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Critchley J, Capewell S, O'Flaherty M, Abu-Rmeileh N, Rastam S, Saidi O, Sözmen K, Shoaibi A, Husseini A, Fouad F, Ben Mansour N, Aissi W, Ben Romdhane H, Unal B, Bandosz P, Bennett K, Dherani M, Al Ali R, Maziak W, Arık H, Gerçeklioğlu G, Altun DU, Şimşek H, Doganay S, Demiral Y, Aslan Ö, Unwin N, Phillimore P, Achour N, Aissi W, Allani R, Arfa C, Abu-Kteish H, Abu-Rmeileh N, Al Ali R, Altun D, Ahmad B, Arık H, Aslan Ö, Beltaifa L, Ben Mansour N, Bennett K, Ben Romdhane H, Ben Salah N, Collins M, Critchley J, Capewell S, Dherani M, Demiral Y, Doganay S, Elias M, Ergör G, Fadhil I, Fouad F, Gerçeklioğlu G, Ghandour R, Göğen S, Husseini A, Jaber S, Kalaca S, Khatib R, Khatib R, Koudsie S, Kilic B, Lassoued O, Mason H, Maziak W, Mayaleh MA, Mikki N, Moukeh G, Flaherty MO, Phillimore P, Rastam S, Roglic G, Saidi O, Saatli G, Satman I, Shoaibi A, Şimşek H, Soulaiman N, Sözmen K, Tlili F, Unal B, Unwin N, Yardim N, Zaman S. Contrasting cardiovascular mortality trends in Eastern Mediterranean populations: Contributions from risk factor changes and treatments. Int J Cardiol 2016; 208:150-61. [PMID: 26878275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle income countries are facing an epidemic of non-communicable diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). We used a validated CHD mortality model (IMPACT) to explain recent trends in Tunisia, Syria, the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and Turkey. METHODS Data on populations, mortality, patient numbers, treatments and risk factor trends from national and local surveys in each country were collated over two time points (1995-97; 2006-09); integrated and analysed using the IMPACT model. RESULTS Risk factor trends: Smoking prevalence was high in men, persisting in Syria but decreasing in Tunisia, oPt and Turkey. BMI rose by 1-2 kg/m(2) and diabetes prevalence increased by 40%-50%. Mean systolic blood pressure and cholesterol levels increased in Tunisia and Syria. Mortality trends: Age-standardised CHD mortality rates rose by 20% in Tunisia and 62% in Syria. Much of this increase (79% and 72% respectively) was attributed to adverse trends in major risk factors, occurring despite some improvements in treatment uptake. CHD mortality rates fell by 17% in oPt and by 25% in Turkey, with risk factor changes accounting for around 46% and 30% of this reduction respectively. Increased uptake of community treatments (drug treatments for chronic angina, heart failure, hypertension and secondary prevention after a cardiac event) accounted for most of the remainder. DISCUSSION CHD death rates are rising in Tunisia and Syria, whilst oPt and Turkey demonstrate clear falls, reflecting improvements in major risk factors with contributions from medical treatments. However, smoking prevalence remains very high in men; obesity and diabetes levels are rising dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Critchley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Niveen Abu-Rmeileh
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, State of Palestine
| | - Samer Rastam
- Syrian Center For Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Olfa Saidi
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunisia
| | - Kaan Sözmen
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Azza Shoaibi
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, State of Palestine
| | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Public Health Program, Department of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fouad Fouad
- Syrian Center For Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Ben Mansour
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Aissi
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunisia
| | | | - Belgin Unal
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Piotr Bandosz
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mukesh Dherani
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Wasim Maziak
- Syrian Center For Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Robert Stempel College of Public Health And Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hale Arık
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Gül Gerçeklioğlu
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Deniz Utku Altun
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Hatice Şimşek
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Sinem Doganay
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Yücel Demiral
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Özgür Aslan
- Dept. of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Nigel Unwin
- The Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Barbados
| | | | | | | | | | - Waffa Aissi
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Allani
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokra Arfa
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Niveen Abu-Rmeileh
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | | | - Deniz Altun
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Balsam Ahmad
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hale Arık
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Özgür Aslan
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Latifa Beltaifa
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Ben Mansour
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Habiba Ben Romdhane
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Julia Critchley
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mukesh Dherani
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yücel Demiral
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Sinem Doganay
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | | | - Gül Ergör
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | | | - Fouad Fouad
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Gül Gerçeklioğlu
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Rula Ghandour
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | - Sibel Göğen
- Primary Health Care General Directorate, Turkish Ministry of Health, Turkey
| | - Abdullatif Husseini
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | - Samer Jaber
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | | | - Rana Khatib
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | - Rasha Khatib
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | | | - Bülent Kilic
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Olfa Lassoued
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Wasim Maziak
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | | | - Nahed Mikki
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | | | - Martin O Flaherty
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Phillimore
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Samer Rastam
- Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria
| | | | - Olfa Saidi
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gül Saatli
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | | | - Azza Shoaibi
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, State of Palestine
| | - Hatice Şimşek
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | | | - Kaan Sözmen
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Faten Tlili
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention Research Laboratory, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Belgin Unal
- Dept of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
| | - Nigel Unwin
- University of the West Indies, Georgetown, Barbados
| | - Nazan Yardim
- Primary Health Care General Directorate, Turkish Ministry of Health, Turkey
| | - Shahaduz Zaman
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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