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Simeonov DR, Brandt AJ, Chan AY, Cortez JT, Li Z, Woo JM, Lee Y, Carvalho CMB, Indart AC, Roth TL, Zou J, May AP, Lupski JR, Anderson MS, Buaas FW, Rokhsar DS, Marson A. A large CRISPR-induced bystander mutation causes immune dysregulation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:70. [PMID: 30793048 PMCID: PMC6379443 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent concern with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been the potential to generate mutations at off-target genomic sites. While CRISPR-engineering mice to delete a ~360 bp intronic enhancer, here we discovered a founder line that had marked immune dysregulation caused by a 24 kb tandem duplication of the sequence adjacent to the on-target deletion. Our results suggest unintended repair of on-target genomic cuts can cause pathogenic “bystander” mutations that escape detection by routine targeted genotyping assays. Dimitre Simeonov, Alexander Brandt et al. report a pathogenic bystander mutation caused by unintended repair of a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion in mice. They generate mice lacking an IL2RA intronic enhancer previously associated with human disease risk and find that one line of edited mice show unexpected disease features due to a bystander mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitre R Simeonov
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexander J Brandt
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alice Y Chan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jessica T Cortez
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Youjin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Claudia M B Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alyssa C Indart
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Andrew P May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - F William Buaas
- Genetic Engineering Technologies, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Grass DS, Buaas FW, Wiles MV, Low BE, Kutny P. Abstract 5111: Gene editing in the NSG mouse strain and its genetic derivatives. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mouse models continue to be powerful tools in preclinical oncology and immuno-oncology studies. The development of the inbred highly immunocompromised mouse strain NSG (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) has dramatically improved the ability to work with human tumors in an organismal context using xenograft approaches. Furthermore, technical innovations have expanded the utility of this personalized tumor platform via the reconstitution of parts of the human immune system. An example of this is the NSG-SGM3 inbred mouse strain, in which transgenes expressing human IL3, GMCSF and SCF have been stably integrated into the NSG background. This NSG “derivative” strain can effectively support the stable engraftment of human myeloid lineages and the regulatory T cell populations. Direct genetic modification of the NSG genome in mouse embryos was a key technical capability to attain this NSG “derivative” strain rapidly and avoid extensive breeding. Modification of NSG and derivative strains represent an opportunity to optimize the engraftment of other human lineages. The ability to apply modern genome modification technology to different inbred mouse strains is highly desirable but must overcome two major technical hurdles - 1) Reproductive biology constraints that prevent live born progeny after reagent delivery methods such as microinjection or electroporation and 2) Cell intrinsic DNA-repair processes that are a prerequisite enabling gene editing tools. Given the SCID mutation (Prkdcscid) in the NSG background compromises some DNA repair pathways, it was not clear whether nuclease assisted recombination technologies would be a robust tool to modify NSG (and derivatives) genomes at the zygote stage. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 is an effective tool for introducing genome modifications in NSG and present a specific example using the Hprt locus. Furthermore, we will present general experience with genomic modifications using NSG, and its derivatives, to emphasize direct modification of these genomes is technically feasible and is enabling the rapid sequential genetic tailoring in this high value cancer model strain.
Citation Format: David S. Grass, F William Buaas, Michael V. Wiles, Benjamin E. Low, Peter Kutny. Gene editing in the NSG mouse strain and its genetic derivatives [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5111.
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Rubinow KB, Wang S, den Hartigh LJ, Subramanian S, Morton GJ, Buaas FW, Lamont D, Gray N, Braun RE, Page ST. Hematopoietic androgen receptor deficiency promotes visceral fat deposition in male mice without impairing glucose homeostasis. Andrology 2015; 3:787-96. [PMID: 26097106 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency in men increases body fat, but the mechanisms by which testosterone suppresses fat deposition have not been elucidated fully. Adipose tissue macrophages express the androgen receptor (AR) and regulate adipose tissue remodeling. Thus, testosterone signaling in macrophages could alter the paracrine function of these cells and thereby contribute to the metabolic effects of androgens in men. A metabolic phenotyping study was performed to determine whether the loss of AR signaling in hematopoietic cells results in greater fat accumulation in male mice. C57BL/6J male mice (ages 12-14 weeks) underwent bone marrow transplant from either wild-type (WT) or AR knockout (ARKO) donors (n = 11-13 per group). Mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat) for 16 weeks. At baseline, 8 and 16 weeks, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed, and body composition was analyzed with fat-water imaging by MRI. No differences in body weight were observed between mice transplanted with WT bone marrow [WT(WTbm)] or ARKO bone marrow [WT(ARKObm)] prior to initiation of the high-fat diet. After 8 weeks of high-fat feeding, WT(ARKObm) mice exhibited significantly more visceral and total fat mass than WT(WTbm) animals. Despite this, no differences between groups were observed in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, leptin, or cholesterol, although WT(ARKObm) mice had higher plasma levels of adiponectin. Resultant data indicate that AR signaling in hematopoietic cells influences body fat distribution in male mice, and the absence of hematopoietic AR plays a permissive role in visceral fat accumulation. These findings demonstrate a metabolic role for AR signaling in marrow-derived cells and suggest a novel mechanism by which androgen deficiency in men might promote increased adiposity. The relative contributions of AR signaling in macrophages and other marrow-derived cells require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Wang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L J den Hartigh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Subramanian
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G J Morton
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F W Buaas
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - D Lamont
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - N Gray
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - R E Braun
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - S T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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