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Orihuela-García MA, Bolado-Penagos M, Sala I, Tovar-Sánchez A, García CM, Bruno M, Echevarría F, Laiz I. Trace metals distribution between the surface waters of the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159662. [PMID: 36302423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to address the changes in the surface distribution of trace metals (cobalt, copper, iron, cadmium, nickel, zinc, lead and molybdenum) as they are advected from the Gulf of Cadiz to the Alboran Sea, through the Strait of Gibraltar (south Iberian Peninsula), regions of great ecosystemic importance. Trace metals concentrations were measured in samples collected during two oceanographic cruises, together with the main factors affecting their spatial distribution and temporal variability (i.e., wind and surface currents). Several rivers, the main source of trace metals in this region, flow into the Gulf of Cadiz which is connected with the Alboran Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar by the general circulation pattern. The surface circulation pattern leads to an offshore-eastward gradient that is highly influenced by wind variability. An increase in vertical turbulence induced by the winds or the tidal cycle causes the dilution of trace metals' concentration by mixing rich-metal superficial waters with poor-metal subsurface waters. Additionally, along the eastward displacement of surface waters, several water retention zones have been described (Trafalgar, Camarinal, the Coastal Cyclonic Gyre) that imply an increase in trace metals concentration close to the coast. In addition, our results suggest that the coastal edges of the Strait of Gibraltar also act as a source of certain metals to the Alboran Sea, probably due to the industries in the proximity areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrea Orihuela-García
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (CNS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Bolado-Penagos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Iria Sala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XH Glasgow, United Kingdom; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Tovar-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía ICMAN-CSIC, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Carlos M García
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Bruno
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Fidel Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Irene Laiz
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional/Global del Mar (CEI·MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Abstract
Characterization of the color of the plastic is often included in studies on plastic pollution. However, the comparability and relevance of this information is limited by methodology or observer subjectivity. Based on the analysis of thousands of floating plastic fragments from a global collection, here we propose a systematic semiautomatic method to analyze colors by using a reference palette of 120 Pantone colors. The most abundant colors were white and transparent/translucent (47%), yellow and brown (26%), and blue-like (9%). The white color increased in the smallest pieces (<5 mm) and far from coastal sources (>500 km). Both fragmentation and discolouration of ocean plastics may occur because of longer exposure time to sunlight in nature. In addition, yellow items peaked at around 1 cm and brown colors at around 1 mm, supporting the notion that yellowing precedes tanning in the aging process, which is paralleled by fragmentation. Apart from the effects of the weathering, our results suggest a second-order modulation of the color distributions of marine microplastics by the selective action of visual predators. The present work provides methodological tools and a wide empirical background to further the interpretation and applicability of the color information on ocean plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martí
- Departamento de Biología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Cecilia Martin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo Galli
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Fidel Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Cózar
- Departamento de Biología, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Bartual A, Hernanz-Torrijos M, Sala I, Ortega MJ, González-García C, Bolado-Penagos M, López-Urrutia A, Romero-Martínez L, Lubián LM, Bruno M, Echevarría F, García CM. Types and Distribution of Bioactive Polyunsaturated Aldehydes in a Gradient from Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic Waters in the Alborán Sea (Western Mediterranean). Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E159. [PMID: 32178402 PMCID: PMC7143741 DOI: 10.3390/md18030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are bioactive molecules suggested as chemical defenses and infochemicals. In marine coastal habitats, diatoms reach high PUA production levels during bloom episodes. Two fractions of PUA can usually be analyzed: pPUA obtained via artificial breakage of collected phytoplankton cells and dissolved PUA already released to the environment (dPUA). In nature, resource supply arises as a main environmental controlling factor of PUA production. In this work, we monitored the vertical distribution and daily variation of pPUA associated with large-size phytoplankton and dPUA, at three sites located in the Alborán Sea from mesotrophic to oligotrophic waters. The results corroborate the presence of large-size PUA producers in oligotrophic and mesotrophic waters with a significant (58%-85%) diatom biomass. In addition to diatoms, significant correlations between pPUA production and dinoflagellate and silicoflagellate abundance were observed. 2E,4E/Z-Heptadienal was the most abundant aldehyde at the three sites with higher values (17.1 fg·cell-1) at the most oligotrophic site. 2E,4E/Z-Decadienal was the least abundant aldehyde, decreasing toward the oligotrophic site. For the first time, we describe the daily fluctuation of pPUA attributable to cellular physiological state and not exclusively to taxonomical composition. Our results demonstrate the persistence of threshold levels of dPUA deep in the water column, as well as the different chromatographic profiles of dPUA compared with pPUA. We propose different isomerization processes that alter the chemical structure of the released PUAs with unknown effects on their stability, biological function, and potential bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bartual
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - María Hernanz-Torrijos
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Iria Sala
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - María J. Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Cristina González-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Marina Bolado-Penagos
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Angel López-Urrutia
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, 33212 Gijón, Asturias, Spain;
| | - Leonardo Romero-Martínez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Luís M. Lubián
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Miguel Bruno
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Fidel Echevarría
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Carlos M. García
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.H.-T.); (I.S.); (M.J.O.); (M.B.-P.); (M.B.); (F.E.); (C.M.G.)
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
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Torres N, Galicia J, Plasencia Y, Cano A, Echevarría F, Desdin-Garcia L, Reguera E. Implications of structural differences between Cu-BTC and Fe-BTC on their hydrogen storage capacity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Echevarría F, Reguera L, González M M, Galicia J, Ávila M, Reguera E. Hydrothermal recrystallization of transition metal nitroprussides. Formation of the most stable phases. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cózar A, Martí E, Duarte CM, García-de-Lomas J, van Sebille E, Ballatore TJ, Eguíluz VM, González-Gordillo JI, Pedrotti ML, Echevarría F, Troublè R, Irigoien X. The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the Thermohaline Circulation. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600582. [PMID: 28439534 PMCID: PMC5397136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The subtropical ocean gyres are recognized as great marine accummulation zones of floating plastic debris; however, the possibility of plastic accumulation at polar latitudes has been overlooked because of the lack of nearby pollution sources. In the present study, the Arctic Ocean was extensively sampled for floating plastic debris from the Tara Oceans circumpolar expedition. Although plastic debris was scarce or absent in most of the Arctic waters, it reached high concentrations (hundreds of thousands of pieces per square kilometer) in the northernmost and easternmost areas of the Greenland and Barents seas. The fragmentation and typology of the plastic suggested an abundant presence of aged debris that originated from distant sources. This hypothesis was corroborated by the relatively high ratios of marine surface plastic to local pollution sources. Surface circulation models and field data showed that the poleward branch of the Thermohaline Circulation transfers floating debris from the North Atlantic to the Greenland and Barents seas, which would be a dead end for this plastic conveyor belt. Given the limited surface transport of the plastic that accumulated here and the mechanisms acting for the downward transport, the seafloor beneath this Arctic sector is hypothesized as an important sink of plastic debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cózar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Elisa Martí
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Red Sea Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Juan García-de-Lomas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Erik van Sebille
- Grantham Institute and Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Ballatore
- Lake Basin Action Network, Moriyama 524-0063, Japan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Victor M. Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC-UIB), E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J. Ignacio González-Gordillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Maria L. Pedrotti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universitè Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7076, Laboratoire d’oceanographie de Villefranche, Villefranque-sur-mer, France
| | - Fidel Echevarría
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, E-11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | | | - Xabier Irigoien
- AZTI–Marine Research, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia (Gipuzkoa), Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Echevarría F, Lemus-Santana A, González M, Rodríguez-Hernández J, Reguera E. Intercalation of thiazole in layered solids. A 3D framework supported in dipolar and quadrupolar intermolecular interactions. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rodríguez J, Tintoré J, Allen JT, Blanco JM, Gomis D, Reul A, Ruiz J, Rodríguez V, Echevarría F, Jiménez-Gómez F. Mesoscale vertical motion and the size structure of phytoplankton in the ocean. Nature 2001; 410:360-3. [PMID: 11268210 DOI: 10.1038/35066560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton size structure is acknowledged as a fundamental property determining energy flow through 'microbial' or 'herbivore' pathways. The balance between these two pathways determines the ability of the ecosystem to recycle carbon within the upper layer or to export it to the ocean interior. Small cells are usually characteristic of oligotrophic, stratified ocean waters, in which regenerated ammonium is the only available form of inorganic nitrogen and recycling dominates. Large cells seem to characterize phytoplankton in which inputs of nitrate enter the euphotic layer and exported production is higher. But the size structure of phytoplankton may depend more directly on hydrodynamical forces than on the source of available nitrogen. Here we present an empirical model that relates the magnitude of mesoscale vertical motion to the slope of the size-abundance spectrum of phytoplankton in a frontal ecosystem. Our model indicates that the relative proportion of large cells increases with the magnitude of the upward velocity. This suggests that mesoscale vertical motion-a ubiquitous feature of eddies and unstable fronts-controls directly the size structure of phytoplankton in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain.
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