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Wilson K, Dusek R, Gammon G. 374P NX-019, a brain penetrant, mutation selective EGFR inhibitor with broad mutant EGFR activity. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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Cortes J, Gammon G, Khaled S, Martinelli G, Kramer A, Steffen B, Hogge D, Jonas B, Dombret H, Perl A. Phase 3 study of quizartinib (AC220) monotherapy vs salvage chemotherapy (SC) in patients (pts) with FLT3-ITD+ acute myeloid leukemia (AML) refractory to or relapsed (R/R) after 1st-line treatment with or without hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) consolidation: the QuANTUM-R study. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw375.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Morton DL, Mozzillo N, Thompson JF, Kelley MC, Faries M, Wagner J, Schneebaum S, Schuchter L, Gammon G, Elashoff R. An international, randomized, phase III trial of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) plus allogeneic melanoma vaccine (MCV) or placebo after complete resection of melanoma metastatic to regional or distant sites. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
8508 Background: Active specific immunotherapy with BCG and an allogeneic, melanoma cell vaccine can induce antibody and T-lymphocyte immune responses to numerous antigens expressed by melanoma cells. This study compared overall and disease-free survival in patients receiving BCG plus placebo versus BCG plus MCV. Methods: Between June 1998 and November 2005, 1,656 patients without evidence of residual disease after resection of stage III (n = 1,160) or stage IV (n = 496) melanoma were randomly assigned to the two treatment arms (1:1). BCG was given as an immunologic adjuvant for the first two injections of both MCV and placebo, which thereafter were administered by intradermal injection every two weeks for the next three injections, every month for the remainder of the first year, every two months for the second year and every three months for years three, four and five. Results: Based on the recommendation of the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), both studies were terminated after the interim analysis. The recommendation was based on a low probability of demonstrating significant improvement in survival of the BCG plus MCV arm if the study had continued to completion of follow-up and final analysis. Conclusions: This is the largest multicenter clinical trial of postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy after resection of melanoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes or distant sites. It is a landmark study not only because it represents the first randomized multicenter trial to use surgical resection as initial therapy for stage IV melanoma patients with up to five metastatic sites, but also because its results demonstrate excellent survival for the entire study population with 42.3% of stage IV and 63.4% of stage III patients projected to be alive at five years. Updated data for survival and immunologic endpoints which show a significant correlation between immune responses and survival will be provided at the meeting. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Morton
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N. Mozzillo
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. F. Thompson
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M. C. Kelley
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M. Faries
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. Wagner
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S. Schneebaum
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - L. Schuchter
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G. Gammon
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - R. Elashoff
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy; Sydney Melanoma Unit, Camperdown NSW, Australia; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Indiana University Cancer Center Melanoma Program, Indianapolis, IN; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; CancerVax Corporation, Carlsbad, CA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Morton DL, Essner R, Hsueh EC, Wanek LA, Foshag LJ, O'Day SJ, Gupta RK, Hoon DS, Gammon G. Active specific immunotherapy with a polyvalent cancer vaccine prolongs survival in AJCC stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Morton
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - R. Essner
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - E. C. Hsueh
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - L. A. Wanek
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - L. J. Foshag
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - S. J. O'Day
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - R. K. Gupta
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - D. S. Hoon
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
| | - G. Gammon
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA; CancerVax Corp, Carlsbad, CA
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O'Day SJ, Boasberg PD, Kristedja TS, Martin M, Wang HJ, Fournier P, Cabot M, DeGregorio MW, Gammon G. High-dose tamoxifen added to concurrent biochemotherapy with decrescendo interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2001; 92:609-19. [PMID: 11505406 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20010801)92:3<609::aid-cncr1361>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cell culture data and preclinical models suggest that tamoxifen modulates tumor cell sensitivity to a wide range of therapeutic agents. In the current study, the authors examined whether high-dose tamoxifen (HDT) improved the overall and complete response in patients with metastatic melanoma who were treated with concurrent biochemotherapy. METHODS Forty-nine patients were treated with a biochemotherapy regimen of dacarbazine, vinblastine, cisplatin, decrescendo interleukin-2, interferon-alpha-2b, and tamoxifen. The study had a 2-step design, beginning with a tamoxifen dose escalation from 40 mg to 320 mg (17 subjects) to evaluate safety and tolerability, followed by Phase II accrual of 32 patients to HDT (320 mg) to assess clinical efficacy. Efficacy was compared with a similar modified biochemotherapy regimen with low-dose tamoxifen (LDT). Pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine in vivo tamoxifen levels. RESULTS Tamoxifen dose escalation was completed without any reported dose-limiting toxicity. The overall response rate in the HDT group was 50% (95% confidence interval, 33.2%-66.8%), with a complete response rate of 6% and a median survival of 9.5 months. The overall response rate was not improved and the complete response and survival appeared inferior compared with that of patients recently treated with concurrent biochemotherapy and LDT. Serum tamoxifen levels were found to correlate with the dose administered, with a mean of 0.9 microM at the 40-mg dose to 4.6 microM at the 320-mg dose. Ultrafiltered protein-free sera demonstrated low (< 0.01 microM) concentrations of tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS The addition of HDT to a regimen of concurrent biochemotherapy did not appear to improve response rates or overall survival, despite reaching the targeted plasma concentration. Unknown drug interactions or high protein binding of tamoxifen may account for the lack of clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Day
- Division of Medical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, 2001 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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Rawlins P, Mander T, Sadeghi R, Hill S, Gammon G, Foxwell B, Wrigley S, Moore M. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in macrophages by 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol and other fungal resorcylic acid lactones. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999; 21:799-814. [PMID: 10606001 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resorcylic acid lactones are fungal metabolites that exhibit a wide range of biological properties which includes oestrogenic, antifungal, phytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity. The capacity of 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol, a resorcylic lactone of fungal origin and six naturally occurring analogues to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-treated cultured myelomonocytic cells (U937) was compared. The activity of the natural analogues in the U937 assay varied over 10(4)-fold, with 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol the most potent of those tested inhibiting tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) production in these cells with IC50 of 6 nM. The isomeric 7-oxo-zeaenol and structurally more distant monorden (radicicol) were the next most active compounds with IC50 approximately 500 nM, and zearalenone, the least active with IC50 > 400 microM. 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol retained activity in LPS-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an IC50 of 10-25 nM. This compound also inhibited LPS-induced TNF alpha production in whole blood experiments (IC50 100-1000 nM) and lowered serum levels of TNF alpha in mice when administered prior to LPS. 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induced by LPS. These data are consistent with a mechanism of action at or upstream of MAPK with resultant downstream effects. This series of naturally occurring analogues represents an interesting group of compounds with diverse biological properties. Of this series, 5Z-7-oxo-zeanenol has exceptionally potent anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by its strong inhibition of cytokine production.
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Haigh PI, Difronzo LA, Gammon G, Morton DL. Vaccine therapy for patients with melanoma. Oncology (Williston Park) 1999; 13:1561-74; discussion 1574 passim. [PMID: 10581603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the therapeutic use of vaccines in patients with metastatic melanoma is critically important because of the lack of effective conventional modalities. The most extensively studied melanoma vaccines in clinical trials are whole-cell preparations or cell lysates that contain multiple antigens capable of stimulating an immune response. Unfortunately, in the majority of studies, immune responses to these vaccines have not translated into a survival advantage. Advances in tumor cell immunology have led to the identification of candidate tumor cell antigens that can stimulate an immune response; this, in turn, has allowed for refinements in vaccine design. However, the exact tumor antigens that should be targeted with a specific vaccine are unknown. The univalent antigen vaccines, which have greater purity, ease of manufacturing, and reproducibility compared with polyvalent vaccines, may suffer from poorer efficacy due to immunoselection and appearance of antigen-negative clones within the tumor. Novel approaches to vaccine design using gene transfection with cytokines and dendritic cells are all promising. However, the induction of immune responses does not necessarily confer a therapeutic benefit. Therefore, these elegant newer strategies need to be studied in carefully designed clinical trials so that outcomes can be compared objectively with standard therapy. If survival is improved with these vaccine approaches, their ease of administration and lack of toxicity will firmly entrench active specific vaccine immunotherapy as a standard modality in the treatment of the melanoma patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Haigh
- Sonya Valley Ghidossi Vaccine Laboratory, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
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O'Day SJ, Gammon G, Boasberg PD, Martin MA, Kristedja TS, Guo M, Stern S, Edwards S, Fournier P, Weisberg M, Cannon M, Fawzy NW, Johnson TD, Essner R, Foshag LJ, Morton DL. Advantages of concurrent biochemotherapy modified by decrescendo interleukin-2, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and tamoxifen for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2752-61. [PMID: 10561350 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.9.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Concurrent biochemotherapy results in high response rates but also significant toxicity in patients with metastatic melanoma. We attempted to improve its efficacy and decrease its toxicity by using decrescendo dosing of interleukin-2 (IL-2), posttreatment granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and low-dose tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-five patients with poor prognosis metastatic melanoma were treated at a community hospital inpatient oncology unit affiliated with the John Wayne Cancer Institute (Santa Monica, CA) between July 1995 and September 1997. A 5-day modified concurrent biochemotherapy regimen of dacarbazine, vinblastine, cisplatin, decrescendo IL-2, interferon alfa-2b, and tamoxifen was repeated at 21-day intervals. G-CSF was administered beginning on day 6 for 7 to 10 days. RESULTS The overall response rate was 57% (95% confidence interval, 42% to 72%), the complete response rate was 23%, and the partial response rate was 34%. Complete remissions were achieved in an additional 11% of patients by surgical resection of residual disease after biochemotherapy. The median time to progression was 6.3 months and the median duration of survival was 11.4 months. At a maximum follow-up of 36 months (range, 10 to 36 months), 32% of patients are alive and 14% remain free of disease. Decrescendo IL-2 dosing and administration of G-CSF seemed to reduce toxicity, length of hospital stay, and readmission rates. No patient required intensive care unit monitoring, and there were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSION The data from this study indicate that the modified concurrent biochemotherapy regimen reduces the toxicity of concurrent biochemotherapy with no apparent decrease in response rate in patients with poor prognosis metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Day
- Division of Medical and Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA. o'
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9
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Abstract
Although a phase III trial has yet to show a statistically significant improvement in the disease-free or overall survival of melanoma patients receiving vaccine therapy, several phase II trials have shown enhanced disease-free and overall survival of patients who develop a humoral and/or cellular response to a melanoma vaccine. The challenge of active specific immunotherapy research is to determine which combination of humoral and cellular immune responses optimizes clinical outcome and how to monitor the immune response effectively. This review identifies key components of a successful melanoma vaccine, discusses new ways to modulate and stimulate the immune system, and summarizes some of the important clinical trials of active specific immunotherapy for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Ollila
- The Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Hoon DS, Okamoto T, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Nizze AJ, Foshag LJ, Gammon G, Morton DL. Is the survival of melanoma patients receiving polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine linked to the human leukocyte antigen phenotype of patients? J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:1430-7. [PMID: 9552048 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1998.16.4.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An allogeneic polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine (PMCV) has been shown to be efficacious in improving overall survival of patients with malignant melanoma in a phase II clinical setting. The PMCV consists of three allogeneic melanoma cell lines. The objectives of the study were to determine (1) whether the survival of melanoma patients who received PMCV was related to the patient's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I phenotype matching the HLA class I phenotype of the PMCV, and (2) whether PMCV clinical efficacy was correlated to melanoma patients with a particular HLA phenotype(s). MATERIALS AND METHODS PMCV was given to 69 melanoma patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I to IV disease status. The PMCV and patients lymphocytes were typed for HLA-A and -B. A correlation was made between the HLA expression of PMCV lines and the HLA of patients to their survival status. A second correlation was made between the HLA of patients and survival independent of the PMCV HLA phenotype. RESULTS Patients whose HLA phenotype (A3/11 and B7/44) matched the PMCV lines had a better overall survival (P < .029). Analysis of HLA expression of patients independent of PMCV HLA to survival showed that HLA-A25 phenotype patients had a significantly better overall survival (P = .006). HLA-B35 patients had a poorer survival outcome (P = .019). CONCLUSION The studies indicate that overall survival following PMCV treatment in melanoma patients significantly correlates with their HLA phenotypes. These correlations may be related to the host immune response to the PMCV or due to differences in the clinical course of melanoma in patients with different HLA types.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Hoon
- John Wayne Institute for Cancer Treatment and Research, Saint John's Hospital, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Although a randomized clinical trial has yet to show a statistically significant improvement in the survival of patients receiving vaccine therapy for malignant melanoma, several studies have shown enhanced survival of patients developing an immune response to a melanoma vaccine. The knowledge and techniques of modern molecular biology and immunology suggest multiple strategies to augment this response. The challenge of immunotherapy research is to determine which combination of approaches leads to a favorable clinical response and how to monitor that response effectively. This review identifies components of a successful vaccine, discusses new ways to modulate and stimulate the immune system, and summarizes some of the more interesting clinical trials of melanoma vaccine immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Conforti
- Roy E. Coats Research Laboratories, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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12
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Mander T, Hill S, Hughes A, Rawlins P, Clark C, Gammon G, Foxwell B, Moore M. Differential effects on TNF alpha production by pharmacological agents with varying molecular sites of action. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; 19:451-62. [PMID: 9568551 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the activation conditions for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) production in myelomonocytic U937 cells and human primary peripheral blood monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PMA itself induced only low levels of TNF alpha production with delayed kinetics (e.g. 0.758 +/- 0.128 ng/ml from U937 cells after 48 h) while LPS induced greater levels of TNF alpha production in less time (e.g. 2.083 +/- 0.96 ng/ml from monocytes in 24 h). Pharmacological agents with various molecular sites of action were used to validate the two systems, with the protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors staurosporine and Ro-31-8220, the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A (HBA) and dexamethasone exhibiting the greatest potency (IC50S 5-350 nM). In contrast to the effect on TNF alpha production, PMA induced strong phosphorylation/activation of p42/p44mapk in monocytes by 10 min determined in a mobility shift assay, while LPS was a weaker inducer. Additionally, staurosporine (to LPS and PMA) and HBA (to LPS only) inhibited the activation of these mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms at doses 10-100 fold higher than those required to inhibit maximal TNF alpha production. These data indicate the involvement of the p42/p44mapk signalling pathway in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production but suggest that other signalling pathways are also implicated in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mander
- Xenova Ltd, Slough, Berkshire, England
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13
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Brown D, Sadeghi R, Steel J, Moore M, Gammon G. Detection of interleukin-1 signal transduction inhibitors: action of protein kinase inhibitors. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17:887-94. [PMID: 8788118 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulated production of IL-1 has been shown to play an important role in many pathological processes. Despite the apparent value of compounds able to inhibit either the secretion of IL-1 or its signal transduction pathway in a specific manner, there are no such compounds suitable for clinical use. A major problem in identifying novel and specific inhibitors of signal transduction is the lack of knowledge of the intracellular events which mediate the cellular actions of IL-1. In this study a simple cellular assay has been established to screen natural product and synthetic compound libraries for low molecular weight inhibitors of the cytokine signalling pathways of potential therapeutic value. In addition, we have studied the action of several known modulators of signal transduction on the actions of IL-1.
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Mander T, Hill S, Hughes A, Rawlins P, Gammon G. Regulation of TNFα production by U937 cells. Cytokine 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(94)90298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gammon G, Chandler G, Depledge P, Elcock C, Wrigley S, Moore J, Cammarota G, Sinigaglia F, Moore M. A fungal metabolite which inhibits the interaction of CD4 with major histocompatibility complex-encoded class II molecules. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:991-8. [PMID: 8149967 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD4, a cell-surface glycoprotein expressed on a subpopulation of T cells, is the receptor for class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) and a receptor for the envelope glycoprotein (gp 120) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Screening of microbial metabolites for CD4-binding activity using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the binding of the CD4-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-Leu3a, identified a family of compounds comprising several novel polyketides. The parent compound (411F, Vinaxanthone) is a C28 molecule probably arising from a dimerization of two C14 polyketide units. It strongly inhibited the interaction of anti-Leu 3a and that of several other D1/D2 epitope-specific mAb with CD4, but only weakly inhibited the binding of HIV-1 gp120. Binding of a representative MHC class II molecule, HLA-DRB*0401, was also inhibited by 411F with a comparable inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 1 microM). In functional assays 411F inhibited antigen-induced CD4-dependent T cell proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. At the clonal level 411F exhibited selectivity in that the compound inhibited peptide-induced CD4+ T cell proliferative responses but not alloantigen-induced CD8+ T cell proliferation. It is hypothesized that 411F, a polyanionic compound in aqueous solution at neutral pH, inhibits CD4-dependent functions by binding over a broad area of the positively charged amino-terminal D1 and D2 domains implicated in the interaction with MHC II molecules. 411F has the potential for development as an immunosuppressive agent with a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Xenova Ltd, Slough, Berks, GB
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16
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Gammon G, Edger D, McBride WH, Sercarz EE. Complications in the functional analysis of transfected MHC genes. Cell Immunol 1994; 154:219-30. [PMID: 8118888 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the relationship between the structure of a protein molecule and its function often exploits the techniques of gene mutation and expression in transfected cell lines. This approach has been used extensively in the study of MHC molecules for testing predictions derived from structural models. Comparison of the functional properties of mutant molecules is difficult because MHC molecules interact with both peptides and T cell receptors. Functionality is commonly determined in biological assays which are dependent on T cell recognition of specific peptide/MHC complexes and measure secondary events triggered by T cell activation. In this study four L cell lines transfected with different combinations of alpha and beta chains from I-Ak and I-Au were used as antigen-presenting cells to activate two hen egg-white lysozyme-specific T cell clones. We compared several biological assays, namely, T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity. Different assays indicated varying degrees of functionality for the same MHC molecule and thus demonstrated the difficulty in unambiguous interpretation of data from complex assays. Furthermore, we detected differences among the transfected lines which appeared unrelated to the expression of the introduced MHC genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of California at Los Angeles 90024
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Abstract
In this article the authors propose a dynamic model of autoimmunity with T-cell recruitment and selection leading to changes in the specificity of the anti-self response during the course of disease. They argue that these changes are due to alterations in self-antigen presentation that lead to the display of previously cryptic self-determinants. Mechanisms that could underlie this differential self-presentation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Lehmann
- Dept of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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18
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Chandler G, Elcock C, Depledge P, Wrigley S, Mous J, Malkovsky M, Moore M, Gammon G. CD4-binding compounds: an assay to detect new classes of immunopharmacological agents. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993; 15:361-9. [PMID: 8505149 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(93)90047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of antibodies with protein antigens is accepted as a paradigm of protein-protein interactions. In searching for a new generation of immunomodulatory compounds based on the interaction of the T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 with MHC class II antigens, a model assay has been developed in which MHC molecules have been substituted by a monoclonal antibody (anti-Leu3a) to the CD4 amino-terminal domain-specific epitope, Leu3a. This assay can detect diverse classes of molecules including proteins such as HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 and low molecular weight compounds such as aurin tricarboxylic acid, dextran sulphate and Evans blue. The interaction of these molecules with CD4 in the assay appears to be identical to their interaction with native CD4 on intact cells. Other protein-antibody pairs could be substituted for CD4-anti-Leu3a enabling this assay format to be used for the detection of proteins or small organic compounds which interfere with a wide range of therapeutically-relevant macromolecular interactions.
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19
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Abstract
Deletion of autoreactive T cells during the induction of self tolerance has been directly demonstrated. However, it is still relatively easy to detect self reactivity in normal healthy animals. In this article, Guy Gammon, Eli Sercarz and Gilles Benichou speculate on which T cells may escape tolerance induction and discuss how these cells could subsequently be involved in autoimmunity.
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Adelstein S, Pritchard-Briscoe H, Anderson TA, Crosbie J, Gammon G, Loblay RH, Basten A, Goodnow CC. Induction of self-tolerance in T cells but not B cells of transgenic mice expressing little self antigen. Science 1991; 251:1223-5. [PMID: 1900950 DOI: 10.1126/science.1900950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-tolerance to a transgene-encoded protein, hen egg lysozyme, was examined in the T and B cell repertoires of a series of lines of transgenic mice that expressed different serum concentrations of soluble lysozyme. T cells were tolerant in all lines in which lysozyme was expressed irrespective of the antigen concentration, whereas B cell tolerance did not occur when the serum lysozyme concentration was less than 1.5 nanograms per milliliter (0.1 nM). Induction of elevated transgene expression could restore B cell tolerance. These findings support the hypothesis that autoimmune disease may in some instances arise through a bypass of T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Adelstein
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Gammon G, Geysen HM, Apple RJ, Pickett E, Palmer M, Ametani A, Sercarz EE. T cell determinant structure: cores and determinant envelopes in three mouse major histocompatibility complex haplotypes. J Exp Med 1991; 173:609-17. [PMID: 1705279 PMCID: PMC2118818 DOI: 10.1084/jem.173.3.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes recognize discrete regions on an antigen. The specificity of the T cell responses in three mouse strains of differing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype to a protein antigen, lysozyme, was analyzed using a series of peptides that walk the antigen in single amino acid steps. These peptide series were synthesized using the pin synthesis system, which was modified to allow the peptides to be cleaved from the pins into a physiological buffer free of toxic compounds. This methodology overcomes many of the problems associated with the production of peptides for screening proteins for antigenic determinants. The T cell determinants for the three strains were markedly different. This result points out the limitations of algorithms predicting determinants without reference to the MHC, and the importance of the empirical methodology. This analysis of the T cell response to lysozyme constitutes the most complete study of reactivity to a foreign protein to date and illustrates many important features of antigen recognition by T cells, e.g., presence of major and minor determinant regions. The outer boundaries of each immunogenic region, the determinant envelope, are difficult to define from recently immunized lymph nodes because of the heterogeneity in T cell recognition. However, core sequences common to all the immunogenic peptides in a continuous sequence can be easily defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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22
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Sercarz E, Gammon G, Palmer M. T cell dominance and the vaccine problem: modifying effects on immunogenicity by residues at a distance from the site of T cell recognition. Semin Immunol 1990; 2:297-305. [PMID: 2151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The design of the optimal T cell-inducing component of a vaccine requires consideration of events both at, and distant from, the T cell recognition site. This area is approached here by analysis of T cell immunodominance. After describing the unpredictability of defining dominant T cell-inducing determinants and the preference of empirical methods, the question of designing a solely T determinant vaccine is explored. In this regard, evidence is presented that T helper cell-inducing and T proliferation-inducing determinants are not necessarily identical. With regard to the influence of other determinants on the molecule, three issues are discussed with relevance to vaccine design: (1) 'preferential partnerships' between T and B cells of certain specificities (2) the existence of suppressor T cells, reactive against non-overlapping determinants (3) competitive antigenic determinants, restricted to the same or to a different MHC molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sercarz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1489
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23
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Abstract
There are many experimental systems in which autoreactive T cells can easily be demonstrated but where the host does not normally develop autoimmune disease. How do these animals avoid autoimmunity? Does the presence of these self-reactive cells indicate the failure of self-tolerance? To answer these questions it is necessary to consider how some T cells might escape tolerance induction and why they are not activated in the host. There are several different explanations which can be broadly placed into one of two categories. First, although autoreactive cells may be easily stimulated under experimental conditions, the requirements for activation and likewise deletion may not be met under physiological conditions. The self-antigen may be poorly presented by APC or sequestered in a particular body compartment; alternatively, these T cells may have low affinity receptors needing high levels of antigen. The second category is characterized by the need for immunoregulation. A random selection of T cells may escape clonal inactivation in the thymus but may be kept under constant suppression, which provides a fail-safe mechanism for deletional tolerance. In this review we will discuss these mechanisms and their possible importance in the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1489
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Gammon G, Klotz J, Ando D, Sercarz EE. The T cell repertoire to a multideterminant antigen. Clonal heterogeneity of the T cell response, variation between syngeneic individuals, and in vitro selection of T cell specificities. J Immunol 1990; 144:1571-7. [PMID: 1689749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of lysozyme-induced T cell proliferative responses by individual B10.A mice was compared by using a panel of three peptides. A surprising degree of variation in the focus of the responses was observed among individual animals, both in the newly isolated lymph node cell populations and in long term T cell lines. The responses to each determinant after hen egg-white lysozyme immunization were not equal and in examining the mice as a group some determinants tended to be dominant. However, despite each animal favoring a restricted number of determinants, the responding T cell populations were still highly heterogeneous. The data suggest that many determinants are involved in the response to the whole Ag. The role of one or more dominant determinants can be overestimated because the degree of heterogeneity in long term T cell lines appears to be less than in freshly obtained lymph node cells, indicating that a process of in vitro selection occurs. We observed that the T cells responsive to one peptide, 46-61, appeared to have a selective advantage in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Gammon G, Klotz J, Ando D, Sercarz EE. The T cell repertoire to a multideterminant antigen. Clonal heterogeneity of the T cell response, variation between syngeneic individuals, and in vitro selection of T cell specificities. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.5.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The specificity of lysozyme-induced T cell proliferative responses by individual B10.A mice was compared by using a panel of three peptides. A surprising degree of variation in the focus of the responses was observed among individual animals, both in the newly isolated lymph node cell populations and in long term T cell lines. The responses to each determinant after hen egg-white lysozyme immunization were not equal and in examining the mice as a group some determinants tended to be dominant. However, despite each animal favoring a restricted number of determinants, the responding T cell populations were still highly heterogeneous. The data suggest that many determinants are involved in the response to the whole Ag. The role of one or more dominant determinants can be overestimated because the degree of heterogeneity in long term T cell lines appears to be less than in freshly obtained lymph node cells, indicating that a process of in vitro selection occurs. We observed that the T cells responsive to one peptide, 46-61, appeared to have a selective advantage in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | - J Klotz
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | - D Ando
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
| | - E E Sercarz
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Abstract
A feature common to many animal models of autoimmune disease, for example, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and collagen-induced arthritis, is the presence of self-reactive T cells in healthy animals, which are activated to produce disease by immunization with exogenous antigen. It is unclear why these T cells are not deleted during ontogeny in the thymus and, having escaped tolerance induction, why they are not spontaneously activated by self-antigen. To investigate these questions, we have examined an experimental model in which mice are tolerant to an antigen despite the presence of antigen-reactive T cells. We find that the T cells that escape tolerance induction are specific for minor determinants on the antigen. We propose that these T cells evade tolerance induction because some minor determinants are only available in relatively low amounts after in vivo processing of the whole antigen. For the same reason, these T cells are not normally activated but can be stimulated under special circumstances to circumvent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Ametani A, Apple R, Bhardwaj V, Gammon G, Miller A, Sercarz E. Examining the crypticity of antigenic determinants. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1989; 54 Pt 1:505-11. [PMID: 2484169 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1989.054.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ametani
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1489
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Gammon G, Shastri N, Cogswell J, Wilbur S, Sadegh-Nasseri S, Krzych U, Miller A, Sercarz E. The choice of T-cell epitopes utilized on a protein antigen depends on multiple factors distant from, as well as at the determinant site. Immunol Rev 1987; 98:53-73. [PMID: 2443442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1987.tb00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Gammon
- Dept. of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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Abstract
Ak- or Ek-restricted T cells, generated by immunization with a 23-amino-acid peptide of hen egg-white lysozyme (amino acid 74-96), showed a strict correlation between the minimal peptide determinant recognized and the Ia molecule restricting recognition. All Ak-restricted clones obtained from six independently derived lines recognized determinants contained within peptides 74-86, while Ek-restricted clones recognized determinants within 85-96. This correlation was true whether B10.A mice (Ak, Ek) were immunized with peptide 74-96 or with each of the two smaller peptides (74-86 or 85-96). Furthermore, a T cell response could be obtained to peptide 74-86, but not to peptide 85-96 in B10.A (4R) mice, which express only the Ak molecule. Thus, an Ia molecule-associated selectivity exists in the choice of T cell determinants even within this small 23-amino-acid peptide antigen. Significant differences were noted, however, in the boundaries of the minimal peptide determinants recognized within peptide 74-96 by Ak- or Ek-restricted T cells, in comparison to those recognized by Ab-restricted T cells. These results indicate that interaction of the same peptide with distinct Ia molecules results in recognition of unique aspects of the antigenic determinants by the T cell receptor.
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Shastri N, Gammon G, Horvath S, Miller A, Sercarz EE. The choice between two distinct T cell determinants within a 23-amino acid region of lysozyme depends on their structural context. The Journal of Immunology 1986. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.137.3.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The specificity of C57BL/6 T cells reactive to peptide aa 74-96 of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) was analyzed by using a panel of synthetic peptides of varying lengths from this region. It was found that peptide 74-96-reactive T cells induced by native HEL (aa 1-129) or its denatured fragment L2 (aa 13-105) recognized two distinct but overlapping determinants contained within aa 74-90 or aa 81-96, respectively. Peptide 74-96 itself induced both peptide 74-90-and peptide 81-96-specific T cells. Thus, a choice was made between these two potential T cell determinants on peptide 74-96, depending on which immunogen was used. Interestingly, the ability of both peptide determinants aa 74-90 and aa 81-96 to stimulate peptide 74-96-reactive T cells was partly dependent on the presence of residues within the overlap region (aa 81-90), suggesting that this region may play an important role in Iab-restricted T cell activation. This was further supported by the poor immunogenicity of shorter peptides 74-86 or 85-96, lacking residues from the overlap region in B6 mice. These two short peptides were nevertheless capable of eliciting T cell responses in B10.A mice, suggesting that the importance of this overlap region in obtaining a response to peptide 74-96 is related to the MHC haplotype.
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Shastri N, Gammon G, Horvath S, Miller A, Sercarz EE. The choice between two distinct T cell determinants within a 23-amino acid region of lysozyme depends on their structural context. J Immunol 1986; 137:911-5. [PMID: 2424989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of C57BL/6 T cells reactive to peptide aa 74-96 of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) was analyzed by using a panel of synthetic peptides of varying lengths from this region. It was found that peptide 74-96-reactive T cells induced by native HEL (aa 1-129) or its denatured fragment L2 (aa 13-105) recognized two distinct but overlapping determinants contained within aa 74-90 or aa 81-96, respectively. Peptide 74-96 itself induced both peptide 74-90-and peptide 81-96-specific T cells. Thus, a choice was made between these two potential T cell determinants on peptide 74-96, depending on which immunogen was used. Interestingly, the ability of both peptide determinants aa 74-90 and aa 81-96 to stimulate peptide 74-96-reactive T cells was partly dependent on the presence of residues within the overlap region (aa 81-90), suggesting that this region may play an important role in Iab-restricted T cell activation. This was further supported by the poor immunogenicity of shorter peptides 74-86 or 85-96, lacking residues from the overlap region in B6 mice. These two short peptides were nevertheless capable of eliciting T cell responses in B10.A mice, suggesting that the importance of this overlap region in obtaining a response to peptide 74-96 is related to the MHC haplotype.
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