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Bernuzzi F, Maertens A, Saha S, Troncoso-Rey P, Ludwig T, Hiller K, Mithen RF, Korcsmaros T, Traka MH. Sulforaphane rewires central metabolism to support antioxidant response and achieve glucose homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102878. [PMID: 37703668 PMCID: PMC10502441 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous-rich diets, particularly broccoli, have been associated with reduced risk of developing cancers of various sites, cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. Sulforaphane (SF), a sulfur-containing broccoli-derived metabolite, has been identified as the major bioactive compound mediating these health benefits. Sulforaphane is a potent dietary activator of the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid-like 2 (NRF2), the master regulator of antioxidant cell capacity responsible for inducing cytoprotective genes, but its role in glucose homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we set to test the hypothesis that SF regulates glucose metabolism and ameliorates glucose overload and its resulting oxidative stress by inducing NRF2 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were exposed to varying glucose concentrations: basal (5.5 mM) and high glucose (25 mM), in the presence of physiological concentrations of SF (10 μM). SF upregulated the expression of glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic genes and significantly increased levels of reduced GSH. Labelled glucose and glutamine experiments to measure metabolic fluxes identified that SF increased intracellular utilisation of glycine and glutamate by redirecting the latter away from the TCA cycle and increased the import of cysteine from the media, likely to support glutathione synthesis. Furthermore, SF altered pathways generating NADPH, the necessary cofactor for oxidoreductase reactions, namely pentose phosphate pathway and 1C-metabolism, leading to the redirection of glucose away from glycolysis and towards PPP and of methionine towards methylation substrates. Finally, transcriptomic and targeted metabolomics LC-MS analysis of NRF2-KD HepG2 cells generated using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing revealed that the above metabolic effects are mediated through NRF2. These results suggest that the antioxidant properties of cruciferous diets are intricately connected to their metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bernuzzi
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Maertens
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of System Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shikha Saha
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Perla Troncoso-Rey
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Ludwig
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of System Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of System Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Maria H Traka
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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Isaacs-Ten A, Moreno-Gonzalez M, Bone C, Martens A, Bernuzzi F, Ludwig T, Hellmich C, Hiller K, Rushworth SA, Beraza N. Metabolic Regulation of Macrophages by SIRT1 Determines Activation During Cholestatic Liver Disease in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1019-1039. [PMID: 34952202 PMCID: PMC8873616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation is the hallmark of chronic liver disease. Metabolism is a key determinant to regulate the activation of immune cells. Here, we define the role of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a main metabolic regulator, in controlling the activation of macrophages during cholestatic liver disease and in response to endotoxin. METHODS We have used mice overexpressing SIRT1, which we treated with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharides or induced cholestasis by bile duct ligation. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were used for mechanistic in vitro studies. Finally, PEPC-Boy mice were used for adoptive transfer experiments to elucidate the impact of SIRT1-overexpressing macrophages in contributing to cholestatic liver disease. RESULTS We found that SIRT1 overexpression promotes increased liver inflammation and liver injury after lipopolysaccharide/GalN and bile duct ligation; this was associated with an increased activation of the inflammasome in macrophages. Mechanistically, SIRT1 overexpression associated with the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway that led to increased activation of macrophages, which showed metabolic rewiring with increased glycolysis and broken tricarboxylic acid cycle in response to endotoxin in vitro. Activation of the SIRT1/mTOR axis in macrophages associated with the activation of the inflammasome and the attenuation of autophagy. Ultimately, in an in vivo model of cholestatic disease, the transplantation of SIRT1-overexpressing myeloid cells contributed to liver injury and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel mechanistic insights into the regulation of macrophages during cholestatic disease and the response to endotoxin, in which the SIRT1/mTOR crosstalk regulates macrophage activation controlling the inflammasome, autophagy and metabolic rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Isaacs-Ten
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mar Moreno-Gonzalez
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Bone
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Martens
- Department of Bioinfomatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Federico Bernuzzi
- Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Ludwig
- Department of Bioinfomatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Hellmich
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinfomatics and Biochemistry, Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology, Braunschweig, Germany; Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom; Food Innovation and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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Huynh TPN, Bowater RP, Bernuzzi F, Saha S, Wormstone IM. GSH Levels Serve As a Biological Redox Switch Regulating Sulforaphane-Induced Cell Fate in Human Lens Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:2. [PMID: 34854886 PMCID: PMC8648057 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sulforaphane (SFN) is a therapeutic phytochemical agent for many health conditions. SFN-induced cytotoxicity is shown to have promise in preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO). In the current study, we aimed to elucidate key processes and mechanisms linking SFN treatment to lens cell death. Methods The human lens epithelial cell line FHL124 and central anterior epithelium were used as experimental models. Cell death was assessed by microscopic observation and cell damage/viability assays. Gene or protein levels were assessed by TaqMan RT-PCR or immunoblotting. Mitochondrial networks and DNA damage were assessed by immunofluorescence. Mitochondrial membrane potential, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) activity, ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity were measured using different light reporter assays. SFN metabolites were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species scavenger, prevented SFN-induced cell death in both models. NAC also significantly protected FHL124 cells from SFN-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), DNA damage and autophagy. SFN significantly depleted GSH, the major antioxidant in the eye, and reduced GR activity, despite doubling its protein levels. The most abundant SFN conjugate detected in lens cells following SFN application was SFN–GSH. The addition of GSH protected lens cells from all SFN-induced cellular events. Conclusions SFN depletes GSH levels in lens cells through conjugation and inhibition of GR activity. This leads to increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress that trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, autophagy, and DNA damage, leading to cell death. In summary, the work presented provides a mechanistic understanding to support the therapeutic application of SFN for PCO and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P Bowater
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Bernuzzi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shikha Saha
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - I Michael Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hughes KR, Schofield Z, Dalby MJ, Caim S, Chalklen L, Bernuzzi F, Alcon-Giner C, Le Gall G, Watson AJM, Hall LJ. The early life microbiota protects neonatal mice from pathological small intestinal epithelial cell shedding. FASEB J 2020; 34:7075-7088. [PMID: 32253791 PMCID: PMC7610993 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000042r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The early life gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining the intestinal barrier, with disturbances in these communities linked to dysregulated renewal and replenishment of intestinal epithelial cells. Here we sought to determine pathological cell shedding outcomes throughout the postnatal developmental period, and which host and microbial factors mediate these responses. Surprisingly, neonatal mice (Day 14 and 21) were highly refractory to induction of cell shedding after intraperitoneal administration of liposaccharide (LPS), with Day 29 mice showing strong pathological responses, more similar to those observed in adult mice. These differential responses were not linked to defects in the cellular mechanisms and pathways known to regulate cell shedding responses. When we profiled microbiota and metabolites, we observed significant alterations. Neonatal mice had high relative abundances of Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus and increased primary bile acids. In contrast, older mice were dominated by Candidatus Arthromitus, Alistipes, and Lachnoclostridium, and had increased concentrations of SCFAs and methyamines. Antibiotic treatment of neonates restored LPS-induced small intestinal cell shedding, whereas adult fecal microbiota transplant alone had no effect. Our findings further support the importance of the early life window for microbiota-epithelial interactions in the presence of inflammatory stimuli and highlights areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hughes
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Zoe Schofield
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Shabhonam Caim
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Lisa Chalklen
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Traka MH, Melchini A, Coode-Bate J, Al Kadhi O, Saha S, Defernez M, Troncoso-Rey P, Kibblewhite H, O'Neill CM, Bernuzzi F, Mythen L, Hughes J, Needs PW, Dainty JR, Savva GM, Mills RD, Ball RY, Cooper CS, Mithen RF. Transcriptional changes in prostate of men on active surveillance after a 12-mo glucoraphanin-rich broccoli intervention-results from the Effect of Sulforaphane on prostate CAncer PrEvention (ESCAPE) randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1133-1144. [PMID: 30982861 PMCID: PMC6462431 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer progression, largely attributed to the biological activity of glucosinolate degradation products, such as sulforaphane derived from glucoraphanin. Because there are few therapeutic interventions for men on active surveillance for prostate cancer to reduce the risk of cancer progression, dietary approaches are an appealing option for patients. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether consumption of a glucoraphanin-rich broccoli soup for 1 y leads to changes in gene expression in prostate tissue of men with localized prostate cancer. METHODS Forty-nine men on active surveillance completed a 3-arm parallel randomized double-blinded intervention study for 12 mo and underwent transperineal template biopsy procedures and dietary assessment at the start and end of the study. Patients received a weekly 300 mL portion of soup made from a standard broccoli (control) or from 1 of 2 experimental broccoli genotypes with enhanced concentrations of glucoraphanin, delivering 3 and 7 times that of the control, respectively. Gene expression in tissues from each patient obtained before and after the dietary intervention was quantified by RNA sequencing followed by gene set enrichment analyses. RESULTS In the control arm, there were several hundred changes in gene expression in nonneoplastic tissue during the 12 mo. These were associated with an increase in expression of potentially oncogenic pathways including inflammation processes and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Changes in gene expression and associated oncogenic pathways were attenuated in men on the glucoraphanin-rich broccoli soup in a dose-dependent manner. Although the study was not powered to assess clinical progression, an inverse association between consumption of cruciferous vegetables and cancer progression was observed. CONCLUSION Consuming glucoraphanin-rich broccoli soup affected gene expression in the prostate of men on active surveillance, consistent with a reduction in the risk of cancer progression. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01950143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Traka
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jack Coode-Bate
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom,Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Al Kadhi
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom,Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Shikha Saha
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Mythen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Hughes
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Needs
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jack R Dainty
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert D Mills
- Department of Urology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Y Ball
- Norfolk and Waveney Cellular Pathology Service, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S Cooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard F Mithen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand,Address correspondence to RFM (e-mail: )
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Bernuzzi F, Marabita F, Lleo A, Carbone M, Mirolo M, Marzioni M, Alpini G, Alvaro D, Boberg KM, Locati M, Torzilli G, Rimassa L, Piscaglia F, He XS, Bowlus CL, Yang GX, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. Serum microRNAs as novel biomarkers for primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:61-71. [PMID: 26864161 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is difficult due to the lack of sensitive and specific biomarkers, as is the early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC), a complication of PSC. The aim of this study was to identify specific serum miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for PSC and CC. The levels of 667 miRNAs were evaluated in 90 human serum samples (30 PSC, 30 CC and 30 control subjects) to identify disease-associated candidate miRNAs (discovery phase). The deregulated miRNAs were validated in an independent cohort of 140 samples [40 PSC, 40 CC, 20 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 40 controls]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were established and only miRNAs with an area under the curve (AUC) > 0·70 were considered useful as biomarkers. In the discovery phase we identified the following: 21 miRNAs expressed differentially in PSC, 33 in CC and 26 in both in comparison to control subjects as well as 24 miRNAs expressed differentially between PSC and CC. After the validation phase, miR-200c was found to be expressed differentially in PSC versus controls, whereas miR-483-5p and miR-194 showed deregulated expression in CC compared with controls. We also demonstrate a difference in the expression of miR-222 and miR-483-5p in CC versus PSC. Combination of these specific miRNAs further improved the specificity and accuracy of diagnosis. This study provides a basis for the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of PSC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bernuzzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy.,International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marabita
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Lleo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M Carbone
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - M Mirolo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - M Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - D Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - K M Boberg
- Medical Department, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - G Torzilli
- Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Milan School of Medicine, Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Rimassa
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Piscaglia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - X-S He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G-X Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M E Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P Invernizzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Iborra M, Bernuzzi F, Correale C, Vetrano S, Fiorino G, Beltrán B, Marabita F, Locati M, Spinelli A, Nos P, Invernizzi P, Danese S. Identification of serum and tissue micro-RNA expression profiles in different stages of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:250-8. [PMID: 23607522 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The altered expression of micro-RNA (miRNA) has been associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to establish specific miRNA expression patterns in the serum and mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients (UC and CD with colonic involvement) at different stages of the disease. Serum and biopsies from nine active CD (aCD), nine inactive CD (iCD), nine active UC (aUC) and nine inactive UC (iUC) and serum from 33 healthy subjects were collected. Up to 700 miRNAs were evaluated by the TaqMan human miRNA array. The ΔCt values were obtained using the mean expression values of all expressed miRNAs in a given sample as a normalization factor for miRNA real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction data. The levels of serum miRNAs in CD and UC patients were different to healthy subjects. Thirteen serum miRNAs were expressed commonly in CD and UC patients. Two miRNAs were higher and four miRNAs were lower in the serum of aCD than iCD. No serum miRNA was regulated exclusively in aUC compared with iUC patients. Four miRNAs were higher and three miRNAs were lower in the mucosa of aCD than iCD. Two miRNAs were higher and three miRNAs were lower in the mucosa of aUC than iUC. No serum miRNAs coincided with tissue miRNAs in aCD and aUC patients. Our results suggest the existence of specific miRNA expression patterns associated with IBD and their different stages and support the utility of miRNA as possible biomarkers. This pilot study needs to be validated in a large prospective cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iborra
- Gastroenterology Unit, La Fe University and Politechnic Hospital, Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
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Cairo G, Bernuzzi F, Recalcati S. A precious metal: Iron, an essential nutrient for all cells. Genes Nutr 2012; 1:25-39. [PMID: 18850218 DOI: 10.1007/bf02829934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an important cofactor required for a number of essential cell functions and hence is a vital nutrient. However, iron can also be dangerous as a catalyst of free radical reactions. Accordingly, intracellular iron homeostasis and body iron balance are tightly regulated. In this review, we presented an overview of the remarkable new insights that over the last years have been gained into the multifaceted and sophisticated molecular mechanisms controlling iron acquisition, storage and release. We also reviewed the data about nutrition-related abnormalities of iron metabolism, such as iron overload and deficiency. Finally, we discussed how pathogenic microorganisms and host cells compete for iron, a battle whose outcome has a relevant role in infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cairo
- Institute of General Pathology Generale, Università di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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