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Lau VI, Fowler R, Pinto R, Tremblay A, Borgia S, Carrier FM, Cheng MP, Conly J, Costiniuk CT, Daley P, Duan E, Durand M, Fontela PS, Farjou G, Fralick M, Geagea A, Grant J, Keynan Y, Khwaja K, Lee N, Lee TC, Lim R, O'Neil CR, Papenburg J, Semret M, Silverman M, Sligl W, Somayaji R, Tan DHS, Tsang JLY, Weatherald J, Yansouni CP, Zarychanski R, Murthy S. Cost-effectiveness of remdesivir plus usual care versus usual care alone for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an economic evaluation as part of the Canadian Treatments for COVID-19 (CATCO) randomized clinical trial. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E807-E817. [PMID: 36199248 PMCID: PMC9477473 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of remdesivir in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 remains ill-defined. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis alongside the Canadian Treatments for COVID-19 (CATCO) open-label, randomized clinical trial evaluating remdesivir. METHODS Patients with COVID-19 in Canadian hospitals from Aug. 14, 2020, to Apr. 1, 2021, were randomly assigned to receive remdesivir plus usual care versus usual care alone. Taking a public health care payer's perspective, we collected in-hospital outcomes and health care resource utilization alongside estimated unit costs in 2020 Canadian dollars over a time horizon from randomization to hospital discharge or death. Data from 1281 adults admitted to 52 hospitals in 6 Canadian provinces were analyzed. RESULTS The total mean cost per patient was $37 918 (standard deviation [SD] $42 413; 95% confidence interval [CI] $34 617 to $41 220) for patients randomly assigned to the remdesivir group and $38 026 (SD $46 021; 95% CI $34 480 to $41 573) for patients receiving usual care (incremental cost -$108 [95% CI -$4953 to $4737], p > 0.9). The difference in proportions of in-hospital deaths between remdesivir and usual care groups was -3.9% (18.7% v. 22.6%, 95% CI -8.3% to 1.0%, p = 0.09). The difference in proportions of incident invasive mechanical ventilation events between groups was -7.0% (8.0% v. 15.0%, 95% CI -10.6% to -3.4%, p = 0.006), whereas the difference in proportions of total mechanical ventilation events between groups was -5.7% (16.4% v. 22.1%, 95% CI -10.0% to -1.4%, p = 0.01). Remdesivir was the dominant intervention (but only marginally less costly, with mildly lower mortality) with an incalculable incremental cost effectiveness ratio; we report results of incremental costs and incremental effects separately. For willingness-to-pay thresholds of $0, $20 000, $50 000 and $100 000 per death averted, a strategy using remdesivir was cost-effective in 60%, 67%, 74% and 79% of simulations, respectively. The remdesivir costs were the fifth highest cost driver, offset by shorter lengths of stay and less mechanical ventilation. INTERPRETATION From a health care payer perspective, treating patients hospitalized with COVID-19 with remdesivir and usual care appears to be preferrable to treating with usual care alone, albeit with marginal incremental cost and small clinical effects. The added cost of remdesivir was offset by shorter lengths of stay in the intensive care unit and less need for ventilation. STUDY REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials. gov, no. NCT04330690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent I Lau
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Robert Fowler
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Alain Tremblay
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Sergio Borgia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - François M Carrier
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Matthew P Cheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - John Conly
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Peter Daley
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Erick Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Patricia S Fontela
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - George Farjou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Mike Fralick
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Anna Geagea
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jennifer Grant
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Kosar Khwaja
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Nelson Lee
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Todd C Lee
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Rachel Lim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Conar R O'Neil
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Makeda Semret
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Michael Silverman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Wendy Sligl
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Darrell H S Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jennifer L Y Tsang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Jason Weatherald
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Cedric Philippe Yansouni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Critical Care Medicine (Lau, Sligl), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alta.; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine (Fowler), University of Toronto; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Respiratory Medicine (Tremblay, Lim, Weatherald), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Borgia), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Carrier), Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology (Cheng), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Section of Infectious Diseases (Conly, Somayaji), Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk), Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Division of Critical Care (Duan, Tsang), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Duan, Tsang), Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Critical Care (Duan), St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ont.; Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Division of Pediatric Critical Care (Fontela), Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Disease (Farjou), Department of Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Fralick, Semret), Sinai Health, University of Toronto; Division of Critical Care Medicine (Geagea), Department of Medicine, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Grant), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Section of Infectious Diseases (Keynan), Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Clinical Practice Assessment Unit (T. Lee), Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Papenburg), Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital; Division of Microbiology (Papenburg), Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Silverman), Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases (Yansouni), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), Sections of Hematology and Medical Oncology, and Critical Care, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Murthy), Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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Ali K, Azher T, Baqi M, Binnie A, Borgia S, Carrier FM, Cavayas YA, Chagnon N, Cheng MP, Conly J, Costiniuk C, Daley P, Daneman N, Douglas J, Downey C, Duan E, Duceppe E, Durand M, English S, Farjou G, Fera E, Fontela P, Fowler R, Fralick M, Geagea A, Grant J, Harrison LB, Havey T, Hoang H, Kelly LE, Keynan Y, Khwaja K, Klein G, Klein M, Kolan C, Kronfli N, Lamontagne F, Lau R, Fralick M, Lee TC, Lee N, Lim R, Longo S, Lostun A, MacIntyre E, Malhamé I, Mangof K, McGuinty M, Mergler S, Munan MP, Murthy S, O'Neil C, Ovakim D, Papenburg J, Parhar K, Parvathy SN, Patel C, Perez-Patrigeon S, Pinto R, Rajakumaran S, Rishu A, Roba-Oshin M, Rushton M, Saleem M, Salvadori M, Scherr K, Schwartz K, Semret M, Silverman M, Singh A, Sligl W, Smith S, Somayaji R, Tan DHS, Tobin S, Todd M, Tran TV, Tremblay A, Tsang J, Turgeon A, Vakil E, Weatherald J, Yansouni C, Zarychanski R. Remdesivir for the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-19 in Canada: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2022; 194:E242-E251. [PMID: 35045989 PMCID: PMC8863204 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.211698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of remdesivir in the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-19 remains ill defined in a global context. The World Health Organization Solidarity randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluated remdesivir in patients across many countries, with Canada enrolling patients using an expanded data collection format in the Canadian Treatments for COVID-19 (CATCO) trial. We report on the Canadian findings, with additional demographics, characteristics and clinical outcomes, to explore the potential for differential effects across different health care systems. Methods: We performed an open-label, pragmatic RCT in Canadian hospitals, in conjunction with the Solidarity trial. We randomized patients to 10 days of remdesivir (200 mg intravenously [IV] on day 0, followed by 100 mg IV daily), plus standard care, or standard care alone. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included changes in clinical severity, oxygen- and ventilator-free days (at 28 d), incidence of new oxygen or mechanical ventilation use, duration of hospital stay, and adverse event rates. We performed a priori subgroup analyses according to duration of symptoms before enrolment, age, sex and severity of symptoms on presentation. Results: Across 52 Canadian hospitals, we randomized 1282 patients between Aug. 14, 2020, and Apr. 1, 2021, to remdesivir (n = 634) or standard of care (n = 648). Of these, 15 withdrew consent or were still in hospital, for a total sample of 1267 patients. Among patients assigned to receive remdesivir, in-hospital mortality was 18.7%, compared with 22.6% in the standard-of-care arm (relative risk [RR] 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67 to 1.03), and 60-day mortality was 24.8% and 28.2%, respectively (95% CI 0.72 to 1.07). For patients not mechanically ventilated at baseline, the need for mechanical ventilation was 8.0% in those assigned remdesivir, and 15.0% in those receiving standard of care (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.75). Mean oxygen-free and ventilator-free days at day 28 were 15.9 (± standard deviation [SD] 10.5) and 21.4 (± SD 11.3) in those receiving remdesivir and 14.2 (± SD 11) and 19.5 (± SD 12.3) in those receiving standard of care (p = 0.006 and 0.007, respectively). There was no difference in safety events of new dialysis, change in creatinine, or new hepatic dysfunction between the 2 groups. Interpretation: Remdesivir, when compared with standard of care, has a modest but significant effect on outcomes important to patients and health systems, such as the need for mechanical ventilation. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT04330690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ali
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Tanweer Azher
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Mahin Baqi
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Alexandra Binnie
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Sergio Borgia
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - François M Carrier
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Yiorgos Alexandroa Cavayas
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Nicolas Chagnon
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Matthew P Cheng
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - John Conly
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Cecilia Costiniuk
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Peter Daley
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Nick Daneman
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Josh Douglas
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Catarina Downey
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Erick Duan
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Shane English
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - George Farjou
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Evradiki Fera
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Patricia Fontela
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Rob Fowler
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Michael Fralick
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Anna Geagea
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Jennifer Grant
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Luke B Harrison
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Thomas Havey
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Holly Hoang
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Lauren E Kelly
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Kosar Khwaja
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Gail Klein
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Marina Klein
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Christophe Kolan
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Nadine Kronfli
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Francois Lamontagne
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Rob Lau
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Michael Fralick
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Todd C Lee
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Nelson Lee
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Rachel Lim
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Sarah Longo
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Alexandra Lostun
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Erika MacIntyre
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Isabelle Malhamé
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Kathryn Mangof
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Marlee McGuinty
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Sonya Mergler
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Matthew P Munan
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Conar O'Neil
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Daniel Ovakim
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Ken Parhar
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Seema Nair Parvathy
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Chandni Patel
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Santiago Perez-Patrigeon
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Subitha Rajakumaran
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Asgar Rishu
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Malaika Roba-Oshin
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Moira Rushton
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Mariam Saleem
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Marina Salvadori
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Kim Scherr
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Kevin Schwartz
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Makeda Semret
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Michael Silverman
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Ameeta Singh
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Wendy Sligl
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Darrell H S Tan
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Siobhan Tobin
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Meaghan Todd
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Tuong-Vi Tran
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Alain Tremblay
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Jennifer Tsang
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Alexis Turgeon
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Erik Vakil
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Jason Weatherald
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Cedric Yansouni
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Niagara Health (Ali, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Biomedical Sciences (Azher), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; William Osler Health System (Baqi, Binnie, Borgia, Havey), Brampton, Ont.; Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (Cavayas), Montréal, Que.; Emergency Department (Chagnon), Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Fontela, Papenburg), Surgery and Critical Care Medicine (Khwaja), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Divisions of Infectious Diseases (Cheng, Costiniuk, Harrison, M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Semret, Yansouni), Chronic Viral Illness Service (Costiniuk, M. Klein), Medical Microbiology (Cheng, Yansouni), Internal Medicine (Malhamé, T. Lee), and Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program (M. Klein, Kronfli, T. Lee, Papenburg) McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.; Division of Respirology (Lim, Weatherald), Cumming School of Medicine (Conly, Somayaji), and Departments of Critical Care Medicine (Parhar), Repiratory Medicine (Tremblay) and Interventional Pulmonary Medicine (Vakil), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Health Sciences Centre (Tremblay), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Discipline of Laboratory Medicine (Daley), Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld.; Lion's Gate Hospital (Douglas), Vancouver, BC; CCTS at Sunnybrook Research Institute - Centre for Clinical Trial Support (Downey, G. Klein, Lau, Longo, Mangoff, Mergler, Patel, Rajakumaran, Roba-Oshin, Saleem, Tobin, Todd), Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Fowler) and Division of Infectious Diseases (Daneman), Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Pinto, Rishu), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Duan), Department of Medicine (Tsang), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Anesthesiology (Carrier), Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan), Intensive Care Medicine (Carrier) and Internal Medicine (Duceppe, Kolan) and Internal Medicine Service (Durand), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Que.; Departments of Medicine (English) and Infectious Diseases (McGuinty), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Medicine (English), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Niagara Health (Farjou, Tsang), St. Catharines, Ont.; Markham Stouffville Hospital (Fera), Markham, Ont.; Division of General Internal Medicine (Fralick), Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System; Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine (Geagea, Lostun), North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pediatrics (Murthy) and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Grant), Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Island Health Authority (Ovakim), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Diseases (Hoang), Department of Medicine, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Kelly), George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba; Departments of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology (Keynan) and Internal Medicine (Zarychanski), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (Lamontagne), Sherbrooke, Que.; Departments of Critical Care (MacIntyre, Sligl) and Medicine (Singh, Smith), Division of Infectious Diseases (O'Neil), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Critical Care Medicine (Munan), Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Misericordia Hospital - Covenant Health (Scherr), Edmonton, Alta.; St. Joseph's Health Care (Parvathy), London, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Perez-Patrigeon), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Queensway Carleton Hospital (Rushton), Nepean, Ont.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Salvadori), Ottawa, Ont.; Unity Health Toronto (Schwartz), Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (N. Lee, Schwartz), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Silverman), Western University, London, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases (Tan), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Turgeon, Tran), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Que
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Mazer CD, Whitlock RP, Fergusson DA, Belley-Cote E, Connolly K, Khanykin B, Gregory AJ, de Médicis É, Carrier FM, McGuinness S, Young PJ, Byrne K, Villar JC, Royse A, Grocott HP, Seeberger MD, Mehta C, Lellouche F, Hare GMT, Painter TW, Fremes S, Syed S, Bagshaw SM, Hwang NC, Royse C, Hall J, Dai D, Mistry N, Thorpe K, Verma S, Jüni P, Shehata N. Six-Month Outcomes after Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1224-1233. [PMID: 30146969 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1808561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported previously that, in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were at moderate-to-high risk for death, a restrictive transfusion strategy was noninferior to a liberal strategy with respect to the composite outcome of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new-onset renal failure with dialysis by hospital discharge or 28 days after surgery, whichever came first. We now report the clinical outcomes at 6 months after surgery. METHODS We randomly assigned 5243 adults undergoing cardiac surgery to a restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy (transfusion if the hemoglobin concentration was <7.5 g per deciliter intraoperatively or postoperatively) or a liberal red-cell transfusion strategy (transfusion if the hemoglobin concentration was <9.5 g per deciliter intraoperatively or postoperatively when the patient was in the intensive care unit [ICU] or was <8.5 g per deciliter when the patient was in the non-ICU ward). The primary composite outcome was death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new-onset renal failure with dialysis occurring within 6 months after the initial surgery. An expanded secondary composite outcome included all the components of the primary outcome as well as emergency department visit, hospital readmission, or coronary revascularization occurring within 6 months after the index surgery. The secondary outcomes included the individual components of the two composite outcomes. RESULTS At 6 months after surgery, the primary composite outcome had occurred in 402 of 2317 patients (17.4%) in the restrictive-threshold group and in 402 of 2347 patients (17.1%) in the liberal-threshold group (absolute risk difference before rounding, 0.22 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.95 to 2.39; odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.18; P=0.006 for noninferiority). Mortality was 6.2% in the restrictive-threshold group and 6.4% in the liberal-threshold group (odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.75 to 1.21). There were no significant between-group differences in the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were at moderate-to-high risk for death, a restrictive strategy for red-cell transfusion was noninferior to a liberal strategy with respect to the composite outcome of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new-onset renal failure with dialysis at 6 months after surgery. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; TRICS III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02042898 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Mazer
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Emilie Belley-Cote
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Katherine Connolly
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Boris Khanykin
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Alexander J Gregory
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Étienne de Médicis
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - François M Carrier
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Shay McGuinness
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Paul J Young
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Kelly Byrne
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Juan C Villar
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Alistair Royse
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Hilary P Grocott
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Manfred D Seeberger
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Chirag Mehta
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - François Lellouche
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Gregory M T Hare
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Thomas W Painter
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Stephen Fremes
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Summer Syed
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Sean M Bagshaw
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Nian-Chih Hwang
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Colin Royse
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Judith Hall
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - David Dai
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Nikhil Mistry
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Kevin Thorpe
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Peter Jüni
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
| | - Nadine Shehata
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., N.M.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), St. Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (C.D.M., G.M.T.H., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Applied Health Research Centre (J.H., D.D., K.T., S.V., P.J.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (S.F.), Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital (N.S.), the Departments of Medicine (P.J., N.S.), Physiology (C.D.M., G.M.T.H), and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (N.S.), Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.T.), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Center (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary (A.J.G.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.), CHUS-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (É.M.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval (F.L.), QC, the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), and the Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (H.P.G.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.); the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden Zurich, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); Heart Care Associates, SAL Hospital, Gujarat, India (C.M.); and the Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital - both in Singapore (N.-C.H.)
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Mazer CD, Whitlock RP, Fergusson DA, Hall J, Belley-Cote E, Connolly K, Khanykin B, Gregory AJ, de Médicis É, McGuinness S, Royse A, Carrier FM, Young PJ, Villar JC, Grocott HP, Seeberger MD, Fremes S, Lellouche F, Syed S, Byrne K, Bagshaw SM, Hwang NC, Mehta C, Painter TW, Royse C, Verma S, Hare GMT, Cohen A, Thorpe KE, Jüni P, Shehata N. Restrictive or Liberal Red-Cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2133-2144. [PMID: 29130845 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1711818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a restrictive versus liberal red-cell transfusion strategy on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery remains unclear. METHODS In this multicenter, open-label, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 5243 adults undergoing cardiac surgery who had a European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) I of 6 or more (on a scale from 0 to 47, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of death after cardiac surgery) to a restrictive red-cell transfusion threshold (transfuse if hemoglobin level was <7.5 g per deciliter, starting from induction of anesthesia) or a liberal red-cell transfusion threshold (transfuse if hemoglobin level was <9.5 g per deciliter in the operating room or intensive care unit [ICU] or was <8.5 g per deciliter in the non-ICU ward). The primary composite outcome was death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new-onset renal failure with dialysis by hospital discharge or by day 28, whichever came first. Secondary outcomes included red-cell transfusion and other clinical outcomes. RESULTS The primary outcome occurred in 11.4% of the patients in the restrictive-threshold group, as compared with 12.5% of those in the liberal-threshold group (absolute risk difference, -1.11 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.93 to 0.72; odds ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.07; P<0.001 for noninferiority). Mortality was 3.0% in the restrictive-threshold group and 3.6% in the liberal-threshold group (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.16). Red-cell transfusion occurred in 52.3% of the patients in the restrictive-threshold group, as compared with 72.6% of those in the liberal-threshold group (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.47). There were no significant between-group differences with regard to the other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were at moderate-to-high risk for death, a restrictive strategy regarding red-cell transfusion was noninferior to a liberal strategy with respect to the composite outcome of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new-onset renal failure with dialysis, with less blood transfused. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; TRICS III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02042898 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Mazer
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Judith Hall
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Emilie Belley-Cote
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Katherine Connolly
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Boris Khanykin
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Alexander J Gregory
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Étienne de Médicis
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Shay McGuinness
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Alistair Royse
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - François M Carrier
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Paul J Young
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Juan C Villar
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Hilary P Grocott
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Manfred D Seeberger
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Stephen Fremes
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - François Lellouche
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Summer Syed
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Kelly Byrne
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Sean M Bagshaw
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Nian C Hwang
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Chirag Mehta
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Thomas W Painter
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Colin Royse
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Gregory M T Hare
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Ashley Cohen
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Kevin E Thorpe
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Peter Jüni
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
| | - Nadine Shehata
- From the Department of Anesthesia (C.D.M., G.M.T.H.) and the Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery (S.V.), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital (J.H., A.C.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center (S.F.), AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health (K.E.T.), and AHRC, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (P.J.), University of Toronto, and the Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, and the Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Canadian Blood Services (N.S.), Toronto, Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.B.-C.), Hamilton Health Sciences Centre (R.P.W., E.B.-C., K.C.), and McMaster University (R.P.W., E.B.-C., S.S.), Hamilton, ON, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (D.A.F.), the Department of Anesthesia, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (A.J.G.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC (É.M.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal (F.M.C.), the Departments of Anesthesia and Surgery, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg (H.P.G.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Laval, QC (F.L.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (S.M.B.) - all in Canada; the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen (B.K.); Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington (S.M., P.J.Y.), and Waikato Hospital, Hamilton (K.B.) - both in New Zealand; the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne (A.R., C.R.), and the Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital (C.R.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (T.W.P.) - all in Australia; Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología, Bogota, and Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga - both in Colombia (J.C.V.); the University of Basel, Department of Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, Basel, and Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich - both in Switzerland (M.D.S.); the Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Center, and the Department of Anesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore (N.C.H.); and Heart Care Associates, Ahmedabad, India (C.M.)
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