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Farder-Gomes CF, Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Sena Bastos DS, Licursi de Oliveira L, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Exposure to low-concentration fipronil impairs survival, behavior, midgut morphology and physiology of Aedes aegypti larvae. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142240. [PMID: 38705417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for various arboviruses, including dengue and yellow fever. Insecticides, such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, are widely used to manage and control these insects. However, mosquitoes have developed resistance to these chemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the commercial formulation of fipronil (Tuit® Florestal; 80% purity) on the survival, behavior, morphology, and proteins related to signaling pathways of the midgut in A. aegypti larvae under controlled laboratory conditions. Significant reductions in immature survival were observed in all concentrations of fipronil tested. Low insecticide concentration (0.5 ppb) led to decreased locomotor activity in the larvae and caused disorganization of the epithelial tissue in the midgut. Moreover, exposure to the insecticide decreased the activity of detoxifying enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. On the other hand, the insecticide increased protein oxidation and nitric oxide levels. The detection of LC3, caspase-3, and JNK proteins, related to autophagy and apoptosis, increased after exposure. However, there was a decrease in the positive cells for ERK 1/2. Furthermore, the treatment with fipronil decreased the number of positive cells for the proteins FMRF, Prospero, PH3, Wg, Armadillo, Notch, and Delta, which are related to cell proliferation and differentiation. These findings demonstrate that even at low concentrations, fipronil exerts larvicidal effects on A. aegypti by affecting behavior and enzymatic detoxification, inducing protein oxidation, free radical generation, midgut damage and cell death, and inhibiting cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, this insecticide may represent a viable alternative for controlling the spread of this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Farder-Gomes CF, Bernardes RC, Oliveira AHD, Arthidoro de Castro MB, Dourado LA, Oliveira LL, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Exposure to copper sulfate impairs survival, post-embryonic midgut development and reproduction in Aedes aegypti. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 97:105185. [PMID: 34920099 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of several global human viruses responsible for high human morbidity and mortality. The method to prevent the transmission of vector-borne viruses is mainly based on the control of the insect vector using insecticides. Among these chemicals, copper sulfate is a compound widely used in agriculture with the potential to be used as an alternative to control these insects. This study evaluated the effects of the exposure of A. aegypti larvae to copper sulfate on survival, midgut morphology, blood-feeding and fecundity. The exposure to CuSO4 decreased the survival of A. aegypti during the immature phase. Adults obtained from exposed larvae had their lifespan decreased at all tested concentrations. The exposure to CuSO4 impaired the development in the transition from larvae to pupae and from pupae to adult. The number of eggs laid by females developed from larvae treated with CuSO4 was significantly lower than in control. In addition, the egg hatching rates were also negatively affected. The midguts of treated larvae and pupae showed epithelial disorganization. The number of cleaved caspase-3 cells increased in the midgut of exposed pupae compared to control. Moreover, there was a reduction in proliferating cells in treated larvae and pupae compared to the control. In conclusion, the results reveal that CuSO4 exposure has insecticidal activity against A. aegypti, which may be related to the impairment of the midgut metamorphosis and reduced proliferation of stem cells, with the consequent impairment of female mosquito fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lídia Aparecida Dourado
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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de Paula Siqueira T, Barbosa WF, Rodrigues EM, Miranda FR, de Souza Freitas F, Martins GF, Tótola MR. Rhamnolipids on Aedes aegypti larvae: a potential weapon against resistance selection. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:172. [PMID: 33927963 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of Aedes aegypti to chemical insecticides has been reported and our work proposes the use of biosurfactants as an alternative larvicide. We evaluated the effect of rhamnolipids against larvae of pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible A. aegypti strains. Time-mortality and sublethal effects were evaluated via survival analysis and swimming behavior, respectively. Rhamnolipids showed larvicidal effect at all tested concentrations. Rhamnolipids at 300 mg L-1 killed 100% of both susceptible and resistant larvae within 24 h of exposure and 99% after 30-days stored (pyrethroid-susceptible larvae). Regarding the sublethal effects, the swimming rate was reduced in 50 and 100 mg L-1 of rhamnolipids in grouped (pyrethroid-susceptible) larvae. Rhamnolipids at 50 mg L-1 reduced the distance and speed and increased the number of stops and resting time of individualized pyrethroid-susceptible larvae. The larvicidal effect of the rhamnolipids evaluated demonstrates that these compounds represent an alternative to control A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane de Paula Siqueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Centro, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Wagner Faria Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Edmo Montes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Centro, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-IFCE-Campus Camocim, Camocim, Ceará Brazil
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Souza Freitas
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Centro, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério Tótola
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade para o Meio Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Centro, Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
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Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Martins GF. Biological, histological and immunohistochemical studies on the toxicity of spent coffee grounds and caffeine on the larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Environ Pollut 2021; 271:116307. [PMID: 33360348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a primary vector for major arboviruses, and its control is mainly based on the use of insecticides. Caffeine and spent coffee grounds (CG) are potential agents in controlling Ae. aegypti by reducing survival and blocking larval development. In this study, we analyzed the effects of treatment with common CG (CCG: with caffeine), decaffeinated CG (DCG: with low caffeine), and pure caffeine on the survival, behavior, and morphology of the midgut of Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions. Third instar larvae (L3) were exposed to different concentrations of CCG, DCG, and caffeine. All compounds significantly affected larval survival, and sublethal concentrations reduced larval locomotor activity, delayed development, and reduced adult life span. Damage to the midgut of treated larvae included changes in epithelial morphology, increased number of peroxidase-positive cells (more abundant in DCG-treated larvae), and caspase 3-positive cells (more abundant in CCG-treated larvae), suggesting that the treatments triggered cell damage, leading to activation of cell death. In addition, the treatments reduced the FMRFamide-positive enteroendocrine cells and dividing cells compared to the control. CG and caffeine have larvicidal effects on Ae. aegypti that warrant field testing for their potential to control mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Silva LLDS, Fernandes KM, Miranda FR, Silva SCC, Coelho LCBB, Navarro DMDAF, Napoleão TH, Martins GF, Paiva PMG. Exposure of mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae to the water extract and lectin-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera seeds impairs their development and future fecundity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109583. [PMID: 31446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti control is a key component of the prophylaxis of dengue fever and other diseases. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) with larvicidal and ovicidal activities against this insect. In this study, A. aegypti individuals were exposed at the third larval instar for 24 h to the water extract (0.1-1.0 mg/mL of protein) or lectin-rich fraction (0.05-0.6 mg/mL of protein) containing WSMoL, and then their survival and development were followed for 9 days post-exposure. The feeding capacity of adult females that developed from the treated larvae and the hatching success of eggs laid by them were also evaluated. Further, any alterations to the midgut histology of treated larvae, pupae, and adults were investigated. The extract and fraction induced the death of A. aegypti larvae along the post-exposure period. Both preparations also delayed the developmental cycle. The midguts of treated larvae and pupae showed disorganization and epithelial vacuolization, while in treated adults, the epithelium was underdeveloped compared to control. Unlike in control mosquitos, proliferating cells were not detected in treated larvae, and appeared in lower numbers in treated pupae than in control pupae. Adult females that developed from larvae treated with the fraction gained less weight after a blood meal compared with control. The amount of eggs laid by females that developed from larvae treated with both the extract and fraction was significantly lower than in control. In addition, the eggs showed lower hatching rates. In conclusion, females that developed from larvae treated with both the water extract and lectin-rich fraction showed reduced engorgement after a blood meal, with the consequent impairment of their fertility and fecundity. These results were probably due to the damage to midgut organization and impairment of the remodeling process during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lais de Santana Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stella Cristina Cabral Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Fernandes KM, Tomé HVV, Miranda FR, Gonçalves WG, Pascini TV, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Aedes aegypti larvae treated with spinosad produce adults with damaged midgut and reduced fecundity. Chemosphere 2019; 221:464-470. [PMID: 30654260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses, which are responsible for high human morbidity and mortality. The fight against these pathogens is mainly based on the control of the insect vector with the use of insecticides. Among insecticides, spinosad bioinsecticide is efficient against A. aegypti larvae and may be an alternative for vector control. Here, we investigate the sublethal effects of spinosad during midgut metamorphosis of A. aegypti females and its cumulative effects on blood acquisition capacity and fecundity in adults. We studied the midgut because it is an important model organ directly related to blood acquisition and digestion. Treatment of larvae with spinosad induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and damage to the midgut cells at all stages of development and in adults. There was a reduction in the number of proliferating cells and the number of enteroendocrine cells in treated individuals. In addition, damage caused by spinosad led to a reduction in oviposition and egg viability of A. aegypti females. Finally, the exposure of mosquito larvae to sublethal concentrations of spinosad interfered with the development of the midgut, arresting the blood digestion and reproduction of adult females with blood digestion and reproduction difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Lopes MP, Fernandes KM, Tomé HVV, Gonçalves WG, Miranda FR, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Spinosad-mediated effects on the walking ability, midgut, and Malpighian tubules of Africanized honey bee workers. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1311-1318. [PMID: 29194936 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global decline in Apis mellifera colonies is attributed to multiple factors, including pesticides. The bioinsecticide spinosad was initially recognized as safe for non-target organisms; however, its toxicity has been changing this view. Here, we investigated the survival, behavioral changes, and structural changes in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of A. mellifera treated orally with a spinosad formulation. RESULTS The field-recommended concentration of spinosad killed 100% of the bees. The 5% and 50% lethal concentrations (LC5 and LC50 , respectively) of spinosad altered the behavioral activity, reducing the walking distance and velocity, and increased the resting time in comparison to the control. The LC50 caused disorganization of the epithelia of tested organs and induced oxidative stress and cell death. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides new insights into the debate about the role of bioinsecticides in the mortality of Africanized honey bees. Even at very low concentrations, the spinosad formulation was toxic to the vital organs midgut and Malpighian tubules and adversely affected walking behavior. This detailed evaluation of the impact of the bioinsecticide on A. mellifera will contribute to the clarification of disturbances probably caused by spinosad formulations, which can be used to develop more sustainable protocols in agriculture. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pereira Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Fernandes KM, Gonzaga WG, Pascini TV, Miranda FR, Tomé HVV, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Imidacloprid impairs the post-embryonic development of the midgut in the yellow fever mosquito Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti). Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:245-254. [PMID: 25968596 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector for the dengue and yellow fever viruses. As blood digestion occurs in the midgut, this organ constitutes the route of entry of many pathogens. The effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on the survival of St. aegypti were investigated and the sub-lethal effects of the insecticide on midgut development were determined. Third instar larvae were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (0.15, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 15.0 p.p.m.) and survival was monitored every 24 h for 10 days. Midguts from imidacloprid-treated insects at different stages of development were dissected and processed for analyses by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assays. Imidacloprid concentrations of 3.0 and 15.0 p.p.m. were found to affect midgut development similarly. Digestive cells of the fourth instar larvae (L4) midgut exposed to imidacloprid had more multilamellar bodies, abundantly found in the cell apex, and more electron-lucent vacuoles in the basal region compared with those from untreated insects. Moreover, imidacloprid interfered with the differentiation of regenerative cells, dramatically reducing the number of digestive and endocrine cells and leading to malformation of the midgut epithelium in adults. The data demonstrate that imidacloprid can reduce the survival of mosquitoes and thus indicate its potentially high efficacy in the control of St. aegypti populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - W G Gonzaga
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T V Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F R Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H V V Tomé
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J E Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis is an often fatal, often initially unrecognized condition. Although it was first described over 60 years ago, occurrence in the vulva was only first recognized in 1972. The condition is most often associated with diabetes, prior injury, surgery, or irradiation. Aggressive surgical excision is required, early in the course of the disease, to salvage the patient. An association with vulvar carcinoma in a nondiabetic patient has not been previously reported. We report such a case, with a poor outcome, because surgical intervention was not possible until late in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Adelson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York, Syracuse 13210
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Miranda FR. [Cleft lip and palate: therapy]. ADM 1970; 27:423-33. [PMID: 5276548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Miranda FR. [Scientific education of the dentist and his constant improvement]. ADM 1970; 27:9. [PMID: 5273987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Miranda FR. [Problems of hemorrhage in oral surgery]. Estomatologia 1965; 3:28-42. [PMID: 5214938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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