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Pasquier N, Jaulin F, Peglion F. Inverted apicobasal polarity in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261659. [PMID: 38465512 PMCID: PMC10984280 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Apicobasal epithelial polarity controls the functional properties of most organs. Thus, there has been extensive research on the molecular intricacies governing the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Whereas loss of apicobasal polarity is a well-documented phenomenon associated with multiple diseases, less is known regarding another type of apicobasal polarity alteration - the inversion of polarity. In this Review, we provide a unifying definition of inverted polarity and discuss multiple scenarios in mammalian systems and human health and disease in which apical and basolateral membrane domains are interchanged. This includes mammalian embryo implantation, monogenic diseases and dissemination of cancer cell clusters. For each example, the functional consequences of polarity inversion are assessed, revealing shared outcomes, including modifications in immune surveillance, altered drug sensitivity and changes in adhesions to neighboring cells. Finally, we highlight the molecular alterations associated with inverted apicobasal polarity and provide a molecular framework to connect these changes with the core cell polarity machinery and to explain roles of polarity inversion in health and disease. Based on the current state of the field, failure to respond to extracellular matrix (ECM) cues, increased cellular contractility and membrane trafficking defects are likely to account for most cases of inverted apicobasal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pasquier
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
- Cell Adhesion and Cancer lab, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Fanny Jaulin
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
| | - Florent Peglion
- Collective Invasion Team, Inserm U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif F-94805, France
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Peglion F, Etienne-Manneville S. Cell polarity changes in cancer initiation and progression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308069. [PMID: 38091012 PMCID: PMC10720656 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, which consists of the morphological, structural, and functional organization of cells along a defined axis, is a feature of healthy cells and tissues. In contrast, abnormal polarity is a hallmark of cancer cells. At the molecular level, key evolutionarily conserved proteins that control polarity establishment and maintenance in various contexts are frequently altered in cancer, but the relevance of these molecular alterations in the oncogenic processes is not always clear. Here, we summarize the recent findings, shedding new light on the involvement of polarity players in cancer development, and discuss the possibility of harnessing cell polarity changes to better predict, diagnose, and cure cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Peglion F, Coumailleau F, Etienne-Manneville S. Live Imaging of Microtubule Dynamics in Glioblastoma Cells Invading the Zebrafish Brain. J Vis Exp 2022. [DOI: 10.3791/64093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Peglion F, Goehring NW. Switching states: dynamic remodelling of polarity complexes as a toolkit for cell polarization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:121-130. [PMID: 31295650 PMCID: PMC6906085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is defined by the segregation of cellular components along a defined axis. To polarize robustly, cells must be able to break symmetry and subsequently amplify these nascent asymmetries. Finally, asymmetric localization of signaling molecules must be translated into functional regulation of downstream effector pathways. Central to these behaviors are a diverse set of cell polarity networks. Within these networks, molecules exhibit varied behaviors, dynamically switching among different complexes and states, active versus inactive, bound versus unbound, immobile versus diffusive. This ability to switch dynamically between states is intimately connected to the ability of molecules to generate asymmetric patterns within cells. Focusing primarily on polarity pathways governed by the conserved PAR proteins, we discuss strategies enabled by these dynamic behaviors that are used by cells to polarize. We highlight not only how switching between states is linked to the ability of polarity proteins to localize asymmetrically, but also how cells take advantage of 'state switching' to regulate polarity in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, UK.
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Hubatsch L, Peglion F, Reich JD, Rodrigues NTL, Hirani N, Illukkumbura R, Goehring NW. A cell size threshold limits cell polarity and asymmetric division potential. Nat Phys 2019; 15:1075-1085. [PMID: 31579399 PMCID: PMC6774796 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reaction-diffusion networks underlie pattern formation in a range of biological contexts, from morphogenesis of organisms to the polarisation of individual cells. One requirement for such molecular networks is that output patterns be scaled to system size. At the same time, kinetic properties of constituent molecules constrain the ability of networks to adapt to size changes. Here we explore these constraints and the consequences thereof within the conserved PAR cell polarity network. Using the stem cell-like germ lineage of the C. elegans embryo as a model, we find that the behaviour of PAR proteins fails to scale with cell size. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that this lack of scaling results in a size threshold below which polarity is destabilized, yielding an unpolarized system. In empirically-constrained models, this threshold occurs near the size at which germ lineage cells normally switch between asymmetric and symmetric modes of division. Consistent with cell size limiting polarity and division asymmetry, genetic or physical reduction in germ lineage cell size is sufficient to trigger loss of polarity in normally polarizing cells at predicted size thresholds. Physical limits of polarity networks may be one mechanism by which cells read out geometrical features to inform cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hubatsch
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College
London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Reich JD, Hubatsch L, Illukkumbura R, Peglion F, Bland T, Hirani N, Goehring NW. Regulated Activation of the PAR Polarity Network Ensures a Timely and Specific Response to Spatial Cues. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1911-1923.e5. [PMID: 31155349 PMCID: PMC6584329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
How do cells polarize at the correct time and in response to the correct cues? In the C. elegans zygote, the timing and geometry of polarization rely on a single dominant cue-the sperm centrosome-that matures at the end of meiosis and specifies the nascent posterior. Polarization requires that the conserved PAR proteins, which specify polarity in the zygote, be poised to respond to the centrosome. Yet, how and when PAR proteins achieve this unpolarized, but responsive, state is unknown. We show that oocyte maturation initiates a fertilization-independent PAR activation program. PAR proteins are initially not competent to polarize but gradually acquire this ability following oocyte maturation. Surprisingly, this program allows symmetry breaking even in unfertilized oocytes lacking centrosomes. Thus, if PAR proteins can respond to multiple polarizing cues, how is specificity for the centrosome achieved? Specificity is enforced by Polo-like and Aurora kinases (PLK-1 and AIR-1 in C. elegans), which impose a delay in the activation of the PAR network so that it coincides with maturation of the centrosome cue. This delay suppresses polarization by non-centrosomal cues, which can otherwise trigger premature polarization and multiple or reversed polarity domains. Taken together, these findings identify a regulatory program that enforces proper polarization by synchronizing PAR network activation with cell cycle progression, thereby ensuring that PAR proteins respond specifically to the correct cue. Temporal control of polarity network activity is likely to be a common strategy to ensure robust, dynamic, and specific polarization in response to developmentally deployed cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Reich
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lars Hubatsch
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Florent Peglion
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Rodriguez J, Peglion F, Martin J, Hubatsch L, Reich J, Hirani N, Gubieda AG, Roffey J, Fernandes AR, St Johnston D, Ahringer J, Goehring NW. aPKC Cycles between Functionally Distinct PAR Protein Assemblies to Drive Cell Polarity. Dev Cell 2017; 42:400-415.e9. [PMID: 28781174 PMCID: PMC5563072 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The conserved polarity effector proteins PAR-3, PAR-6, CDC-42, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) form a core unit of the PAR protein network, which plays a central role in polarizing a broad range of animal cell types. To functionally polarize cells, these proteins must activate aPKC within a spatially defined membrane domain on one side of the cell in response to symmetry-breaking cues. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote as a model, we find that the localization and activation of aPKC involve distinct, specialized aPKC-containing assemblies: a PAR-3-dependent assembly that responds to polarity cues and promotes efficient segregation of aPKC toward the anterior but holds aPKC in an inactive state, and a CDC-42-dependent assembly in which aPKC is active but poorly segregated. Cycling of aPKC between these distinct functional assemblies, which appears to depend on aPKC activity, effectively links cue-sensing and effector roles within the PAR network to ensure robust establishment of polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josana Rodriguez
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | | | - Jack Martin
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Jacob Reich
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Alicia G Gubieda
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jon Roffey
- Cancer Research Technology, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Daniel St Johnston
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1989 as a substrate of the Src oncogene, p120catenin has been revealed as an important player in cancer initiation and tumour dissemination. p120catenin regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as cell-cell adhesion, cell polarity and cell proliferation and plays a pivotal role in morphogenesis, inflammation and innate immunity. The pleiotropic effects of p120catenin rely on its interactions with numerous partners such as classical cadherins at the plasma membrane, Rho-GTPases and microtubules in the cytosol and transcriptional modulators in the nucleus. Alterations of p120catenin in cancer not only concern its expression level but also its intracellular localization and can lead to both pro-invasive and anti-invasive effects. This review focuses on the p120catenin-mediated pathways involved in cell migration and invasion and discusses the potential consequences of major cancer-related p120catenin alterations with respect to tumour spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS URA 2582, , 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Camand E, Peglion F, Osmani N, Sanson M, Etienne-Manneville S. N-cadherin expression level modulates integrin-mediated polarity and strongly impacts on the speed and directionality of glial cell migration. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:844-57. [PMID: 22275437 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of cell polarity is a hallmark of cancer cells. In carcinomas, loss of epithelial E-cadherin contributes to the loss of cell polarity and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and carcinoma infiltration. However, the contribution of classical cadherins to the development of non-epithelial tumours is less well documented. We investigated the impact of the level of N-cadherin expression on the polarity and migration of normal and tumour glial cells. Low levels of N-cadherin were frequently observed in human glioma samples and purified glioma cells. Using a wound-healing assay, we show that a decreased level of N-cadherin promotes a faster and less-directed migration both in normal and tumour cells. N-cadherin-mediated contacts control cell velocity and polarity through the regulation of focal adhesions. In cells expressing low levels of N-cadherin, small focal adhesions are present at the entire cell periphery of confluent cells and are not affected by wounding of the cell monolayer. Under these conditions, wound-induced integrin-mediated recruitment of the small GTPase Cdc42, activation of the Cdc42-mediated polarity pathway and centrosome reorientation do not occur. Re-expression of N-cadherin in gliomas restores cell polarity and strongly reduces cell velocity, suggesting that loss of N-cadherin could contribute to the invasive capacity of tumour astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Camand
- Institut Pasteur-CNRS URA 2582, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
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Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for cell division, cell differentiation, and most differentiated cell functions including cell migration. The small G protein Cdc42 controls cell polarity in a wide variety of cellular contexts. Although restricted localization of active Cdc42 seems to be important for its distinct functions, mechanisms responsible for the concentration of active Cdc42 at precise cortical sites are not fully understood. In this study, we show that during directed cell migration, Cdc42 accumulation at the cell leading edge relies on membrane traffic. Cdc42 and its exchange factor βPIX localize to intracytosplasmic vesicles. Inhibition of Arf6-dependent membrane trafficking alters the dynamics of Cdc42-positive vesicles and abolishes the polarized recruitment of Cdc42 and βPIX to the leading edge. Furthermore, we show that Arf6-dependent membrane dynamics is also required for polarized recruitment of Rac and the Par6-aPKC polarity complex and for cell polarization. Our results demonstrate influence of membrane dynamics on the localization and activation of Cdc42 and consequently on directed cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naël Osmani
- Cell Polarity and Migration Group, Institut Pasteur, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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El Hallani S, Boisselier B, Peglion F, Rousseau A, Colin C, Idbaih A, Marie Y, Mokhtari K, Thomas JL, Eichmann A, Delattre JY, Maniotis AJ, Sanson M. A new alternative mechanism in glioblastoma vascularization: tubular vasculogenic mimicry. Brain 2010; 133:973-82. [PMID: 20375132 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic human tumours and endothelial proliferation is a hallmark of the disease. A better understanding of glioblastoma vasculature is needed to optimize anti-angiogenic therapy that has shown a high but transient efficacy. We analysed human glioblastoma tissues and found non-endothelial cell-lined blood vessels that were formed by tumour cells (vasculogenic mimicry of the tubular type). We hypothesized that CD133+ glioblastoma cells presenting stem-cell properties may express pro-vascular molecules allowing them to form blood vessels de novo. We demonstrated in vitro that glioblastoma stem-like cells were capable of vasculogenesis and endothelium-associated genes expression. Moreover, a fraction of these glioblastoma stem-like cells could transdifferentiate into vascular smooth muscle-like cells. We describe here a new mechanism of alternative glioblastoma vascularization and open a new perspective for the antivascular treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufiane El Hallani
- UMR975, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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