1
|
Manglik A, Kim TH, Masureel M, Altenbach C, Yang Z, Hilger D, Lerch MT, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Hubbell WL, Prosser RS, Kobilka BK. Structural Insights into the Dynamic Process of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling. Cell 2015; 161:1101-1111. [PMID: 25981665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce signals from the extracellular environment to intracellular proteins. To gain structural insight into the regulation of receptor cytoplasmic conformations by extracellular ligands during signaling, we examine the structural dynamics of the cytoplasmic domain of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) using (19)F-fluorine NMR and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy. These studies show that unliganded and inverse-agonist-bound β2AR exists predominantly in two inactive conformations that exchange within hundreds of microseconds. Although agonists shift the equilibrium toward a conformation capable of engaging cytoplasmic G proteins, they do so incompletely, resulting in increased conformational heterogeneity and the coexistence of inactive, intermediate, and active states. Complete transition to the active conformation requires subsequent interaction with a G protein or an intracellular G protein mimetic. These studies demonstrate a loose allosteric coupling of the agonist-binding site and G-protein-coupling interface that may generally be responsible for the complex signaling behavior observed for many GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Manglik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tae Hun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christian Altenbach
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA
| | - Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Lerch
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA
| | - Tong Sun Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Foon Sun Thian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wayne L Hubbell
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7008, USA
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, UTM, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nygaard R, Zou Y, Dror RO, Mildorf TJ, Arlow DH, Manglik A, Pan AC, Liu CW, Fung JJ, Bokoch MP, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Shaw DE, Mueller L, Prosser RS, Kobilka BK. The dynamic process of β(2)-adrenergic receptor activation. Cell 2013; 152:532-42. [PMID: 23374348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can modulate diverse signaling pathways, often in a ligand-specific manner. The full range of functionally relevant GPCR conformations is poorly understood. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy to characterize the conformational dynamics of the transmembrane core of the β(2)-adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR), a prototypical GPCR. We labeled β(2)AR with (13)CH(3)ε-methionine and obtained HSQC spectra of unliganded receptor as well as receptor bound to an inverse agonist, an agonist, and a G-protein-mimetic nanobody. These studies provide evidence for conformational states not observed in crystal structures, as well as substantial conformational heterogeneity in agonist- and inverse-agonist-bound preparations. They also show that for β(2)AR, unlike rhodopsin, an agonist alone does not stabilize a fully active conformation, suggesting that the conformational link between the agonist-binding pocket and the G-protein-coupling surface is not rigid. The observed heterogeneity may be important for β(2)AR's ability to engage multiple signaling and regulatory proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nygaard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Granier S, Manglik A, Kruse AC, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Weis WI, Kobilka BK. Structure of the δ-opioid receptor bound to naltrindole. Nature 2012; 485:400-4. [PMID: 22596164 PMCID: PMC3523198 DOI: 10.1038/nature11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The opioid receptor family comprises three members, the µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptors, which respond to classical opioid alkaloids such as morphine and heroin as well as to endogenous peptide ligands like endorphins. They belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, and are excellent therapeutic targets for pain control. The δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR) has a role in analgesia, as well as in other neurological functions that remain poorly understood. The structures of the µ-OR and κ-OR have recently been solved. Here we report the crystal structure of the mouse δ-OR, bound to the subtype-selective antagonist naltrindole. Together with the structures of the µ-OR and κ-OR, the δ-OR structure provides insights into conserved elements of opioid ligand recognition while also revealing structural features associated with ligand-subtype selectivity. The binding pocket of opioid receptors can be divided into two distinct regions. Whereas the lower part of this pocket is highly conserved among opioid receptors, the upper part contains divergent residues that confer subtype selectivity. This provides a structural explanation and validation for the 'message-address' model of opioid receptor pharmacology, in which distinct 'message' (efficacy) and 'address' (selectivity) determinants are contained within a single ligand. Comparison of the address region of the δ-OR with other GPCRs reveals that this structural organization may be a more general phenomenon, extending to other GPCR families as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Granier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
- CNRS UMR 5203, and INSERM U661, and Université Montpellier 1 et 2, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, 34094, France
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
| | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
| | - Tong Sun Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
| | - Foon Sun Thian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
| | - William I. Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian K. Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manglik A, Kruse AC, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Mathiesen JM, Sunahara RK, Pardo L, Weis WI, Kobilka BK, Granier S. Crystal structure of the µ-opioid receptor bound to a morphinan antagonist. Nature 2012; 485:321-6. [PMID: 22437502 PMCID: PMC3523197 DOI: 10.1038/nature10954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1037] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opium is one of the world's oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are among the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain. These prototypical opioids produce analgesia as well as many undesirable side effects (sedation, apnoea and dependence) by binding to and activating the G-protein-coupled µ-opioid receptor (µ-OR) in the central nervous system. Here we describe the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the mouse µ-OR in complex with an irreversible morphinan antagonist. Compared to the buried binding pocket observed in most G-protein-coupled receptors published so far, the morphinan ligand binds deeply within a large solvent-exposed pocket. Of particular interest, the µ-OR crystallizes as a two-fold symmetrical dimer through a four-helix bundle motif formed by transmembrane segments 5 and 6. These high-resolution insights into opioid receptor structure will enable the application of structure-based approaches to develop better drugs for the management of pain and addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Manglik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Andrew C. Kruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tong Sun Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Foon Sun Thian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jesper M. Mathiesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Roger K. Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William I. Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Brian K. Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sébastien Granier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rasmussen SGF, Choi HJ, Fung JJ, Pardon E, Casarosa P, Chae PS, Devree BT, Rosenbaum DM, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Schnapp A, Konetzki I, Sunahara RK, Gellman SH, Pautsch A, Steyaert J, Weis WI, Kobilka BK. Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β(2) adrenoceptor. Nature 2011; 469:175-80. [PMID: 21228869 PMCID: PMC3058308 DOI: 10.1038/nature09648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1301] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibit a spectrum of functional behaviors in response to natural and synthetic ligands. Recent crystal structures provide insights into inactive states of several GPCRs. Efforts to obtain an agonist-bound active-state GPCR structure have proven difficult due to the inherent instability of this state in the absence of a G protein. We generated a camelid antibody fragment (nanobody) to the human β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) that exhibits G protein-like behavior, and obtained an agonist-bound, active-state crystal structure of the receptor-nanobody complex. Comparison with the inactive β2AR structure reveals subtle changes in the binding pocket; however, these small changes are associated with an 11Å outward movement of the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 6, and rearrangements of transmembrane segments 5 and 7 that are remarkably similar to those observed in opsin, an active form of rhodopsin. This structure provides insights into the process of agonist binding and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren G F Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cherezov V, Rosenbaum DM, Hanson MA, Rasmussen SGF, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Choi HJ, Kuhn P, Weis WI, Kobilka BK, Stevens RC. High-resolution crystal structure of an engineered human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. Science 2007; 318:1258-65. [PMID: 17962520 PMCID: PMC2583103 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2537] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors constitute the largest family of eukaryotic signal transduction proteins that communicate across the membrane. We report the crystal structure of a human beta2-adrenergic receptor-T4 lysozyme fusion protein bound to the partial inverse agonist carazolol at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The structure provides a high-resolution view of a human G protein-coupled receptor bound to a diffusible ligand. Ligand-binding site accessibility is enabled by the second extracellular loop, which is held out of the binding cavity by a pair of closely spaced disulfide bridges and a short helical segment within the loop. Cholesterol, a necessary component for crystallization, mediates an intriguing parallel association of receptor molecules in the crystal lattice. Although the location of carazolol in the beta2-adrenergic receptor is very similar to that of retinal in rhodopsin, structural differences in the ligand-binding site and other regions highlight the challenges in using rhodopsin as a template model for this large receptor family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosenbaum DM, Cherezov V, Hanson MA, Rasmussen SGF, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Choi HJ, Yao XJ, Weis WI, Stevens RC, Kobilka BK. GPCR engineering yields high-resolution structural insights into beta2-adrenergic receptor function. Science 2007; 318:1266-73. [PMID: 17962519 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1085] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is a well-studied prototype for heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to diffusible hormones and neurotransmitters. To overcome the structural flexibility of the beta2AR and to facilitate its crystallization, we engineered a beta2AR fusion protein in which T4 lysozyme (T4L) replaces most of the third intracellular loop of the GPCR ("beta2AR-T4L") and showed that this protein retains near-native pharmacologic properties. Analysis of adrenergic receptor ligand-binding mutants within the context of the reported high-resolution structure of beta2AR-T4L provides insights into inverse-agonist binding and the structural changes required to accommodate catecholamine agonists. Amino acids known to regulate receptor function are linked through packing interactions and a network of hydrogen bonds, suggesting a conformational pathway from the ligand-binding pocket to regions that interact with G proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rasmussen SGF, Choi HJ, Rosenbaum DM, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Edwards PC, Burghammer M, Ratnala VRP, Sanishvili R, Fischetti RF, Schertler GFX, Weis WI, Kobilka BK. Crystal structure of the human β2 adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature 2007; 450:383-7. [PMID: 17952055 DOI: 10.1038/nature06325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1415] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Swaminath G, Deupi X, Lee TW, Zhu W, Thian FS, Kobilka TS, Kobilka B. Probing the beta2 adrenoceptor binding site with catechol reveals differences in binding and activation by agonists and partial agonists. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22165-71. [PMID: 15817484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502352200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta(2) adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) is a prototypical family A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and an excellent model system for studying the mechanism of GPCR activation. The beta(2)AR agonist binding site is well characterized, and there is a wealth of structurally related ligands with functionally diverse properties. In the present study, we use catechol (1,2-benzenediol, a structural component of catecholamine agonists) as a molecular probe to identify mechanistic differences between beta(2)AR activation by catecholamine agonists, such as isoproterenol, and by the structurally related non-catechol partial agonist salbutamol. Using biophysical and pharmacologic approaches, we show that the aromatic ring of salbutamol binds to a different site on the beta(2)AR than the aromatic ring of catecholamines. This difference is important in receptor activation as it has been hypothesized that the aromatic ring of catecholamines plays a role in triggering receptor activation through interactions with a conserved cluster of aromatic residues in the sixth transmembrane segment by a rotamer toggle switch mechanism. Our experiments indicate that the aromatic ring of salbutamol does not activate this mechanism either directly or indirectly. Moreover, the non-catechol ring of partial agonists does not interact optimally with serine residues in the fifth transmembrane helix that have been shown to play an important role in activation by catecholamines. These results demonstrate unexpected differences in binding and activation by structurally similar agonists and partial agonists. Moreover, they provide evidence that activation of a GPCR is a multistep process that can be dissected into its component parts using agonist fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Swaminath
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 157 Beckman Circle, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|