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Clua Estivill M, Baez JF, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Electrochemical Pixels: Semi-open electrochemical cells with a vertically stacked design. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115877. [PMID: 38042050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical cell design in a vertically stacked configuration is presented. Through a layered structure using a top macroporous working electrode, a polyelectrolyte, and a bottom metallic conductor a standalone electrochemical cell with an internal reference electrode is built. This sensor allows monitoring an electrochemical property of an external solution with only one electrode in direct contact with the sample. Using paper-based platinum electrode for the porous top electrode and Nafion as polyelectrolyte material, the self-powered detection of hydrogen peroxide is performed. The system can be operated in multiple modes. In a capacitive way, the open circuit potential is measured. Alternatively, in a self-powered current mode, the system emulates a fuel cell. Additionally, a potential-current switched mode is also demonstrated. Because of this unique design and operational features this sensor is considered as an electrochemical pixel. To further demonstrate the advantages of this device, the detection of glucose is performed by building an array of sensors using a single back (reference) electrode and multiple working electrodes. These results lay the groundwork for the development of a new generation of simple and low cost biochemical sensors and electrochemical sensing arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clua Estivill
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jhonattan F Baez
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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2
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Corba A, Sierra AF, Blondeau P, Giussani B, Riu J, Ballester P, Andrade FJ. Potentiometric detection of creatinine in the presence of nicotine: Molecular recognition, sensing and quantification through multivariate regression. Talanta 2022; 246:123473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Bouri M, Zuaznabar‐Gardona JC, Novell M, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Paper‐based Potentiometric Biosensor for Monitoring Galactose in Whole Blood. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bouri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Julio C. Zuaznabar‐Gardona
- current address: Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group Departament d'Enginyeria Química Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avinguda Països Catalans 26 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Marta Novell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry Universitat Rovira i Virgili C/Marcel lí Domingo, 1. Tarragona 43007 Spain
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4
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Cánovas R, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Modulating the mixed potential for developing biosensors: Direct potentiometric determination of glucose in whole, undiluted blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112302. [PMID: 32568689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand for tools to generate chemical information in decentralized settings is creating a vast range of opportunities for potentiometric sensors, since their combination of robustness, simplicity of operation and cost can hardly be rivalled by any other technique. In previous works, we have shown that the mixed potential of a Pt electrode can be controlled with analytical purposes using a coating of Nafion, thus providing a way to develop a potentiometric biosensor for glucose. Unfortunately, the linear range of this device did not match the relevant clinical range for glucose in blood. This work presents a novel strategy to control the mixed potential that allows the development of a potentiometric biosensor for the direct detection of glucose in whole, undiluted blood without any sample pretreatment. By changing the ionomer, the analytical response can be tuned, shifting the linear range while keeping the sensitivity. Aquivion, a polyelectrolyte from the same family as Nafion, is used to stabilize the mixed potential of a platinized paper-based electrode, to entrap the enzyme and to reduce the interference from negatively charged species. Factors affecting the generation of the signal and the principle of detection are discussed. Optimization of the biosensor composition was achieved with particular focus on the characterization of the linear range and sensitivity. The accurate measurement of blood sugar levels in a single drop of whole blood with excellent recovery is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cánovas
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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5
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Alves Graber EM, Andrade FJ, Bost W, Gibbs MA. An Update and Review of Measles for Emergency Physicians. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:610-615. [PMID: 32241708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is vital for frontline emergency physicians to immediately recognize the signs and symptoms of measles to initiate appropriate therapy and prevent spread to the health care team and other patients. OBJECTIVE This review serves as a clinically practical updated reference for when the differential diagnosis includes measles. DISCUSSION Measles is a highly contagious illness that classically presents with a rash, fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Cases in the United States since 2000 have been attributed mainly to travelers who are infected abroad and then spread the illness to small, susceptible populations within the United States. Complications from measles are relatively common and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical suspicion should be confirmed with laboratory testing, which is most commonly a serum immunoglobulin M. The management of measles is mainly supportive. Patients that require more aggressive management include those who are pregnant, immunocompromised, or unvaccinated. Treatment may consist of the measles vaccine, intravenous immunoglobulin, vitamin A, and even ribavirin. Additionally, special precautions are required by hospital workers to help prevent the spread of the virus, which include N-95 masks and patient isolation in an airborne infection isolation room. CONCLUSION Emergency physicians must be readily able to identify, contain patients with suspected measles, and determine who will need further medical management for this potentially life-threatening illness. As this public health crisis evolves, novel ways of screening for and reporting cases of measles is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Alves Graber
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center & Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center & Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - William Bost
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center & Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Gibbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center & Levine Children's Hospital, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
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6
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Baez JF, Compton M, Chahrati S, Cánovas R, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Controlling the mixed potential of polyelectrolyte-coated platinum electrodes for the potentiometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1097:204-213. [PMID: 31910961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of a Pt electrode coated with a layer of Nafion has been described in previous works as an attractive way to perform the potentiometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. Despite of the attractive features of this approach, the nature of the non-Nernstian response of this system was not properly addressed. In this work, using a mixed potential model, the open circuit potential of the Pt electrode is shown to be under kinetic control of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It is proposed that hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxygenated species that blocks free sites on the Pt surface, interfering with the ORR. Therefore, the effect of the polyelectrolyte coating can be understood in terms of the modulation of the factors that affects the kinetics of the ORR, such as an increase of the H+ concentration, minimization of the effect of the spectator species, etc. Because of the complexity and the lack of models that accurately describe systems with practical applications, this work is not intended to provide a mechanistic but rather a phenomenological view on problem. A general framework to understand the factors that affect the potentiometric response is provided. Experimental evidence showing that the use of polyelectrolyte coatings are a powerful way to control the mixed potential open new ways for the development of robust and simple potentiometric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonattan F Baez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Matthew Compton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Sylviane Chahrati
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Rocío Cánovas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, C/. Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
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7
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Parrilla M, Guinovart T, Ferré J, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. A Wearable Paper-Based Sweat Sensor for Human Perspiration Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900342. [PMID: 31293084 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication and performance of a wearable paper-based chemiresistor for monitoring perspiration dynamics (sweat rate and sweat loss) are detailed. A novel approach is introduced to measure the amount of aqueous solution in the order of microliters delivered to the sensor by monitoring a linear change in resistance along a conducting paper. The wearable sensor is based on a single-walled carbon nanotubes and surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) nanocomposite integrated within cellulose fibers of a conventional filter paper. The analytical performance and the sensing mechanism are presented. Monitoring sweat loss in the human body while exercising is demonstrated using the integration of a wireless reader and a user-friendly interface. By addressing the barriers of cost, simplicity, and the truly in situ demanding measurements, this unique wearable sensor is expected to serve in the future in many different applications involving the on-body detection of biofluids, such as a monitoring tool of dehydration levels for athletes as well as a tool for enhancing the sport performance by providing an accurate recovery of the hydration status in daily exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel·l. Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Tomàs Guinovart
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel·l. Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Ferré
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel·l. Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Kamleon Ventures SL Av. Països Catalans 18 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel·l. Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química OrgànicaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) C/Marcel·l. Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
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8
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Erenas MM, Ortiz-Gómez I, de Orbe-Payá I, Hernández-Alonso D, Ballester P, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ, Salinas-Castillo A, Capitán-Vallvey LF. Ionophore-Based Optical Sensor for Urine Creatinine Determination. ACS Sens 2019; 4:421-426. [PMID: 30667218 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Creatinine is a metabolite present in urine, and its concentration is used to diagnose and monitor kidney performance. For that reason, the development of new sensors to analyze this metabolite and obtain accurate results in a short period of time is necessary. An optical disposable sensor for monitoring creatinine levels in urine is described. The system, based on a new aryl-substituted calix[4]pyrrole synthetic receptor, has an unusual coextraction scheme. Due to the low p Ka values of creatininium (p Ka 4.8), a careful selection of a lipophilic pH indicator that works in acid medium is required. The sensor components were optimized, and the new sensor displays a good response time to creatinine (approximately 3 min) over a wide dynamic range (from 1 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-2 M). Moreover, the optical selectivity coefficients obtained for creatinine over common cations present in urine meet the requirements for real sample measurements. With a good sensor-to-sensor reproducibility (RSD, 5.1-6.9% in the middle of the range), this method provides a simple, quick, cost-effective, and selective alternative to the conventional methodology based on Jaffé's reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Hernández-Alonso
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution
for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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9
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Guadarrama-Fernández L, Novell M, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. A disposable, simple, fast and low-cost paper-based biosensor and its application to the determination of glucose in commercial orange juices. Food Chem 2018; 265:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Hoekstra R, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. Distributed electrochemical sensors: recent advances and barriers to market adoption. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4077-4089. [PMID: 29806065 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite predictions of their widespread application in healthcare and environmental monitoring, electrochemical sensors are yet to be distributed at scale, instead remaining largely confined to R&D labs. This contrasts sharply with the situation for physical sensors, which are now ubiquitous and seamlessly embedded in the mature ecosystem provided by electronics and connectivity protocols. Although chemical sensors could be integrated into the same ecosystem, there are fundamental issues with these sensors in the three key areas of analytical performance, usability, and affordability. Nevertheless, advances are being made in each of these fields, leading to hope that the deployment of automated and user-friendly low-cost electrochemical sensors is on the horizon. Here, we present a brief survey of key challenges and advances in the development of distributed electrochemical sensors for liquid samples, geared towards applications in healthcare and wellbeing, environmental monitoring, and homeland security. As will be seen, in many cases the analytical performance of the sensor is acceptable; it is usability that is the major barrier to commercial viability at this moment. Were this to be overcome, the issue of affordability could be addressed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Hoekstra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, c/. Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, c/. Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, c/. Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Hoekstra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, c/.; Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, c/.; Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, c/.; Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
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12
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Cánovas R, Parrilla M, Blondeau P, Andrade FJ. A novel wireless paper-based potentiometric platform for monitoring glucose in blood. Lab Chip 2017; 17:2500-2507. [PMID: 28653727 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel low-cost, compact and sensitive paper-based platform for the accurate monitoring of glucose in biological fluids is presented. Paper-based working and reference electrodes are combined to build a whole potentiometric cell, which also fits a sampling module for simple and fast determination of glucose in a single drop of blood. The working electrode is built using a platinized filter paper coated with a Nafion membrane that entraps the enzyme glucose oxidase; the reference electrode is made by casting a polyvinylbutyral-based membrane onto a conductive paper. The system works by detecting the hydrogen peroxide generated as a result of the enzymatic reaction. Selectivity is achieved due to the permselective behaviour of Nafion, while a significant enhancement of the sensitivity is reached by exploiting the Donnan-coupled formal potential. Under optimum conditions, a sensitivity of -95.9 ± 4.8 mV per decade in the 0.3-3 mM range is obtained. Validation of the measurements has been performed against standard methods in human serum and blood. Final integration with a wireless reader allows for truly in situ measurements with a less than 2 minute procedure including a two-point calibration, washing and measurement. This low-cost analytical device opens up new prospects for rapid diagnostic results in non-laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cánovas
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Marc Parrilla
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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13
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Guinovart T, Hernández-Alonso D, Adriaenssens L, Blondeau P, Rius FX, Ballester P, Andrade FJ. Characterization of a new ionophore-based ion-selective electrode for the potentiometric determination of creatinine in urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 87:587-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Montiel L, Delgado JA, Novell M, Andrade FJ, Claver C, Blondeau P, Godard C. A Simple and Versatile Approach for the Fabrication of Paper-Based Nanocatalysts: Low Cost, Easy Handling, and Catalyst Recovery. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montiel
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jorge A. Delgado
- Centre Tecnologic de la Química; C/Marceli Domingo 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Novell
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carmen Claver
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Centre Tecnologic de la Química; C/Marceli Domingo 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Cyril Godard
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marceli Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Centre Tecnologic de la Química; C/Marceli Domingo 43007 Tarragona Spain
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Rocío Cánovas
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; 43007 Tarragona Spain
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16
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Parrilla M, Cánovas R, Jeerapan I, Andrade FJ, Wang J. A Textile-Based Stretchable Multi-Ion Potentiometric Sensor. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:996-1001. [PMID: 26959998 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A textile-based wearable multi-ion potentiometric sensor array is described. The printed flexible sensors operate favorably under extreme mechanical strains (that reflect daily activity) while offering attractive real-time noninvasive monitoring of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Parrilla
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Rocío Cánovas
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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17
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Parrilla M, Ferré J, Guinovart T, Andrade FJ. Wearable Potentiometric Sensors Based on Commercial Carbon Fibres for Monitoring Sodium in Sweat. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Guinovart T, Hernández-Alonso D, Adriaenssens L, Blondeau P, Martínez-Belmonte M, Rius FX, Andrade FJ, Ballester P. Recognition and Sensing of Creatinine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; C/ Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Daniel Hernández-Alonso
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Louis Adriaenssens
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- School of Chemistry; University of Lincoln; Brayford Pool Lincoln LN6 7TS UK
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; C/ Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Belmonte
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - F. Xavier Rius
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; C/ Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; C/ Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Avda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies; Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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19
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Abstract
Novel membrane-free chemically modified polystyrene microspheres for the optical detection of sulphate in aqueous media are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Rovira i Virgili University (URV)
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Rovira i Virgili University (URV)
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Francisco J. Andrade
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- Rovira i Virgili University (URV)
- Tarragona
- Spain
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20
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Abstract
The development and analytical characterization of a novel ion-selective potentiometric cell in a temporary-transfer tattoo platform for monitoring ammonium levels in sweat is presented. The fabrication of this skin-worn sensor, which is based on a screen-printed design, incorporates all-solid-state potentiometric sensor technology for both the working and reference electrodes, in connection to ammonium-selective polymeric membrane based on the nonactin ionophore. The resulting tattooed potentiometric sensor exhibits a working range between 10(-4) M to 0.1 M, well within the physiological levels of ammonium in sweat. Testing under stringent mechanical stress expected on the epidermis shows that the analytical performance is not affected by factors such as stretching or bending. Since the levels of ammonium are related to the breakdown of proteins, the new wearable potentiometric tattoo sensor offers considerable promise for monitoring sport performance or detecting metabolic disorders in healthcare. Such combination of the epidermal integration, screen-printed technology and potentiometric sensing represents an attractive path towards non-invasive monitoring of a variety of electrolytes in human perspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA.
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21
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Cuartero M, del Río JS, Blondeau P, Ortuño JA, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. Rubber-based substrates modified with carbon nanotubes inks to build flexible electrochemical sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 827:95-102. [PMID: 24833000 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of a solid-contact potentiometric sensor based on conducting rubbers using a carbon nanotubes ink is described here. Commercial rubbers are turned into conductive ones by a simple and versatile method, i.e. painting an aqueous dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes on the polymer surface. On this substrate, both the working ion-selective electrode and the reference electrode are built in order to form an integrated potentiometric cell. As a proof-of-principle, selective potassium electrodes are fully characterized giving comparable performances to conventional electrodes (sensitivity, selectivity, stability, linear range, limit of detection and reproducibility). As an application of the rubber-based electrodes, a bracelet was constructed to measure potassium levels in artificial sweat. Since rubbers are ubiquitous in our quotidian life, this approach offers great promise for the generation of chemical information through daily objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cuartero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Jonathan Sabaté del Río
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Pascal Blondeau
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Joaquín A Ortuño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - F Xavier Rius
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgil, Campus Sescelades, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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22
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Novell M, Guinovart T, Blondeau P, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. A paper-based potentiometric cell for decentralized monitoring of Li levels in whole blood. Lab Chip 2014; 14:1308-1314. [PMID: 24513977 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to monitor Li levels in blood in decentralized (out of the lab) settings is presented. The approach uses a potentiometric cell fully made with filter paper as a support. Electrodes were built using carbon nanotubes ink to create a conductive path and a suitable polymeric membrane. Solid-state ion-selective electrodes for Li and a reference electrode were built and optimized. The results obtained on real samples of serum and whole blood are comparable with those obtained by conventional standard approaches. This platform shows an outstanding performance for the direct, fast and low-cost monitoring of Li levels in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Novell
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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23
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Guinovart T, Valdés-Ramírez G, Windmiller JR, Andrade FJ, Wang J. Bandage-Based Wearable Potentiometric Sensor for Monitoring Wound pH. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Guinovart T, Crespo GA, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. A reference electrode based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) polymer for decentralized chemical measurements. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:72-80. [PMID: 24703216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new solid-state reference electrode using a polymeric membrane of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Ag/AgCl and NaCl to be used in decentralized chemical measurements is presented. The electrode is made by drop-casting the membrane cocktail onto a glassy carbon (GC) substrate. A stable potential (less than 1 mV dec(-1)) over a wide range of concentrations for the several chemical species tested is obtained. No significant influence to changes in redox potential, light and pH are observed. The response of this novel electrode shows good correlation when compared with a conventional double-junction reference electrode. Also good long-term stability (90±33 μV/h) and a lifetime of approximately 4 months are obtained. Aspects related to the working mechanisms are discussed. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) studies reveal the presence of nanopores and channels on the surface, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of optimized electrodes show low bulk resistances, usually in the kΩ range, suggesting that a nanoporous polymeric structure is formed in the interface with the solution. Future applications of this electrode as a disposable device for decentralized measurements are discussed. Examples of the utilization on wearable substrates (tattoos, fabrics, etc) are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gastón A Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Xavier Rius
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Andrade
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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25
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Bandodkar AJ, Molinnus D, Mirza O, Guinovart T, Windmiller JR, Valdés-Ramírez G, Andrade FJ, Schöning MJ, Wang J. Epidermal tattoo potentiometric sodium sensors with wireless signal transduction for continuous non-invasive sweat monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:603-9. [PMID: 24333582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the fabrication, characterization and application of an epidermal temporary-transfer tattoo-based potentiometric sensor, coupled with a miniaturized wearable wireless transceiver, for real-time monitoring of sodium in the human perspiration. Sodium excreted during perspiration is an excellent marker for electrolyte imbalance and provides valuable information regarding an individual's physical and mental wellbeing. The realization of the new skin-worn non-invasive tattoo-like sensing device has been realized by amalgamating several state-of-the-art thick film, laser printing, solid-state potentiometry, fluidics and wireless technologies. The resulting tattoo-based potentiometric sodium sensor displays a rapid near-Nernstian response with negligible carryover effects, and good resiliency against various mechanical deformations experienced by the human epidermis. On-body testing of the tattoo sensor coupled to a wireless transceiver during exercise activity demonstrated its ability to continuously monitor sweat sodium dynamics. The real-time sweat sodium concentration was transmitted wirelessly via a body-worn transceiver from the sodium tattoo sensor to a notebook while the subjects perspired on a stationary cycle. The favorable analytical performance along with the wearable nature of the wireless transceiver makes the new epidermal potentiometric sensing system attractive for continuous monitoring the sodium dynamics in human perspiration during diverse activities relevant to the healthcare, fitness, military, healthcare and skin-care domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amay J Bandodkar
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Denise Molinnus
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Omar Mirza
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tomás Guinovart
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Departamento de Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joshua R Windmiller
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Electrozyme LLC, Executive Square (Suite 485), San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Francisco J Andrade
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Guinovart T, Parrilla M, Crespo GA, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. Potentiometric sensors using cotton yarns, carbon nanotubes and polymeric membranes. Analyst 2013; 138:5208-15. [PMID: 23775189 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and generalized approach to build electrochemical sensors for wearable devices is presented. Commercial cotton yarns are first turned into electrical conductors through a simple dyeing process using a carbon nanotube ink. These conductive yarns are then partially coated with a suitable polymeric membrane to build ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometric measurements using these yarn-potentiometric sensors are demonstrated. Examples of yarns that can sense pH, K(+) and NH4(+) are presented. In all cases, these sensing yarns show limits of detection and linear ranges that are similar to those obtained with lab-made solid-state ion-selective electrodes. Through the immobilization of these sensors in a band-aid, it is shown that this approach could be easily implemented in a wearable device. Factors affecting the performance of the sensors and future potential applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Guinovart
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel-li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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27
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Novell M, Guinovart T, Steinberg IM, Steinberg M, Rius FX, Andrade FJ. A novel miniaturized radiofrequency potentiometer tag using ion-selective electrodes for wireless ion sensing. Analyst 2013; 138:5250-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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29
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Andrade FJ, Shelley JT, Wetzel WC, Webb MR, Gamez G, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. 2. Desorption-ionization for the direct analysis of solid compounds. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2654-63. [PMID: 18345694 DOI: 10.1021/ac800210s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flowing afterglow-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) ionization source described in part 1 of this study (in this issue) is applied to the direct analysis of condensed-phase samples. When either liquids or solids are exposed to the ionizing beam of the APGD, strong signals for the molecular ions of substances present on their surfaces can be detected without compromising the integrity of the solid sample structure or sample substrate. As was observed for gas-phase compounds in part 1 of this study, both polar and nonpolar substances can be ionized and detected by mass spectrometry. The parent molecular ion (or its protonated counterpart) is usually the main spectral feature, with little or no fragmentation in evidence. Preliminary quantitative results show that this approach offers very good sensitivity (detection limits in the picogram regime are reported for several test compounds in part 1 of this study) and linear response to the analyte concentration. Examples of the application of this strategy to the analysis of real-world samples, such as the direct analysis of pharmaceutical compounds or foods is provided. The ability of this source to perform spatially resolved analysis is also demonstrated. Preliminary studies of the mechanisms of the reactions involved are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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30
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Andrade FJ, Shelley JT, Wetzel WC, Webb MR, Gamez G, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source. 1. Ionization of Compounds in the Gas Phase. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2646-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800156y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob T. Shelley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Michael R. Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Steven J. Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Gary M. Hieftje
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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31
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Schilling GD, Andrade FJ, Barnes JH, Sperline RP, Denton MB, Barinaga CJ, Koppenaal DW, Hieftje GM. Continuous simultaneous detection in mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7662-8. [PMID: 17877420 DOI: 10.1021/ac070785s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry, several advantages can be derived when multiple mass-to-charge values are detected simultaneously and continuously. One such advantage is an improved duty cycle, which leads to superior limits of detection, better precision, shorter analysis times, and reduced sample sizes. A second advantage is the ability to reduce correlated noise by taking the ratio of two or more simultaneously collected signals, enabling greatly enhanced isotope ratio data. A final advantage is the elimination of spectral skew, leading to more accurate transient signal analysis. Here, these advantages are demonstrated by means of a novel Faraday-strip array detector coupled to a Mattauch-Herzog mass spectrograph. The same system is used to monitor elemental fractionation phenomena in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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32
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Abstract
Glow discharge sources have shown impressive analytical performance, cost effectiveness, and versatility but have traditionally been ill-suited for the analysis of liquids or solutions. However, in recent years, glow discharges operated at atmospheric pressure have shown progress in this direction. In particular, glow discharges have been operated with the solution to be analyzed acting as one of the electrodes (most typically, and most successfully, the cathode). These sources exhibit many of the traditional advantages of glow discharges (such as low power requirements) and possess the additional benefit of not requiring vacuum equipment. In the present study, a modified design is introduced and its analytical performance is evaluated. The modification from the most similar source is primarily a reduction in discharge volume (nearly 5-fold, to 2 mm(3)) and a corresponding increase in power density. With the new design, detection limits for a range of metals are greatly improved, with most now in the single and sub-part per billion range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Webb MR, Andrade FJ, Hieftje GM. High-Throughput Elemental Analysis of Small Aqueous Samples by Emission Spectrometry with a Compact, Atmospheric-Pressure Solution-Cathode Glow Discharge. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7807-12. [PMID: 17784731 DOI: 10.1021/ac0707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized version of an atmospheric-pressure glow discharge using a solution as the cathode was recently evaluated for elemental analysis of continuously sampled aqueous solutions. Although continuous sampling is useful, transient analysis is required for certain applications, including chromatographic or similar separations, small-volume sampling, high-throughput sampling, and on-line preconcentration. The miniaturized solution-cathode glow discharge seems particularly well suited to transient analysis by virtue of its low dead volume and high sensitivity. Two benefits of transient analysis were exploited here: high throughput and small sample volume. Sampling 25-microL volumes at 1000 samples/h, the discharge achieved detection limits ranging from 5 pg (0.2 ppb) for Li to 6 ng (270 ppb) for Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Webb
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Gamez G, Ray SJ, Andrade FJ, Webb MR, Hieftje GM. Development of a Pulsed Radio Frequency Glow Discharge for Three-Dimensional Elemental Surface Imaging. 1. Application to Biopolymer Analysis. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1317-26. [PMID: 17243768 DOI: 10.1021/ac061361l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glow discharge optical emission spectrometry has cemented itself as an important surface elemental analysis technique in part because of its superb depth resolution (on the order of single nanometers). However, very few studies have explored the ability of the glow discharge to provide laterally resolved elemental information. In the present study, an end-on-viewed pulsed radio frequency glow discharge is coupled to a monochromatic imaging spectrometer to provide lateral surface imaging. The performance of the technique is demonstrated with etched copper circuits on fiber-glass substrates, and it is shown how several operating parameters including pressure, pulsed mode operation, and time-resolved detection affect the lateral surface resolution. In addition, because a pulsed radio frequency glow discharge offers elemental information on nonconducting samples, the technique is applied to the three-dimensional elemental analysis of proteins on blotting substrates. Several alternative sample types are also examined, including photographic film and glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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35
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Schilling GD, Andrade FJ, Barnes JH, Sperline RP, Denton MB, Barinaga CJ, Koppenaal DW, Hieftje GM. Characterization of a Second-Generation Focal-Plane Camera Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mattauch−Herzog Geometry Mass Spectrograph. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4319-25. [PMID: 16808438 DOI: 10.1021/ac052026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation Faraday-strip array detector has been coupled to an inductively coupled plasma Mattauch-Herzog geometry mass spectrograph, thereby offering simultaneous acquisition of a range of mass-to-charge ratios. The second-generation device incorporates narrower, more closely spaced collectors than the earlier system. Furthermore, the new camera can acquire signal on all collectors at a frequency greater than 2 kHz and has the ability to independently adjust the gain level of each collector. Each collector can also be reset independently. With these improvements, limits of detection in the hundreds of picograms per liter for metals in solution have been obtained. Some additional features, such as a broader linear dynamic range (over 7 orders of magnitude), greater resolving power (up to 600), and improved isotope ratio accuracy were attained. In addition, isotope ratio precision as low as 0.018% RSD was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Thompson SA, Andrade FJ, Iñón FA. Light emission diode water thermometer: a low-cost and noninvasive strategy for monitoring temperature in aqueous solutions. Appl Spectrosc 2004; 58:344-348. [PMID: 15035717 DOI: 10.1366/000370204322886717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A spectroscopic device for monitoring the temperature of aqueous solutions is presented. It uses a 950 nm light emission diode as light source and two photodiodes as detectors. Temperature is monitored following the thermally induced absorbance changes of the water-OH second overtone (approximately 960 nm). A linear response between the light absorbed by an aqueous solution and its temperature is found in the range from 15 to 95 degrees C. A prediction error of 0.1 degrees C and a precision of 0.07 degrees C in temperature measurement can be achieved. Up to 0.1 M of electrolyte concentration can be present in the solution without significantly affecting the temperature measurement. Different strategies, such as remote (noninvasive) or in situ (using a fiber-optic probe) temperature measurement, are shown, and their relative advantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Thompson
- INQUIMAE-Departamento de Qúimica Inorgánica, Anaĺitica y Qúimica Física-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. 3er Piso, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria. (C1428EHA) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
An alternative spectroscopic approach for monitoring the temperature of aqueous solutions is presented. The method is based upon the temperature-induced spectral changes undergone by the second overtone (around 960 nm) of the near-infrared (NIR) water absorption band. Single and multilinear regression analysis are tested in order to evaluate the predictive ability of temperature. A linear dependence is found when measurements are performed at a single wavelength, but a lower prediction error is obtained when multilinear models are applied. No matrix effects produced by moderately concentrated common dissolved ions are found in a broad range of pH. A signal-to-noise ratio allows a precision of 0.5 degrees C for temperature monitoring. A prediction error of 0.77 degrees C (single linear regression) and 0.25 degrees C (multilinear approach) are achieved in a range from 15 to 90 degrees C. Advantages in terms of instrumentation and data analysis required are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio H Otal
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Trazas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física-INQUIMAE- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 3er. Piso., Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
A novel methodology for the determination of iron at the ppb level by spectrophotometric flow injection analysis is described. The method is based on the control of the flow dissolution of the colorimetric reagent 1,10-phenanthroline. This is achieved by means of the minimization of the area of contact between the carrier and the solid reagent, thus allowing the use of the fairly soluble organic compound without affecting the reactor lifetime. The reagent is melted inside an acrylic column (3.0 x 0.5 cm id) in such a way that a hollow space is left in the center after cooling. This new design improves some aspects of the performance of the classical solid-phase reactors as no problems related to the increase in the backpressure of the system are evidenced. Furthermore, the total reagent loading of the column is increased as no inert support is needed. A comparison between the performance of this novel methodology and that of the conventional packed reactor was performed and several advantages were observed: the use of higher flow rates, an increase in the reactor lifetime and a decrease in reagent consumption. A mathematical model to fit the concentration profiles of the dissolved reagent as a function of the residence time of the sample within the column is presented. The application of this strategy to the determination of Fe(II) improves the figures of merit in comparison to those obtained with a single-line homogeneous system: the limit of detection is 2 microg Fe L(-1) (3s) and the sensitivity is similar to that of the batch procedure. Results obtained for the determination of iron in natural waters are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán A Bruno
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Trazas-INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Andrade FJ, Iñon FA, Tudino MB, Troccoli OE. Integrated conductimetric detection: mass distribution in a dynamic sample zone inside a flow injection manifold. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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