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Obermair FJ, Renoux F, Heer S, Lee CH, Cereghetti N, Loi M, Maestri G, Haldner Y, Wuigk R, Iosefson O, Patel P, Triebel K, Kopf M, Swain J, Kisielow J. High-resolution profiling of MHC II peptide presentation capacity reveals SARS-CoV-2 CD4 T cell targets and mechanisms of immune escape. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabl5394. [PMID: 35486722 PMCID: PMC9054008 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding peptide presentation by specific MHC alleles is fundamental for controlling physiological functions of T cells and harnessing them for therapeutic use. However, commonly used in silico predictions and mass spectroscopy have their limitations in precision, sensitivity, and throughput, particularly for MHC class II. Here, we present MEDi, a novel mammalian epitope display that allows an unbiased, affordable, high-resolution mapping of MHC peptide presentation capacity. Our platform provides a detailed picture by testing every antigen-derived peptide and is scalable to all the MHC II alleles. Given the urgent need to understand immune evasion for formulating effective responses to threats such as SARS-CoV-2, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the presentability of all SARS-CoV-2 peptides in the context of several HLA class II alleles. We show that several mutations arising in viral strains expanding globally resulted in reduced peptide presentability by multiple HLA class II alleles, while some increased it, suggesting alteration of MHC II presentation landscapes as a possible immune escape mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Josef Obermair
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloe H. Lee
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marisa Loi
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robin Wuigk
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Pooja Patel
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Kisielow
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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Pajerowski JD, Gordon W, Bardwell P, McInnis C, Hwang JY, Huseni T, Agnihotri P, Francis J, Tarr C, Renoux F, Heer S, Cerreghetti-Terraneo N, Loi M, Hamilton E, Nikiforow S, Blumenschein G, Christea M, Osman K, Shields A, Kluger H, Obermair FJ, Pregibon D, Kisielow J, Coyle A, Skoberne M. Abstract LB027: Tracking and decoding the antigen specificity of peripherally derived T cells that infiltrate into solid tumors in patients treated with an autologous T cell therapy, PRIME IL-15 (RPTR-147). Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PRIME IL-15 (RPTR-147) is a novel non-genetically modified, autologous, multi-clonal T cell product loaded with an IL-15Fc nanogel. The product is derived from peripheral T cells that are primed and expanded against five tumor associated antigens (TAAs) known to be overexpressed in multiple different tumor types: PRAME, NY-ESO, SSX-2, WT-1 and Survivin.
17 patients with advanced or metastatic solid-tumor cancers were dosed in a Phase I dose escalation study. Where samples were available, we characterized the reactivity and specificity of the cellular product, and tracked its persistence and localization post administration in patients. We report cellular composition of the product, along with phenotype and TAA-specificity of the T cells. Antigen specificity of patient-derived product samples was determined by Repertoire Immune Medicines' proprietary DNA-barcoded pMHC tetramer platform (CIPHERTM), as well as by functional immunological methods including IFNg ELISpot and flow cytometry assessment of activation induced markers (AIM).
The CIPHER platform was used to identify TAA-specific CD8 T cell clonotypes, allowing decoding of T cell receptor (TCR) sequences and their cognate epitope/MHC. Distinct peptides binding from all five TAAs were observed across patients, and were presented across multiple HLA alleles. The phenotype of antigen-specific T cells identified via CIPHER was also assessed via single cell gene expression. Consistent with our previous studies on healthy donors, reactivity via IFNg ELISpot and AIM was also observed to all targeted TAAs.
TCR CDR3 sequences were used as molecular signatures of antigen-specific cells to track the product post administration. Bulk sequencing of TCRVβ was performed on tumors pre- and post-treatment. Several product-derived, TAA-specific CD8+ T cell clonotypes were observed in the post-, but not pre-treatment biopsies. We identified additional CD4+ and CD8+ clones that were enriched in the post-treatment biopsies, and some of these clonotypes were also enriched in the product. To de-orphan these tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) of interest, we cloned selected TIL TCRs to assess their reactivity using Repertoire Immune Medicines' proprietary MCR epitope screening platform.
In summary, characterization of antigen-specific T cells in the PRIME IL-15 product was performed by a variety of functional and molecular immune-based methods. Antigen specific T cell reactivities and clonotypes were identified in the peripheral repertoire. We confirmed that T cells were successfully expanded against TAAs and that these T cells do infiltrate the tumors as evidenced by bulk TCR sequencing of post-treatment tumor biopsies.
Citation Format: John David Pajerowski, William Gordon, Phil Bardwell, Christine McInnis, Ji Young Hwang, Tabasum Huseni, Parul Agnihotri, Josh Francis, Christina Tarr, Florian Renoux, Sebastian Heer, Nastassja Cerreghetti-Terraneo, Marisa Loi, Erika Hamilton, Sarah Nikiforow, George Blumenschein, Mihaela Christea, Keren Osman, Anthony Shields, Harriet Kluger, Franz-Josef Obermair, Daniel Pregibon, Jan Kisielow, Anthony Coyle, Mojca Skoberne. Tracking and decoding the antigen specificity of peripherally derived T cells that infiltrate into solid tumors in patients treated with an autologous T cell therapy, PRIME IL-15 (RPTR-147) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB027.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marisa Loi
- 2Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Kisielow
- 2Repertoire Immune Medicines, Schlieren, Switzerland
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Renoux F, Stellato M, Haftmann C, Vogetseder A, Huang R, Subramaniam A, Becker MO, Blyszczuk P, Becher B, Distler JHW, Kania G, Boyman O, Distler O. The AP1 Transcription Factor Fosl2 Promotes Systemic Autoimmunity and Inflammation by Repressing Treg Development. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107826. [PMID: 32610127 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a major population in the control of immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. Here we show that Fos-like 2 (Fosl2), a TCR-induced AP1 transcription factor, represses Treg development and controls autoimmunity. Mice overexpressing Fosl2 (Fosl2tg) indeed show a systemic inflammatory phenotype, with immune infiltrates in multiple organs. This phenotype is absent in Fosl2tg × Rag2-/- mice lacking T and B cells, and Fosl2 induces T cell-intrinsic reduction of Treg development that is responsible for the inflammatory phenotype. Fosl2tg T cells can transfer inflammation, which is suppressed by the co-delivery of Tregs, while Fosl2 deficiency in T cells reduces the severity of autoimmunity in the EAE model. We find that Fosl2 could affect expression of FoxP3 and other Treg development genes. Our data highlight the importance of AP1 transcription factors, in particular Fosl2, during T cell development to determine Treg differentiation and control autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Renoux
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mara Stellato
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Riyun Huang
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research TA, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arun Subramaniam
- Sanofi, Immunology and Inflammation Research TA, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mike O Becker
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Blyszczuk
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pachera E, Assassi S, Salazar GA, Stellato M, Renoux F, Wunderlin A, Blyszczuk P, Lafyatis R, Kurreeman F, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Messemaker T, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Rogler G, van Haaften WT, Dijkstra G, Oakley F, Calcagni M, Schniering J, Maurer B, Distler JH, Kania G, Frank-Bertoncelj M, Distler O. Long noncoding RNA H19X is a key mediator of TGF-β-driven fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4888-4905. [PMID: 32603313 DOI: 10.1172/jci135439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a master regulator of fibrosis, driving the differentiation of fibroblasts into apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts and sustaining the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here, we identified the nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19X as a master regulator of TGF-β-driven tissue fibrosis. H19X was consistently upregulated in a wide variety of human fibrotic tissues and diseases and was strongly induced by TGF-β, particularly in fibroblasts and fibroblast-related cells. Functional experiments following H19X silencing revealed that H19X was an obligatory factor for TGF-β-induced ECM synthesis as well as differentiation and survival of ECM-producing myofibroblasts. We showed that H19X regulates DDIT4L gene expression, specifically interacting with a region upstream of the DDIT4L gene and changing the chromatin accessibility of a DDIT4L enhancer. These events resulted in transcriptional repression of DDIT4L and, in turn, in increased collagen expression and fibrosis. Our results shed light on key effectors of TGF-β-induced ECM remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pachera
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gloria A Salazar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mara Stellato
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Renoux
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Wunderlin
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Blyszczuk
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fina Kurreeman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Tobias Messemaker
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wouter T van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Calcagni
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Schniering
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Britta Maurer
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Hw Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Vassal P, Berthelot P, Chaussinand J, Jay S, de Filippis J, Auboyer C, Renoux F, Bedoin D. Extensively drug-resistant bacteria: Which ethical issues? Med Mal Infect 2017; 47:319-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stellato M, Rudnik M, Renoux F, Pachera E, Sotlar K, Klingel K, Henes J, Blyszczuk P, Distler O, Kania G. OP0049 Myocardial Fibrogenesis in Systemic Sclerosis: Involvement of A Novel Stromal Sub-Population. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Renoux F, Stellato M, Pachera E, Impellizzieri D, Dees C, Distler J, Kania G, Boyman O, Distler O. OP0206 Fra2 Is Playing A Key Role in The Control of Treg Development and Autoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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