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Jacobson AM, Zhao X, Sommer S, Sadik F, Warden SJ, Newman C, Siegmund T, Allen MR, Surowiec RK. A comprehensive set of ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers to assess cortical bone health: A feasibility study at clinical field strength. Bone 2024; 181:117031. [PMID: 38311304 PMCID: PMC10923147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conventional bone imaging methods primarily use X-ray techniques to assess bone mineral density (BMD), focusing exclusively on the mineral phase. This approach lacks information about the organic phase and bone water content, resulting in an incomplete evaluation of bone health. Recent research highlights the potential of ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE MRI) to measure cortical porosity and estimate BMD based on signal intensity. UTE MRI also provides insights into bone water distribution and matrix organization, enabling a comprehensive bone assessment with a single imaging technique. Our study aimed to establish quantifiable UTE MRI-based biomarkers at clinical field strength to estimate BMD and microarchitecture while quantifying bound water content and matrix organization. METHODS Femoral bones from 11 cadaveric specimens (n = 4 males 67-92 yrs of age, n = 7 females 70-95 yrs of age) underwent dual-echo UTE MRI (3.0 T, 0.45 mm resolution) with different echo times and high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging (60.7 μm voxel size). Following registration, a 4.5 mm HR-pQCT region of interest was divided into four quadrants and used across the multi-modal images. Statistical analysis involved Pearson correlation between UTE MRI porosity index and a signal-intensity technique used to estimate BMD with corresponding HR-pQCT measures. UTE MRI was used to calculate T1 relaxation time and a novel bound water index (BWI), compared across subregions using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS The UTE MRI-derived porosity index and signal-intensity-based estimated BMD correlated with the HR-pQCT variables (porosity: r = 0.73, p = 0.006; BMD: r = 0.79, p = 0.002). However, these correlations varied in strength when we examined each of the four quadrants (subregions, r = 0.11-0.71). T1 relaxometry and the BWI exhibited variations across the four subregions, though these differences were not statistically significant. Notably, we observed a strong negative correlation between T1 relaxation time and the BWI (r = -0.87, p = 0.0006). CONCLUSION UTE MRI shows promise for being an innocuous method for estimating cortical porosity and BMD parameters while also giving insight into bone hydration and matrix organization. This method offers the potential to equip clinicians with a more comprehensive array of imaging biomarkers to assess bone health without the need for invasive or ionizing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Jacobson
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Xuandong Zhao
- Dept. of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Swiss Center for Musculoskeletal Imaging (SCMI), Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland; Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology (ACIT), Siemens Healthineers International AG, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Farhan Sadik
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Christopher Newman
- Dept. of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Thomas Siegmund
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Rachel K Surowiec
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Dept. of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Mugyenyi P, Walker AS, Hakim J, Munderi P, Gibb DM, Kityo C, Reid A, Grosskurth H, Darbyshire JH, Ssali F, Bray D, Katabira E, Babiker AG, Gilks CF, Grosskurth H, Munderi P, Kabuye G, Nsibambi D, Kasirye R, Zalwango E, Nakazibwe M, Kikaire B, Nassuna G, Massa R, Fadhiru K, Namyalo M, Zalwango A, Generous L, Khauka P, Rutikarayo N, Nakahima W, Mugisha A, Todd J, Levin J, Muyingo S, Ruberantwari A, Kaleebu P, Yirrell D, Ndembi N, Lyagoba F, Hughes P, Aber M, Lara AM, Foster S, Amurwon J, Wakholi BN, Whitworth J, Wangati K, Amuron B, Kajungu D, Nakiyingi J, Omony W, Fadhiru K, Nsibambi D, Khauka P, Mugyenyi P, Kityo C, Ssali F, Tumukunde D, Otim T, Kabanda J, Musana H, Akao J, Kyomugisha H, Byamukama A, Sabiiti J, Komugyena J, Wavamunno P, Mukiibi S, Drasiku A, Byaruhanga R, Labeja O, Katundu P, Tugume S, Awio P, Namazzi A, Bakeinyaga GT, Katabira H, Abaine D, Tukamushaba J, Anywar W, Ojiambo W, Angweng E, Murungi S, Haguma W, Atwiine S, Kigozi J, Namale L, Mukose A, Mulindwa G, Atwiine D, Muhwezi A, Nimwesiga E, Barungi G, Takubwa J, Murungi S, Mwebesa D, Kagina G, Mulindwa M, Ahimbisibwe F, Mwesigwa P, Akuma S, Zawedde C, Nyiraguhirwa D, Tumusiime C, Bagaya L, Namara W, Kigozi J, Karungi J, Kankunda R, Enzama R, Latif A, Hakim J, Robertson V, Reid A, Chidziva E, Bulaya-Tembo R, Musoro G, Taziwa F, Chimbetete C, Chakonza L, Mawora A, Muvirimi C, Tinago G, Svovanapasis P, Simango M, Chirema O, Machingura J, Mutsai S, Phiri M, Bafana T, Chirara M, Muchabaiwa L, Muzambi M, Mutowo J, Chivhunga T, Chigwedere E, Pascoe M, Warambwa C, Zengeza E, Mapinge F, Makota S, Jamu A, Ngorima N, Chirairo H, Chitsungo S, Chimanzi J, Maweni C, Warara R, Matongo M, Mudzingwa S, Jangano M, Moyo K, Vere L, Mdege N, Machingura I, Katabira E, Ronald A, Kambungu A, Lutwama F, Mambule I, Nanfuka A, Walusimbi J, Nabankema E, Nalumenya R, Namuli T, Kulume R, Namata I, Nyachwo L, Florence A, Kusiima A, Lubwama E, Nairuba R, Oketta F, Buluma E, Waita R, Ojiambo H, Sadik F, Wanyama J, Nabongo P, Oyugi J, Sematala F, Muganzi A, Twijukye C, Byakwaga H, Ochai R, Muhweezi D, Coutinho A, Etukoit B, Gilks C, Boocock K, Puddephatt C, Grundy C, Bohannon J, Winogron D, Gibb DM, Burke A, Bray D, Babiker A, Walker AS, Wilkes H, Rauchenberger M, Sheehan S, Spencer-Drake C, Taylor K, Spyer M, Ferrier A, Naidoo B, Dunn D, Goodall R, Darbyshire JH, Peto L, Nanfuka R, Mufuka-Kapuya C, Kaleebu P, Pillay D, Robertson V, Yirrell D, Tugume S, Chirara M, Katundu P, Ndembi N, Lyagoba F, Dunn D, Goodall R, McCormick A, Lara AM, Foster S, Amurwon J, Wakholi BN, Kigozi J, Muchabaiwa L, Muzambi M, Weller I, Babiker A, Bahendeka S, Bassett M, Wapakhabulo AC, Darbyshire JH, Gazzard B, Gilks C, Grosskurth H, Hakim J, Latif A, Mapuchere C, Mugurungi O, Mugyenyi P, Burke C, Jones S, Newland C, Pearce G, Rahim S, Rooney J, Smith M, Snowden W, Steens JM, Breckenridge A, McLaren A, Hill C, Matenga J, Pozniak A, Serwadda D, Peto T, Palfreeman A, Borok M, Katabira E. Routine versus clinically driven laboratory monitoring of HIV antiretroviral therapy in Africa (DART): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010; 375:123-31. [PMID: 20004464 PMCID: PMC2805723 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)62067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is often managed without routine laboratory monitoring in Africa; however, the effect of this approach is unknown. This trial investigated whether routine toxicity and efficacy monitoring of HIV-infected patients receiving ART had an important long-term effect on clinical outcomes in Africa. METHODS In this open, non-inferiority trial in three centres in Uganda and one in Zimbabwe, 3321 symptomatic, ART-naive, HIV-infected adults with CD4 counts less than 200 cells per microL starting ART were randomly assigned to laboratory and clinical monitoring (LCM; n=1659) or clinically driven monitoring (CDM; n=1662) by a computer-generated list. Haematology, biochemistry, and CD4-cell counts were done every 12 weeks. In the LCM group, results were available to clinicians; in the CDM group, results (apart from CD4-cell count) could be requested if clinically indicated and grade 4 toxicities were available. Participants switched to second-line ART after new or recurrent WHO stage 4 events in both groups, or CD4 count less than 100 cells per microL (LCM only). Co-primary endpoints were new WHO stage 4 HIV events or death, and serious adverse events. Non-inferiority was defined as the upper 95% confidence limit for the hazard ratio (HR) for new WHO stage 4 events or death being no greater than 1.18. Analyses were by intention to treat. This study is registered, number ISRCTN13968779. FINDINGS Two participants assigned to CDM and three to LCM were excluded from analyses. 5-year survival was 87% (95% CI 85-88) in the CDM group and 90% (88-91) in the LCM group, and 122 (7%) and 112 (7%) participants, respectively, were lost to follow-up over median 4.9 years' follow-up. 459 (28%) participants receiving CDM versus 356 (21%) LCM had a new WHO stage 4 event or died (6.94 [95% CI 6.33-7.60] vs 5.24 [4.72-5.81] per 100 person-years; absolute difference 1.70 per 100 person-years [0.87-2.54]; HR 1.31 [1.14-1.51]; p=0.0001). Differences in disease progression occurred from the third year on ART, whereas higher rates of switch to second-line treatment occurred in LCM from the second year. 283 (17%) participants receiving CDM versus 260 (16%) LCM had a new serious adverse event (HR 1.12 [0.94-1.32]; p=0.19), with anaemia the most common (76 vs 61 cases). INTERPRETATION ART can be delivered safely without routine laboratory monitoring for toxic effects, but differences in disease progression suggest a role for monitoring of CD4-cell count from the second year of ART to guide the switch to second-line treatment. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council, the UK Department for International Development, the Rockefeller Foundation, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Abbott Laboratories.
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