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Farder-Gomes CF, Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Sena Bastos DS, Licursi de Oliveira L, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Exposure to low-concentration fipronil impairs survival, behavior, midgut morphology and physiology of Aedes aegypti larvae. Chemosphere 2024; 358:142240. [PMID: 38705417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for various arboviruses, including dengue and yellow fever. Insecticides, such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, are widely used to manage and control these insects. However, mosquitoes have developed resistance to these chemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the commercial formulation of fipronil (Tuit® Florestal; 80% purity) on the survival, behavior, morphology, and proteins related to signaling pathways of the midgut in A. aegypti larvae under controlled laboratory conditions. Significant reductions in immature survival were observed in all concentrations of fipronil tested. Low insecticide concentration (0.5 ppb) led to decreased locomotor activity in the larvae and caused disorganization of the epithelial tissue in the midgut. Moreover, exposure to the insecticide decreased the activity of detoxifying enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. On the other hand, the insecticide increased protein oxidation and nitric oxide levels. The detection of LC3, caspase-3, and JNK proteins, related to autophagy and apoptosis, increased after exposure. However, there was a decrease in the positive cells for ERK 1/2. Furthermore, the treatment with fipronil decreased the number of positive cells for the proteins FMRF, Prospero, PH3, Wg, Armadillo, Notch, and Delta, which are related to cell proliferation and differentiation. These findings demonstrate that even at low concentrations, fipronil exerts larvicidal effects on A. aegypti by affecting behavior and enzymatic detoxification, inducing protein oxidation, free radical generation, midgut damage and cell death, and inhibiting cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, this insecticide may represent a viable alternative for controlling the spread of this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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2
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Farder-Gomes CF, Santos AA, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Fipronil exposure compromises respiration and damages the Malpighian tubules of the stingless bee Partamona helleri Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:88101-88108. [PMID: 35821320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil has been widely used in agriculture and forestry in Brazil to control several pests. However, this insecticide may be hazardous to non-target organisms, including stingless bees, which are essential pollinators of crops and natural environments. Here, we investigated the effect of 24-h acute oral exposure to LC50 of fipronil on the Malpighian tubules of the stingless bee Partamona helleri (Friese). Insecticide exposure decreases the respiration rate of forager bees, and the Malpighian tubules are severely affected, as shown by the epithelial architecture disorganization, loss of cytoplasmic content, degradation of the brush border, and nuclear pyknosis. In addition, fipronil ingestion increases the number of Malpighian cells positive for peroxidase, LC3, cleaved caspase-3, and JNK. However, Notch and ERK1/2-positive cells decrease in the exposed bees. These changes in the signaling proteins indicate an increase in oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis, and impairment of cell recovery. Overall, our results demonstrate the toxicological effects of fipronil on a stingless bee, which compromises the physiology of this important pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraão Almeida Santos
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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3
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Bernardes RC, Botina LL, da Silva FP, Fernandes KM, Lima MAP, Martins GF. Toxicological assessment of agrochemicals on bees using machine learning tools. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127344. [PMID: 34607030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables the analysis of complex multivariate data. ML has significant potential in risk assessments of non-target insects for modeling the multiple factors affecting insect health, including the adverse effects of agrochemicals. Here, the potential of ML for risk assessments of glyphosate (herbicide; formulation) and imidacloprid (insecticide, neonicotinoid; formulation) on the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata was explored. The collective behavior of forager bees was analyzed after in vitro exposure to agrochemicals. ML algorithms were applied to identify the agrochemicals that the bees have been exposed to based on multivariate behavioral features. Changes in the in situ detection of different proteins in the midgut were also studied. Imidacloprid exposure leads to the greatest changes in behavior. The ML algorithms achieved a higher accuracy (up to 91%) in identifying agrochemical contamination. The two agrochemicals altered the detection of cells positive for different proteins, which can be detrimental to midgut physiology. This study provides a holistic assessment of the sublethal effects of glyphosate and imidacloprid on a key pollinator. The procedures used here can be applied in future studies to monitor and predict multiple environmental factors affecting insect health in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Lisbetd Botina
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Farder-Gomes CF, Bernardes RC, Oliveira AHD, Arthidoro de Castro MB, Dourado LA, Oliveira LL, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Exposure to copper sulfate impairs survival, post-embryonic midgut development and reproduction in Aedes aegypti. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 97:105185. [PMID: 34920099 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of several global human viruses responsible for high human morbidity and mortality. The method to prevent the transmission of vector-borne viruses is mainly based on the control of the insect vector using insecticides. Among these chemicals, copper sulfate is a compound widely used in agriculture with the potential to be used as an alternative to control these insects. This study evaluated the effects of the exposure of A. aegypti larvae to copper sulfate on survival, midgut morphology, blood-feeding and fecundity. The exposure to CuSO4 decreased the survival of A. aegypti during the immature phase. Adults obtained from exposed larvae had their lifespan decreased at all tested concentrations. The exposure to CuSO4 impaired the development in the transition from larvae to pupae and from pupae to adult. The number of eggs laid by females developed from larvae treated with CuSO4 was significantly lower than in control. In addition, the egg hatching rates were also negatively affected. The midguts of treated larvae and pupae showed epithelial disorganization. The number of cleaved caspase-3 cells increased in the midgut of exposed pupae compared to control. Moreover, there was a reduction in proliferating cells in treated larvae and pupae compared to the control. In conclusion, the results reveal that CuSO4 exposure has insecticidal activity against A. aegypti, which may be related to the impairment of the midgut metamorphosis and reduced proliferation of stem cells, with the consequent impairment of female mosquito fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lídia Aparecida Dourado
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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5
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Bernardes RC, Fernandes KM, Bastos DSS, Freire AFPA, Lopes MP, de Oliveira LL, Tavares MG, Dos Santos Araújo R, Martins GF. Impact of copper sulfate on survival, behavior, midgut morphology, and antioxidant activity of Partamona helleri (Apidae: Meliponini). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:6294-6305. [PMID: 34449024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is widely used in agriculture as a pesticide and foliar fertilizer. However, the possible environmental risks associated with CuSO4 use, particularly related to pollinating insects, have been poorly studied. In this study, we evaluated both lethal and sublethal effects of CuSO4 on the stingless bee Partamona helleri. Foragers were orally exposed to five concentrations of CuSO4 (5000, 1666.7, 554.2, 183.4, 58.4 μg mL-1), and the concentration killing 50% (LC50) was estimated. This concentration (142.95 μg mL-1) was subsequently used in behavioral, midgut morphology, and antioxidant activity analyses. Bee mortality increased with the ingestion of increasing concentrations of CuSO4. Ingestion at the estimated LC50 resulted in altered walking behavior and damage to the midgut epithelium and peritrophic matrix of bees. Furthermore, the LC50 increased the catalase or superoxide dismutase activities and levels of the lipid peroxidation biomarker malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the in situ detection of caspase-3 and LC3, proteins related to apoptosis and autophagy, respectively, revealed that these processes are intensified in the midgut of treated bees. These data show that the ingestion of CuSO4 can have considerable sublethal effects on the walking behavior and midgut of stingless bees, and therefore could pose potential risks to pollinators including native bees. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Pereira Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Farder-Gomes CF, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Bastos DSS, Oliveira LLD, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Harmful effects of fipronil exposure on the behavior and brain of the stingless bee Partamona helleri Friese (Hymenoptera: Meliponini). Sci Total Environ 2021; 794:148678. [PMID: 34225147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil is a pesticide widely used to control agricultural and household insect pests. However, fipronil is highly toxic to non-target insects, including pollinators. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of fipronil on the behavior, brain morphology, antioxidant activity, and proteins related to signaling pathways on the brain of workers of the stingless bee Partamona helleri. The ingestion of fipronil increases both the walking distance and velocity and causes enlarged intercellular spaces in the Kenyon cells and intense vacuolization in the neuropils of the brain. Moreover, fipronil decreases the activity of catalase (CAT) and increases the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). However, there is no difference in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity between the control and fipronil. Regarding immunofluorescence analysis, bees exposed to fipronil showed an increase in the number of cells positive for cleaved caspase-3 and peroxidase, but a reduction in the number of cells positive for ERK 1/2, JNK and Notch, suggesting neuron death and impaired brain function. Our results demonstrate that fipronil has harmful effects on the behavior and brain of a stingless bee, which may threaten the individuals and colonies of this pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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7
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Farder-Gomes CF, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Bastos DSS, Martins GF, Serrão JE. Acute exposure to fipronil induces oxidative stress, apoptosis and impairs epithelial homeostasis in the midgut of the stingless bee Partamona helleri Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Sci Total Environ 2021; 774:145679. [PMID: 33611004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Partamona helleri is an important pollinator in natural and agricultural ecosystems in the neotropics. However, the foraging activity of this bee increases its risk of exposure to pesticides, which may affect both the individuals and the colony. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the side effects of LC50 of fipronil (0.28 ng a.i. μL-1) on the midgut morphology, antioxidant activity and some pathways of cell death, proliferation and differentiation in workers of P. helleri, after 24 h of oral exposure. Fipronil caused morphological alterations in the midgut of the bees. The activities of the detoxification enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase increased after exposure, which suggests the occurrence of a detoxification mechanism. Furthermore, exposure to fipronil changed the number of positive cells for signaling-pathway proteins in the midgut of bees, which indicates the induction of cell death by the apoptotic pathway and impairment of the midgut epithelial regeneration. These results demonstrate that fipronil may negatively affect the morphology and physiology of the midgut of the stingless bee P. helleri and impose a threat to the survival of non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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8
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Miranda FR, Fernandes KM, Bernardes RC, Martins GF. Biological, histological and immunohistochemical studies on the toxicity of spent coffee grounds and caffeine on the larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Environ Pollut 2021; 271:116307. [PMID: 33360348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a primary vector for major arboviruses, and its control is mainly based on the use of insecticides. Caffeine and spent coffee grounds (CG) are potential agents in controlling Ae. aegypti by reducing survival and blocking larval development. In this study, we analyzed the effects of treatment with common CG (CCG: with caffeine), decaffeinated CG (DCG: with low caffeine), and pure caffeine on the survival, behavior, and morphology of the midgut of Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions. Third instar larvae (L3) were exposed to different concentrations of CCG, DCG, and caffeine. All compounds significantly affected larval survival, and sublethal concentrations reduced larval locomotor activity, delayed development, and reduced adult life span. Damage to the midgut of treated larvae included changes in epithelial morphology, increased number of peroxidase-positive cells (more abundant in DCG-treated larvae), and caspase 3-positive cells (more abundant in CCG-treated larvae), suggesting that the treatments triggered cell damage, leading to activation of cell death. In addition, the treatments reduced the FMRFamide-positive enteroendocrine cells and dividing cells compared to the control. CG and caffeine have larvicidal effects on Ae. aegypti that warrant field testing for their potential to control mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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9
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Luiz de Freitas L, Pereira da Silva F, Fernandes KM, Carneiro DG, Licursi de Oliveira L, Martins GF, Dantas Vanetti MC. The virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis in Galleria mellonella is improved by N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104730. [PMID: 33444697 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a food and waterborne pathogen responsible for outbreaks worldwide, and it can survive during passage through the stomach and inside host phagocytic cells. Virulence genes are required for infection and survival in macrophages, and some are under the regulation of the quorum sensing (QS) system. This study investigated the influence of the autoinducer 1 (AI-1), N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL), on the virulence of Salmonella PT4 using Galleria mellonella as an infection model. Salmonella PT4 was grown in the presence and absence of C12-HSL under anaerobic conditions for 7 h, and the expression of rpoS, arcA, arcB, and invA genes was evaluated. After the inoculation of G. mellonella with the median lethal dose (LD50) of Salmonella PT4, the survival of bacteria inside the larvae and their health status (health index scoring) were monitored, as well as the pigment, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) production. Also, the hemocyte viability, the induction of caspase-3, and microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) protein in hemocytes were evaluated. Salmonella PT4 growing in the presence of C12-HSL showed increased rpoS, arcA, arcB, and invA expression and promoted higher larvae mortality and worse state of health after 24 h of infection. The C12-HSL also increased the persistence of Salmonella PT4 in the hemolymph and in the hemocytes. The highest pigmentation, NO production, and antioxidant enzymes were verified in the larva hemolymph infected with Salmonella PT4 grown with C12-HSL. Hemocytes from larvae infected with Salmonella PT4 grown with C12-HSL showed lower viability and higher production of caspase-3 and LC3. Taken together, these findings suggest that C12-HSL could be involved in the virulence of Salmonella PT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Luiz de Freitas
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deisy Guimarães Carneiro
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Valini GAC, Duarte MS, Calderano AA, Teixeira LM, Rodrigues GA, Fernandes KM, Veroneze R, Serão NVL, Mantovani HC, Rocha GC. Dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in weaned piglets. Animal 2020; 15:100021. [PMID: 33573936 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are important to cell growth and division and are crucial to the rapid proliferation of such cells as the intestinal mucosa and immune cells. Accordingly, the nucleotide requirements of animals are high during periods of rapid growth and periods of stress like post-weaning period. Thus, nucleotide supplementation may be a possible alternative to in-feed antibiotics as growth promoter in this phase. The study aimed to evaluate dietary nucleotide supplementation as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics on performance and gut health of weaned piglets. Ninety-six 21-day-old piglets, weighing 7.44 ± 0.65 kg, were allocated into 1 of 3 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 4 pigs per pen) in a 14-day trial. Dietary treatments consisted of control: corn-soybean meal-based diet; nucleotides: control +2 g/kg of a nutritional additive with purified nucleotides; and antibiotic: control +0.8 g/kg of antibiotic growth promoter based on colistin and tylosin. Performance variables and fecal score were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementing nucleotide or antibiotic. Nucleotides treatment had similar effect to antibiotic and superior to control (P < 0.05) on enhancing duodenum villus height, jejunum crypt depth, and reduction of Paneth cellular area. Duodenum and ileum of animals supplemented with nucleotides or antibiotics had higher (P < 0.05) number of proliferating cells than did those of control animals, whereas the jejunum of animals that received antibiotic diets presented more (P < 0.05) proliferating cells than either the nucleotides or control animals. Jejunum of nucleotide-treated piglets showed a greater number of apoptotic cells than those fed antibiotic or control diets (P < 0.05). Nucleotides and antibiotic treatments decreased the B lymphocyte counts in duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05) but increased in the jejunum (P < 0.05), when compared to the control treatment. Relative abundance of mitogen-activated protein kinases-6, haptoglobin, and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA was not influenced (P > 0.05) by treatments. In the ileal, antibiotic supplementation reduced total bacteria quantification compared to nucleotide supplementation or the control (P < 0.05), whereas nucleotides supplementation increased enterobacteria proliferation compared to the antibiotic or control diets (P < 0.05). However, nucleotides and antibiotic reduced (P < 0.05) colon total bacteria quantification when compared to control. These results suggest that the nucleotides source used to weaned piglets improved gut health by modulating the local immune response and modulating intestinal mucosa development, and, therefore, nucleotides may be an alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A C Valini
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - M S Duarte
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A A Calderano
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - L M Teixeira
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - G A Rodrigues
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - K M Fernandes
- Departament of Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - R Veroneze
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - N V L Serão
- Departament of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - H C Mantovani
- Departament of Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - G C Rocha
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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11
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Silva LLDS, Fernandes KM, Miranda FR, Silva SCC, Coelho LCBB, Navarro DMDAF, Napoleão TH, Martins GF, Paiva PMG. Exposure of mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae to the water extract and lectin-rich fraction of Moringa oleifera seeds impairs their development and future fecundity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109583. [PMID: 31446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti control is a key component of the prophylaxis of dengue fever and other diseases. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) with larvicidal and ovicidal activities against this insect. In this study, A. aegypti individuals were exposed at the third larval instar for 24 h to the water extract (0.1-1.0 mg/mL of protein) or lectin-rich fraction (0.05-0.6 mg/mL of protein) containing WSMoL, and then their survival and development were followed for 9 days post-exposure. The feeding capacity of adult females that developed from the treated larvae and the hatching success of eggs laid by them were also evaluated. Further, any alterations to the midgut histology of treated larvae, pupae, and adults were investigated. The extract and fraction induced the death of A. aegypti larvae along the post-exposure period. Both preparations also delayed the developmental cycle. The midguts of treated larvae and pupae showed disorganization and epithelial vacuolization, while in treated adults, the epithelium was underdeveloped compared to control. Unlike in control mosquitos, proliferating cells were not detected in treated larvae, and appeared in lower numbers in treated pupae than in control pupae. Adult females that developed from larvae treated with the fraction gained less weight after a blood meal compared with control. The amount of eggs laid by females that developed from larvae treated with both the extract and fraction was significantly lower than in control. In addition, the eggs showed lower hatching rates. In conclusion, females that developed from larvae treated with both the water extract and lectin-rich fraction showed reduced engorgement after a blood meal, with the consequent impairment of their fertility and fecundity. These results were probably due to the damage to midgut organization and impairment of the remodeling process during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lais de Santana Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stella Cristina Cabral Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Oliveira AH, Fernandes KM, Gonçalves WG, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. A peritrophin mediates the peritrophic matrix permeability in the workers of the bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Apis mellifera. Arthropod Struct Dev 2019; 53:100885. [PMID: 31614307 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of the peritrophic matrix, essential for its function, depends on its chemical composition. The objective was to determine if the permeability of the peritrophic matrix varies along the midgut and in the presence of anti-peritrophin-55 antibody in Melipona quadrifasciata and Apis mellifera bees. The thickness of the peritrophic matrix in both species varies between the anterior and posterior midgut regions in workers. In A. mellifera dextran molecules with 40 kDa cross the peritrophic matrix, whereas those ≥70 kDa are retained in the endoperitrophic space. In M. quadrifasciata the peritrophic matrix permeability was for molecules <40 kDa. Bees fed on anti-peritrophin-55 antibody showed an increase in peritrophic matrix permeability, but survival was not affected. In the bees studied, the peritrophic matrices have morphological differences between midgut regions, but there is no difference in their permeability along the midgut, which is affected by peritrophin 55.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Henrique Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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13
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Araujo RDS, Bernardes RC, Fernandes KM, Lima MAP, Martins GF, Tavares MG. Spinosad-mediated effects in the post-embryonic development of Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Environ Pollut 2019; 253:11-18. [PMID: 31302396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of insecticides based on metabolites found in live organisms, such as the insecticide spinosad, has been an option for the control of agricultural pests because of the allegedly low toxicological risk for nontarget arthropods, such as stingless bees. In the current study, we evaluate the effects of chronic oral exposure to spinosad during the larval phase on survival, developmental time, body mass, midgut epithelial remodeling, and the peritrophic matrix (PM) of Partamona helleri stingless bee workers. Worker larvae that were raised in the laboratory were orally exposed to different concentrations (0, 6.53, 13.06, 32.64, and 3,264 ng. a.i. bee-1) of spinosad (formulation), and the resulting survival, developmental time, and body mass were studied. The concentration of spinosad recommended for use in the field (3,264 ng. a.i. bee-1) reduced the survival of workers during development. Also, sublethal concentrations of spinosad delayed the development and caused morphological changes in the midgut epithelium. Finally, the chronic exposure of larvae to 32.64 ng. a.i. bee-1 spinosad also altered the remodeling of the midgut during metamorphosis and affected the organization of the PM of larvae, pupae, and adults. Our data suggest possible environmental risks for using spinosad in cultures that are naturally pollinated by stingless bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Dos Santos Araujo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa MG, Brazil.
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Araujo RDS, Lopes MP, Barbosa WF, Gonçalves WG, Fernandes KM, Martins GF, Tavares MG. Spinosad-mediated effects on survival, overall group activity and the midgut of workers of Partamona helleri (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 175:148-154. [PMID: 30897413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Populations of stingless bees have declined around the world and pesticides have been indicated as one of the possible causes of this decrease. Spinosad, which is synthesized from the fermentation process produced by the soil actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa, is one of the most used bioinsecticides today. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of spinosad (formulation) on survival, general group activity and the processes of autophagy, apoptosis and oxidative stress in two organs (midgut and brain) of workers of Partamona helleri, after 24 h of oral exposure. Workers were orally exposed to different concentrations of spinosad. The concentration (8.16 × 10-3 mg a.i./mL) that led to the mortality of approximately half the number of treated bees was considered LC50 and was used in behavior, histology and immunofluorescence bioassays. The results revealed that bee survival was substantially reduced with increasing spinosad concentrations. The LC50 of the bioinsecticide compromised general group activity, caused morphological alterations in the midgut and intensified the processes of autophagy, apoptosis and oxidative stress in this organ. The brain, on the other hand, did not present significant alterations under the tested conditions. The data obtained demonstrate, therefore, that spinosad negatively affects individual survival, general group activity and the midgut epithelium of P. helleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Dos Santos Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
| | - Marcos Pereira Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
| | - Wagner Faria Barbosa
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
| | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
| | | | - Mara Garcia Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa (MG), Brazil.
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Sertorio MN, Souza ACF, Bastos DSS, Santos FC, Ervilha LOG, Fernandes KM, de Oliveira LL, Machado-Neves M. Arsenic exposure intensifies glycogen nephrosis in diabetic rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:12459-12469. [PMID: 30847815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is known that either arsenic exposure or diabetes can impact renal function. However, it is unclear how these combined factors may influence kidney functions. Therefore, we evaluated morphological, functional, and oxidative parameters in the kidney of diabetic rats exposed to arsenic. Healthy male Wistar rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed to 0 and 10 mg/L arsenate through drinking water for 40 days. Renal tissue was assessed using morphometry, mitosis and apoptosis markers, mineral proportion, oxidative stress markers, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases. Arsenate intake altered glucose levels in healthy animals, but it did not reach hyperglycemic conditions. In diabetic animals, arsenate led to a remarkable increase of glycogen nephrosis in distal tubules. In these animals, additionally, the activity of catalase and glutathione S-transferase, besides the proportion of Fe, Cu, and K in renal tissue, was altered. Nevertheless, arsenate did not accumulate in the kidney and did not impact on other parameters previously altered by diabetes, including levels of malondialdehyde, Na, urea, creatinine, and apoptosis and mitosis markers. In conclusion, besides the intensification of glycogen nephrosis, the kidney was able to handle arsenate toxicity at this point, preventing arsenic deposition in the exposed groups and the impairment of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Nascimento Sertorio
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Ferreira Souza
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Silva Sena Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Couto Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Otávio Guimarães Ervilha
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Licursi de Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Fernandes KM, Tomé HVV, Miranda FR, Gonçalves WG, Pascini TV, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Aedes aegypti larvae treated with spinosad produce adults with damaged midgut and reduced fecundity. Chemosphere 2019; 221:464-470. [PMID: 30654260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main vector of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever viruses, which are responsible for high human morbidity and mortality. The fight against these pathogens is mainly based on the control of the insect vector with the use of insecticides. Among insecticides, spinosad bioinsecticide is efficient against A. aegypti larvae and may be an alternative for vector control. Here, we investigate the sublethal effects of spinosad during midgut metamorphosis of A. aegypti females and its cumulative effects on blood acquisition capacity and fecundity in adults. We studied the midgut because it is an important model organ directly related to blood acquisition and digestion. Treatment of larvae with spinosad induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and damage to the midgut cells at all stages of development and in adults. There was a reduction in the number of proliferating cells and the number of enteroendocrine cells in treated individuals. In addition, damage caused by spinosad led to a reduction in oviposition and egg viability of A. aegypti females. Finally, the exposure of mosquito larvae to sublethal concentrations of spinosad interfered with the development of the midgut, arresting the blood digestion and reproduction of adult females with blood digestion and reproduction difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Franciane Rosa Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Souza ACF, Santos FC, Bastos DSS, Sertorio MN, Teixeira JPG, Fernandes KM, Machado-Neves M. Reproductive functions in Desmodus rotundus: A comparison between seasons in a morphological context. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205023. [PMID: 30332444 PMCID: PMC6192620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive seasonality in Neotropical bats has been assessed to the better understand their reproductive behavior. This knowledge is especially important for the control of Desmodus rotundus population as it is a transmitter of rabies virus. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the functional activity of testis and epididymis of D. rotundus in dry and rainy seasons under a morphological approach. We observed an increase in tubular diameter and epithelial height of the seminiferous tubules during the rainy season. In the latter, additionally, stereological analysis of the testis showed increased proportion of seminiferous epithelium and reduced percentage of lumen. The sperm number in caput/corpus epididymis increased in rainy season, whereas sperm count and transit time were reduced in cauda region. These alterations were probably related to the recovery of epithelium activities after mating season in dry season. Despite altered nuclear and cytoplasm parameters of Leydig cells between seasons, the volume and number of these cells were constant. Moreover, no change in serum testosterone levels, daily sperm production, and apoptotic index were observed, which indicates that the reproductive pattern in D. rotundus does not change between seasons. Our study offers a baseline for the management of vampire bat population as an attempt to control rabies disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Ferreira Souza
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Couto Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Carneiro LS, Teixeira SAMV, Gonçalves WG, Fernandes KM, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry of the anterior midgut region of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata and honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Micron 2018; 113:41-47. [PMID: 30007857 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anterior midgut region of stingless bees is anatomically differentiated with tall and narrow cells, whereas in other social and solitary bees this anatomical gut region is lacking. The objective of the present study was to describe the histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry of the anterior midgut region of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata in comparison with the honey bee Apis mellifera. The anterior midgut region of both species was evaluated for identification of the enzymes β- galactosidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase, the membrane transporter aquaporin, the hormone FMRF-amide, and lysosomes. Histology of the anterior midgut region showed that this region in M. quadrifasciata workers did not present external folds of the wall, whereas the following midgut wall presented many. In A. mellifera, folds in the midgut wall occur starting from the fore- midgut transition region. Despite these morphological differences, the tests evaluated were similar in both species. β-galactosidase was not found in the anterior midgut cells. Glucose-6-phosphatase and acid phosphatase occurred in the apical region of the gut epithelium. Alkaline phosphatase occurred in vesicles in apical cytoplasm and in the basal plasma membrane infoldings of the epithelial cells. Aquaporin was found in the basal region of the midgut epithelium and in the associated visceral muscles. FMRF-amide was found only in nerve endings in the anterior midgut region. All cells in the anterior midgut region were rich in lysosomes. These results suggest that in both bee species, although they have anatomically different anterior midgut regions, these regions present high metabolic activity and function in cellular homeostasis, lipid absorption and are under neurohormone control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise Silva Carneiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Wagner Gonzaga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lopes MP, Fernandes KM, Tomé HVV, Gonçalves WG, Miranda FR, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Spinosad-mediated effects on the walking ability, midgut, and Malpighian tubules of Africanized honey bee workers. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1311-1318. [PMID: 29194936 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global decline in Apis mellifera colonies is attributed to multiple factors, including pesticides. The bioinsecticide spinosad was initially recognized as safe for non-target organisms; however, its toxicity has been changing this view. Here, we investigated the survival, behavioral changes, and structural changes in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of A. mellifera treated orally with a spinosad formulation. RESULTS The field-recommended concentration of spinosad killed 100% of the bees. The 5% and 50% lethal concentrations (LC5 and LC50 , respectively) of spinosad altered the behavioral activity, reducing the walking distance and velocity, and increased the resting time in comparison to the control. The LC50 caused disorganization of the epithelia of tested organs and induced oxidative stress and cell death. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides new insights into the debate about the role of bioinsecticides in the mortality of Africanized honey bees. Even at very low concentrations, the spinosad formulation was toxic to the vital organs midgut and Malpighian tubules and adversely affected walking behavior. This detailed evaluation of the impact of the bioinsecticide on A. mellifera will contribute to the clarification of disturbances probably caused by spinosad formulations, which can be used to develop more sustainable protocols in agriculture. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pereira Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Gonçalves WG, Fernandes KM, Santana WC, Martins GF, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE. Post-embryonic development of the Malpighian tubules in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) workers: morphology, remodeling, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Protoplasma 2018; 255:585-599. [PMID: 28988368 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera has ecological and economic importance; however, it experiences a population decline, perhaps due to exposure to toxic compounds, which are excreted by Malpighian tubules. During metamorphosis of A. mellifera, the Malpighian tubules degenerate and are formed de novo. The objective of this work was to verify the cellular events of the Malpighian tubule renewal in the metamorphosis, which are the gradual steps of cell remodeling, determining different cell types and their roles in the excretory activity in A. mellifera. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural analyses showed that the cells of the larval Malpighian tubules degenerate by apoptosis and autophagy, and the new Malpighian tubules are formed by cell proliferation. The ultrastructure of the cells in the Malpighian tubules suggest that cellular remodeling only occurs from dark-brown-eyed pupae, indicating the onset of excretion activity in pupal Malpighian tubules. In adult forager workers, two cell types occur in the Malpighian tubules, one with ultrastructural features (abundance of mitochondria, vacuoles, microvilli, and narrow basal labyrinth) for primary urine production and another cell type with dilated basal labyrinth, long microvilli, and absence of spherocrystals, which suggest a role in primary urine re-absorpotion. This study suggests that during the metamorphosis, Malpighian tubules are non-functional until the light-brown-eyed pupae, indicating that A. mellifera may be more vulnerable to toxic compounds at early pupal stages. In addition, cell ultrastructure suggests that the Malpighian tubules may be functional from dark-brown-eyed pupae and acquire greater complexity in the forager worker bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Gonzaga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Weyder Cristiano Santana
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Arteaga Blanco LA, Crispim JS, Fernandes KM, de Oliveira LL, Pereira MF, Bazzolli DMS, Martins GF. Differential cellular immune response of Galleria mellonella to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:153-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fernandes KM, de Magalhães-Júnior MJ, Baracat-Pereira MC, Martins GF. Proteomic analysis of Aedes aegypti midgut during post-embryonic development and of the female mosquitoes fed different diets. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:668-676. [PMID: 27597118 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we analyzed protein expression in the Aedes aegypti midgut during the larval (fourth instar, L4), pupal, and adult stages [including newly emerged (NE), sugar-fed (SF) and blood-fed (BF) females]. Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed 13 spots in the midgut of larvae, 95 in the midgut of pupae, 90 in the midgut of NE, and 76 in the midgut of SF or BF females. In the larval midguts, high serpin expression was noted, while in the pupae, protein abundance was lower than in the NE, SF, and BF females. The spots related to proteins linked to energy production, protein metabolism, signaling, and transport were highly expressed in the NE stage, while spots related proteins involved in translation were abundant in SF and BF females. The differential abundance of proteins in the midgut of A. aegypti at different developmental stages supports the necessity for midgut development during immature stage followed by the necessity of proteins related to digestion in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Malta J, Martins GF, Weng JL, Fernandes KM, Munford ML, Ramalho-Ortigão M. Effects of specific antisera targeting peritrophic matrix-associated proteins in the sand fly vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Acta Trop 2016; 159:161-9. [PMID: 27012717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In many hematophagous insects, the peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed soon after a blood meal (PBM) to compartmentalize the food bolus. The PM is an important component of vector competence, functioning as a barrier to the development of many pathogens including parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sand flies. PM morphology and permeability are associated with the proteins that are part of the PM scaffolding, including several peritrophins, and chitin fibers. Here, we assessed the effects of specific antisera targeting proteins thought to be an integral part of the PM scaffolding and its process of maturation and degradation. Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies were fed with red blood cells reconstituted with antisera targeting the chitinase PpChit1, and the peritrophin PpPer2. Sand fly midguts were dissected at different time points and processed for light microscopy (LM), confocal and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies (24, 42-46, 48 and 72h PBM), scanning electron (SEM) (48h PBM) and atomic force (AFM) (30h PBM) microscopies. TEM and WGA-FITC staining indicate PM degradation was significantly delayed following feeding of flies on anti-PpChit1. AFM analysis at 30h PBM point to an increase in roughness' amplitude of the PM of flies that fed on either anti-PpChit1 or anti-PpPer2. Collective, our data suggest that antibodies targeting PM-associated proteins affects the kinetics of PM maturation, delaying its degradation and disruption and are potential targets on transmission-blocking vaccines strategies.
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Fernandes KM, Gonzaga WG, Pascini TV, Miranda FR, Tomé HVV, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Imidacloprid impairs the post-embryonic development of the midgut in the yellow fever mosquito Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti). Med Vet Entomol 2015; 29:245-254. [PMID: 25968596 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Stegomyia aegypti (=Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector for the dengue and yellow fever viruses. As blood digestion occurs in the midgut, this organ constitutes the route of entry of many pathogens. The effects of the insecticide imidacloprid on the survival of St. aegypti were investigated and the sub-lethal effects of the insecticide on midgut development were determined. Third instar larvae were exposed to different concentrations of imidacloprid (0.15, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 15.0 p.p.m.) and survival was monitored every 24 h for 10 days. Midguts from imidacloprid-treated insects at different stages of development were dissected and processed for analyses by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assays. Imidacloprid concentrations of 3.0 and 15.0 p.p.m. were found to affect midgut development similarly. Digestive cells of the fourth instar larvae (L4) midgut exposed to imidacloprid had more multilamellar bodies, abundantly found in the cell apex, and more electron-lucent vacuoles in the basal region compared with those from untreated insects. Moreover, imidacloprid interfered with the differentiation of regenerative cells, dramatically reducing the number of digestive and endocrine cells and leading to malformation of the midgut epithelium in adults. The data demonstrate that imidacloprid can reduce the survival of mosquitoes and thus indicate its potentially high efficacy in the control of St. aegypti populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - W G Gonzaga
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T V Pascini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F R Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H V V Tomé
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J E Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Procópio TF, Fernandes KM, Pontual EV, Ximenes RM, de Oliveira ARC, Souza CDS, Melo AMMDA, Navarro DMDAF, Paiva PMG, Martins GF, Napoleão TH. Schinus terebinthifolius Leaf Extract Causes Midgut Damage, Interfering with Survival and Development of Aedes aegypti Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126612. [PMID: 25974067 PMCID: PMC4431797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a leaf extract from Schinus terebinthifolius was evaluated for effects on survival, development, and midgut of A. aegypti fourth instar larvae (L4), as well as for toxic effect on Artemia salina. Leaf extract was obtained using 0.15 M NaCl and evaluated for phytochemical composition and lectin activity. Early L4 larvae were incubated with the extract (0.3–1.35%, w/v) for 8 days, in presence or absence of food. Polymeric proanthocyanidins, hydrolysable tannins, heterosid and aglycone flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, traces of steroids, and lectin activity were detected in the extract, which killed the larvae at an LC50 of 0.62% (unfed larvae) and 1.03% (fed larvae). Further, the larvae incubated with the extract reacted by eliminating the gut content. No larvae reached the pupal stage in treatments at concentrations between 0.5% and 1.35%, while in the control (fed larvae), 61.7% of individuals emerged as adults. The extract (1.0%) promoted intense disorganization of larval midgut epithelium, including deformation and hypertrophy of cells, disruption of microvilli, and vacuolization of cytoplasms, affecting digestive, enteroendocrine, regenerative, and proliferating cells. In addition, cells with fragmented DNA were observed. Separation of extract components by solid phase extraction revealed that cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids are involved in larvicidal effect of the extract, being the first most efficient in a short time after larvae treatment. The lectin present in the extract was isolated, but did not show deleterious effects on larvae. The extract and cinnamic acid derivatives were toxic to A. salina nauplii, while the flavonoids showed low toxicity. S. terebinthifolius leaf extract caused damage to the midgut of A. aegypti larvae, interfering with survival and development. The larvicidal effect of the extract can be attributed to cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids. The data obtained using A. salina indicates that caution should be used when employing this extract as a larvicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara Figueiredo Procópio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Viana Pontual
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, 52171–900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aline Rafaella Cardoso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Santana Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50740–560, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, 50670–420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fernandes KM, Neves CA, Serrão JE, Martins GF. Aedes aegypti midgut remodeling during metamorphosis. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:506-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paiva AD, Fernandes KM, Dias RS, dos Santos Rocha A, Licursi de Oliveira L, Neves CA, Oliveira de Paula S, Mantovani HC. Safety evaluation of the antimicrobial peptide bovicin HC5 orally administered to a murine model. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:69. [PMID: 23537130 PMCID: PMC3639230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovicin HC5 is an antimicrobial peptide that shows a broad spectrum of activity and potential for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. To gain insight about the safety of bovicin HC5 application, the histological and immunostimulatory effects of orally administrated bovicin HC5 to BALB/c mice were evaluated. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: negative control (NC group); mice given purified bovicin HC5 (Bov group); mice given ovalbumin (positive control, PC group; a murine model of enteropathy). The mice were initially pre-sensitized, and PBS, bovicin HC5 or ovalbumin were administered for 30 days by daily gavages. Histological and morphometric analysis were performed and the relative expression of cytokines was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The oral administration of bovicin HC5 to BALB/c mice reduced weight gain and caused alterations in the small intestine, although absorptive changes have not been detected. The number of total goblet cells and the mucopolysaccharides production were not affected by bovicin HC5 administration. A hypertrophy of Paneth cells and an increase in the number of mitotic cells were observed in Bov group, while the number of mast cells remained unaltered. Increased expression of TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-12 was observed in the small intestine upon bovicin HC5 administration. CONCLUSION Bovicin HC5 has only minor effects on intestinal permeability and did not elicit an allergenic response upon oral administration to animal models. Considering the low in vivo toxicity of bovicin HC5, it might be a good candidate for enteral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dias Paiva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alípio dos Santos Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Andrade Neves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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