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Zalba G, Orbe J, Beloqui O, San José G, Moreno M, Belzunce M, Páramo J, Fortuño A, Díez J. Tu-P7:274 Phagocytic NADPH oxidase overactivity associates with plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in subjects free of clinical atherosclerotic disease. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(06)80977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zalba G, Fortuño A, San José G, Moreno MU, Oliván S, Beloqui O, Díez J. [Oxidative stress in hypertension: from the SNPs to the clinical phenotype]. Nefrologia 2004; 24 Suppl 4:25-8. [PMID: 15279382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Facultad de Medicina, Fundación para la Investigación Médica Aplicada, Pamplona, España.
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Zalba G, San José G, Moreno MU, Díez J. [Superoxide anion in the physiopathology of vascular diseases]. Nefrologia 2003; 23 Suppl 4:13-20. [PMID: 14626809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- División de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona
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Abstract
Increased vascular reactive oxygen species production, especially superoxide anion, contributes significantly in the functional and structural alterations present in hypertension. An enhanced superoxide production causes a diminished NO bioavailability by an oxidative reaction that inactivates NO. Exaggerated superoxide levels and a low NO bioavailability lead to endothelial dysfunction and hypertrophy of vascular cells. It has been shown that the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase plays a major role as the most important source of superoxide anion in vascular cells. Several experimental observations have shown an enhanced superoxide generation as a result of the activation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase in hypertension. Although this enzyme responds to stimuli such as vasoactive factors, growth factors, and cytokines, some recent data suggest the existence of a genetic background modulating the expression of its different components. New polymorphisms have been identified in the promoter of the p22(phox) gene, an essential subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase, influencing the activity of this enzyme. Genetic investigations of these polymorphisms will provide novel markers for determination of genetic susceptibility to oxidative stress in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Zalba G, González A, Beaumont J, San José G, Moreno U, López B, Ravassa S, Muñiz P, Fortuño A, Fortuño MA, Díez J. [Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction]. Nefrologia 2001; 21 Suppl 1:61-6. [PMID: 11382102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Vascular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona
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Zalba G, Beaumont FJ, San José G, Fortuño A, Fortuño MA, Díez J. Is the balance between nitric oxide and superoxide altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats with endothelial dysfunction? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16 Suppl 1:2-5. [PMID: 11369811 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.suppl_1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in oxidant stress, i.e. excessive production of superoxide anion (O2(.-)), have been reported in different models of hypertension. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that increased O2(.-) production, more than diminished nitric oxide (NO) generation, plays a critical role in endothelial dysfunction present in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS The study was performed in 30-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. In addition, 16-week-old SHR were treated with oral irbesartan (average dose 20 mg/kg per day) for 14 weeks (SHR-I). Aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH/NADPH) oxidase activity was determined by use of chemiluminescence with lucigenin. Aortic constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity was determined by measuring the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Vascular responses to acetylcholine were determined by isometric tension studies. RESULTS Whereas systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly increased in SHR compared with WKY, no differences were observed in SBP between SHR-I and WKY. In SHR compared with WKY, we found significantly greater NADH/NADPH-driven O2(.-) production, similar cNOS-mediated NO production and an impaired vasodilation in response to acetylcholine. Treated SHR had similar NADH/NADPH oxidase activity and significantly lower cNOS activity than the WKY group. Vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was improved in SHR-I. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a diminished availability of NO secondary to an enhanced NADH/NADPH oxidase-dependent O2(.-) production may play a critical role in endothelial dysfunction of adult SHR.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/physiology
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Hypertension/drug therapy
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Irbesartan
- Isometric Contraction/drug effects
- Isometric Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Reference Values
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba G, Beaumont FJ, San José G, Fortuño A, Fortuño MA, Díez J. Is the balance between nitric oxide and superoxide altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats with endothelial dysfunction? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001. [PMID: 11369811 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.suppl-1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in oxidant stress, i.e. excessive production of superoxide anion (O2(.-)), have been reported in different models of hypertension. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that increased O2(.-) production, more than diminished nitric oxide (NO) generation, plays a critical role in endothelial dysfunction present in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS The study was performed in 30-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. In addition, 16-week-old SHR were treated with oral irbesartan (average dose 20 mg/kg per day) for 14 weeks (SHR-I). Aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH/NADPH) oxidase activity was determined by use of chemiluminescence with lucigenin. Aortic constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity was determined by measuring the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. Vascular responses to acetylcholine were determined by isometric tension studies. RESULTS Whereas systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly increased in SHR compared with WKY, no differences were observed in SBP between SHR-I and WKY. In SHR compared with WKY, we found significantly greater NADH/NADPH-driven O2(.-) production, similar cNOS-mediated NO production and an impaired vasodilation in response to acetylcholine. Treated SHR had similar NADH/NADPH oxidase activity and significantly lower cNOS activity than the WKY group. Vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was improved in SHR-I. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a diminished availability of NO secondary to an enhanced NADH/NADPH oxidase-dependent O2(.-) production may play a critical role in endothelial dysfunction of adult SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba G, San José G, Beaumont FJ, Fortuño MA, Fortuño A, Díez J. Polymorphisms and promoter overactivity of the p22(phox) gene in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circ Res 2001; 88:217-22. [PMID: 11157675 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that the p22(phox) subunit of the NADH/NADPH oxidase is overexpressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with enhanced vascular production of superoxide anion ((.)O(2)(-)). Thus, we have investigated whether changes in the sequence or activity of the promoter region of p22(phox) gene are present in SHRs. To carry out this analysis, first of all, we characterized the rat gene structure and promoter region for the p22(phox) subunit. The p22(phox) gene spans approximately 10 kb and contains 6 exons and 5 introns. Primer extension analysis indicated the transcriptional start site 100 bp upstream from the translational start site. The immediate promoter region of the p22(phox) gene does not contain a TATA box, but there are a CCAC box and putative recognition sites for nuclear factors, such as SP1, gamma-interferon, and nuclear factor-kappaB. Using reporter-gene transfection analysis, we found that this promoter was functional in VSMCs. Furthermore, we observed that p22(phox) promoter activity was significantly higher in VSMCs from SHRs than from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. In addition, we found that there were 5 polymorphisms in the sequence of p22(phox) promoter between Wistar-Kyoto rats and SHRs and that they were functional. The results obtained in this study provide a tool to explore the mechanisms that regulate the expression of p22(phox) gene in rat VSMCs. Furthermore, our findings show that changes in the sequence of p22(phox) gene promoter and in the degree of activation of VSMCs are responsible for upregulated expression of p22(phox) in SHRs.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Exons/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Genomic Library
- Introns/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Species Specificity
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Vascular Pathophysiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba G, Beaumont FJ, San José G, Fortuño A, Fortuño MA, Etayo JC, Díez J. Vascular NADH/NADPH oxidase is involved in enhanced superoxide production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2000; 35:1055-61. [PMID: 10818064 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.35.5.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that stimulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH/NADPH) oxidase is involved in increased vascular superoxide anion (*O(2)(-)) production in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The study was performed in 16-week-old and 30-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY(16) and WKY(30), respectively) and in 16-week-old and 30-week-old SHR (SHR(16) and SHR(30), respectively). In addition, 16-week-old SHR were treated with oral irbesartan (average dose 20 mg/kg per day) for 14 weeks (SHR(30)-I). Aortic NADH/NADPH oxidase activity was determined by use of chemiluminescence with lucigenin. The expression of p22phox messenger RNA was assessed by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Vascular responses to acetylcholine were determined by isometric tension studies. Aortic wall structure was studied, determining the media thickness and the cross-sectional area by morphometric analysis. Whereas systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in the 2 groups of hypertensive animals compared with their normotensive controls, no differences were observed in systolic blood pressure between SHR(30) and SHR(16). No other differences in the parameters measured were found between WKY(16) and SHR(16). In SHR(30) compared with WKY(30), we found significantly greater p22phox mRNA level, NADH/NADPH-driven *O(2)(-) production, media thickness, and cross-sectional area and an impaired vasodilation in response to acetylcholine. Treated SHR had similar NADH/NADPH oxidase activity and p22phox expression as the WKY(30) group. The vascular functional and morphological parameters were improved in SHR(30)-I. These findings suggest that an association exists between p22phox gene overexpression and NADH/NADPH overactivity in the aortas of adult SHR. Enhanced NADH/NADPH oxidase-dependent *O(2)(-) production may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and vascular hypertrophy in this genetic model of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Vascular Pathophysiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Zalba G, Beaumont J, San José G, Fortuño A, Fortuño MA, Díez J. Vascular oxidant stress: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J Physiol Biochem 2000; 56:57-64. [PMID: 10879682 DOI: 10.1007/bf03179777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The term oxidative stress refers to a situation in which cells are exposed to excessive levels of either molecular oxygen or chemical derivatives of oxygen (ie, reactive oxygen species). Three enzyme systems produce reactive oxygen species in the vascular wall: NADH/NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Among vascular reactive oxygen species superoxide anion plays a critical role in vascular biology because it is the source for many other reactive oxygen species and various vascular cell functions. It is currently thought that increases in oxidant stress, namely excessive production of superoxide anion, are involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction that accompanies a number of cardiovascular risk factors including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking. On the other hand, vascular oxidant stress plays a pivotal role in the evolution of clinical conditions such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zalba
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Vascular, Facultad de Medicina, Univ de Navarra, Pamplona
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José GS. [Clinical experience with a new enzyme preparation]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1970; 59:1307-10. [PMID: 4253912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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