differences to discriminate between the two species with a successful classification rate of 95-98% for females and 82-87% for males. The results of the autoclassification were confirmed by a cross-validation test for females (92-96%). Most measurements possessed significant natural heritability (a mean of 0.48 for D. mercatorum and 0.88 for D. paranaensis), indicating that the variation observed was related to differences in genes acting additively. The principal difference between the two species was in the placement of the posterior transverse wing vein. However, the pattern of morphological variation in the wings of both species was similar, possibly because of shared restrictions in wing development pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moraes
- Departamento de Genética, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Oliveira SVWB, Moraes EM, Adorno MAT, Varesche MBA, Foresti E, Zaiat M. Formaldehyde degradation in an anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor. Water Res 2004; 38:1685-1694. [PMID: 15026223 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Revised: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of appropriate technologies for the treatment of formaldehyde discharged into the environment is important to minimize its impact. Aerobic systems have been employed, although alternative anaerobic treatments have also been widely studied, mainly due to their low energy consumption and sludge production. However, toxic substances can lead to disturbances in anaerobic reactors. Some research has already been developed on formaldehyde anaerobic biological treatment, but no consensus has yet been reached about its behavior nor has the most efficient system been identified. Aiming at finding supporting evidence for this issue, therefore, this study investigated the degradation and toxicity of formaldehyde in a Horizontal-Flow Anaerobic Immobilized Sludge Reactor. Formaldehyde concentrations of 26.2-1158.6 mg HCHO/L were applied in the reactor, resulting in formaldehyde and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies of 99.7% and 92%, respectively. Volatile fatty acids with up to five carbons, found during the degradation of formaldehyde, are believed to indicate that the degradation followed routes unlike those suggested in the literature, which reports the formation of intermediates such as methanol and formic acid. The Monod kinetic model adhered to the experimental data well, with apparent kinetic parameters estimated as r(app)max) = 2.79 x 10(-3) mg HCHO/mg SSVh and K (app)(s) = 242.8 mg HCHO/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V W B Oliveira
- Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
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Moraes EM, Sene FM. Relationships between necrotic cactus availability and population size in a cactophilic Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) located on a sandstone table hill in Brazil. REV BIOL TROP 2003; 51:205-12. [PMID: 15162695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila gouveai is a cactophilic species endemic to South America. In southeast Brazil it is found on summits of isolated hills, which apparently are current refugia resulting from climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. It breeds only in necrotic cactus cladodes of Pilosocereus machrisii. Temporal differences in necrotic cactus availability could have a great impact upon D. gouveai population size, and could thus influence its evolutionary history. We analyzed the relationship between necrotic cactus availability and population size of D. gouveai. The fluctuation in the population size, variation in necrotic cactus availability and exploitation of this resource by larvae were surveyed bimonthly for one year on a sandstone table hill in central-south Brazil. Temporal necrotic cactus availability did not vary significantly, though in June there was a moderate decrease Larval populations were highest in October and December. The D. gouveai population size was highest in February and remained relatively stable the rest of the year. The observed fluctuation in population size was not a function of temporal necrotic cactus availability in quantitative terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moraes
- Departamento de Genética, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brasil
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Montenegro MA, Moraes EM, Soares HM, Vazoller RF. Hybrid reactor performance in pentachlorophenol (pcp) removal by anaerobic granules. Water Sci Technol 2001; 44:137-144. [PMID: 11579921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present research aimed at evaluating pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation in a hybrid reactor supplied with a mixture of fatty acids (propionic, butyric, acetic and lactic) and methanol. The performance of the reactor is remarkably stable and efficient during PCP additions at range of 2.0 to 21.0 mg/L. The reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was around 97% and methane was found to be 88% in the biogas production. The efficiency of volatile fatty acids breakdown was 93%, 64% and 74% respectively for butyric, propionic and acetic. PCP total removal of more than 99% was reached by granular sludge activities formed during 21 months of reactor operation. Methanogenic microorganisms predominance was noticed with 10(5) to 10(6) cells/mL during enumeration on methanol or lactate added to sulfate culture media. The removal rate was 1.07 mg PCP.g-1 VS.d-1 during the highest PCP concentration addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Montenegro
- Department of Hydraulic & Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo-USP, Av. Tabalhador São-carlense, 400; CEP 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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