1
|
Bettariga F, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Lopez P, Bishop C, Markarian AM, Natalucci V, Kim JS, Newton RU. Exercise training mode effects on myokine expression in healthy adults: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2024:S2095-2546(24)00049-8. [PMID: 38604409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of exercise are well known; however, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, which mediate muscle-organ crosstalk. Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory cascade, insulin secretion, angiogenesis, fatty oxidation, and cancer suppression. To date, the effects of different exercise modes (namely, aerobic and resistance exercise) on myokine response remain to be elucidated. This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment. METHODS A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science in April 2023. Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on IL-15, irisin, SPARC, OSM, and decorin were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change. RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included (n = 1193). Overall, exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression, with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise, although these were mostly not statistically significant. Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels, without any significant difference between training modes, and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines. Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise. However, owing to potential sources of heterogeneity, most changes were not statistically significant, indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn. CONCLUSION Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation. Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Pleural Medicine Unit, Institute for Respiratory Health, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Grupo de Pesquisa em Exercício para Populações Clínicas (GPCLIN), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Anna Maria Markarian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Valentina Natalucci
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bettariga F, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Bishop C, Kim JS, Newton RU. Suppressive effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells: A narrative review of the influence of exercise mode, volume, and intensity. J Sport Health Sci 2023:S2095-2546(23)00117-5. [PMID: 38081360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the incidence is increasing, highlighting the need for effective strategies to treat this disease. Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer, associated with a lower risk of recurrence and increased survival. Several avenues of research demonstrate reduction in growth, proliferation, and increased apoptosis of cancer cells, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, when cultured by serum collected after exercise in vitro (i.e., the cultivation of cancer cell lines in an experimental setting, which simplifies the biological system and provides mechanistic insight into cell responses). The underlying mechanisms of exercise-induced cancer suppressive effects may be attributed to the alteration in circulating factors, such as skeletal muscle-induced cytokines (i.e., myokines) and hormones. However, exercise-induced tumor suppressive effects and detailed information about training interventions are not well investigated, constraining more precise application of exercise medicine within clinical oncology. To date, it remains unclear what role different training modes (i.e., resistance and aerobic training) as well as volume and intensity have on exercise-conditioned serum and its effects on cancer cells. Nevertheless, the available evidence is that a single bout of aerobic training at moderate to vigorous intensity has cancer suppressive effects, while for chronic training interventions, exercise volume appears to be an influential candidate driving cancer inhibitory effects regardless of training mode. Insights for future research investigating training modes, volume and intensity are provided to further our understanding of the effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bettariga F, Bishop C, Taaffe DR, Galvão DA, Maestroni L, Newton RU. Time to consider the potential role of alternative resistance training methods in cancer management? J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12:715-725. [PMID: 37399886 PMCID: PMC10658316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer. Exercise improves health-related outcomes, including quality of life, neuromuscular strength, physical function, and body composition, and it is associated with a lower risk of disease recurrence and increased survival. Moreover, exercise during or post cancer treatments is safe, can ameliorate treatment-related side effects, and may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. To date, traditional resistance training (RT) is the most used RT modality in exercise oncology. However, alternative training modes, such as eccentric, cluster set, and blood flow restriction are gaining increased attention. These training modalities have been extensively investigated in both athletic and clinical populations (e.g., age-related frailty, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes), showing considerable benefits in terms of neuromuscular strength, hypertrophy, body composition, and physical function. However, these training modes have only been partially or not at all investigated in cancer populations. Thus, this study outlines the benefits of these alternative RT methods in patients with cancer. Where evidence in cancer populations is sparse, we provide a robust rationale for the possible implementation of certain RT methods that have shown positive results in other clinical populations. Finally, we provide clinical insights for research that may guide future RT investigations in patients with cancer and suggest clear practical applications for targeted cancer populations and related benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Dennis R Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Daniel A Galvão
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Luca Maestroni
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bettariga F, Maestroni L, Martorelli L, Turner A, Bishop C. The Effects of a 6-Week Unilateral Strength and Ballistic Jump Training Program on the Force-Velocity Profiles of Sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1390-1396. [PMID: 36662027 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bettariga, F, Maestroni, L, Martorelli, L, Turner, A, and Bishop, C. The effects of a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program on the force-velocity profiles of sprinting. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1390-1396, 2023-The aims of this study were (a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program, compared with a control group, on a force-velocity (F-V) profile in soccer players and (b) to explore such effects on linear speed. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training (UNI) ( n = 12) or a control group (CON) ( n = 12), performed 30-meter linear sprint test. Findings showed small-to-moderate improvements ( p < 0.05) in linear speed time ( g = 0.66-0.81) and in most F-V variables: maximal running velocity ( V0 ) ( g = 0 .81), maximal power output ( Pmax ) ( g = 0.49), maximal ratio of force ( RFmax ) ( g = 0.55), optimal velocity ( Vopt ) ( g = 0.83), and maximal speed ( g = 0.84) from pre- to post-intervention in the UNI group, whereas no meaningful changes were found in the CON group. The between-group comparison indicated small to large significant changes in V0 ( g = 0.95), RFmax ( g = 0.48), Vopt ( g = 0.95), maximal speed ( g = 0.98), and linear speed time performance ( g = 0.42-1.02), with the exception of the 0-5 meter distance, in favor of the UNI group. Thus, a unilateral strength and ballistic jump training program can be used to improve the F-V profile and linear speed performance of amateur soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bettariga
- StudioErre, Brescia, Italy
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Luca Maestroni
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anthony Turner
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Mantovani L, Maestroni L, Bettariga F, Gobbo M, Lopomo NF, McLean S. "Does isometric exercise improve leg stiffness and hop pain in subjects with Achilles tendinopathy? A feasibility study". Phys Ther Sport 2020; 46:234-242. [PMID: 32998087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Achilles tendinopathy (AT) the ability to store and recycle elastic energy during ground contact phase is often altered. A measure of this function is represented by leg stiffness (LS). Immediate responses in LS following therapeutic intervention have not been examined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper was to examine the feasibility of the protocol in participants with AT. DESIGN Single cohort feasibility study. PARTICIPANTS Adults with persistent AT pain, symptoms on palpation and less than 80 points on the Visa-A questionnaire. INTERVENTION heavy isometric exercise sequence in plantarflexion. OUTCOME MEASURES Feasibility was assessed by evaluating: the willingness of participants to enroll into the study, the number of eligible participants, the recruitment rate, adherence to the intervention, the drop-out rate, the tolerability of the protocol. LS, reactive strength index, pain and rate of perceived effort were secondary outcomes. RESULTS 22 AT were eligible for data collection and 19 entered the statistical analysis. The intervention was well tolerated, no withdrawals. Pain scores were low during both the intervention and the assessment. Immediate improvements in LS and pain were recorded. CONCLUSIONS The isometric exercise protocol was feasible. Future research should investigate its effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mantovani
- Studioerre, Via della Badia 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Luca Maestroni
- Studioerre, Via della Badia 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy; Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy; London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Massimiliano Gobbo
- Laboratory of Clinical Integrative Physiology, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Nicola Francesco Lopomo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Integrative Physiology, University of Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Sionnadh McLean
- School of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Broomhall Road, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|