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Bilic P, Christ P, Li HB, Vorontsov E, Ben-Cohen A, Kaissis G, Szeskin A, Jacobs C, Mamani GEH, Chartrand G, Lohöfer F, Holch JW, Sommer W, Hofmann F, Hostettler A, Lev-Cohain N, Drozdzal M, Amitai MM, Vivanti R, Sosna J, Ezhov I, Sekuboyina A, Navarro F, Kofler F, Paetzold JC, Shit S, Hu X, Lipková J, Rempfler M, Piraud M, Kirschke J, Wiestler B, Zhang Z, Hülsemeyer C, Beetz M, Ettlinger F, Antonelli M, Bae W, Bellver M, Bi L, Chen H, Chlebus G, Dam EB, Dou Q, Fu CW, Georgescu B, Giró-I-Nieto X, Gruen F, Han X, Heng PA, Hesser J, Moltz JH, Igel C, Isensee F, Jäger P, Jia F, Kaluva KC, Khened M, Kim I, Kim JH, Kim S, Kohl S, Konopczynski T, Kori A, Krishnamurthi G, Li F, Li H, Li J, Li X, Lowengrub J, Ma J, Maier-Hein K, Maninis KK, Meine H, Merhof D, Pai A, Perslev M, Petersen J, Pont-Tuset J, Qi J, Qi X, Rippel O, Roth K, Sarasua I, Schenk A, Shen Z, Torres J, Wachinger C, Wang C, Weninger L, Wu J, Xu D, Yang X, Yu SCH, Yuan Y, Yue M, Zhang L, Cardoso J, Bakas S, Braren R, Heinemann V, Pal C, Tang A, Kadoury S, Soler L, van Ginneken B, Greenspan H, Joskowicz L, Menze B. The Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS). Med Image Anal 2023; 84:102680. [PMID: 36481607 PMCID: PMC10631490 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2022.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the set-up and results of the Liver Tumor Segmentation Benchmark (LiTS), which was organized in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 2017 and the International Conferences on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2017 and 2018. The image dataset is diverse and contains primary and secondary tumors with varied sizes and appearances with various lesion-to-background levels (hyper-/hypo-dense), created in collaboration with seven hospitals and research institutions. Seventy-five submitted liver and liver tumor segmentation algorithms were trained on a set of 131 computed tomography (CT) volumes and were tested on 70 unseen test images acquired from different patients. We found that not a single algorithm performed best for both liver and liver tumors in the three events. The best liver segmentation algorithm achieved a Dice score of 0.963, whereas, for tumor segmentation, the best algorithms achieved Dices scores of 0.674 (ISBI 2017), 0.702 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.739 (MICCAI 2018). Retrospectively, we performed additional analysis on liver tumor detection and revealed that not all top-performing segmentation algorithms worked well for tumor detection. The best liver tumor detection method achieved a lesion-wise recall of 0.458 (ISBI 2017), 0.515 (MICCAI 2017), and 0.554 (MICCAI 2018), indicating the need for further research. LiTS remains an active benchmark and resource for research, e.g., contributing the liver-related segmentation tasks in http://medicaldecathlon.com/. In addition, both data and online evaluation are accessible via https://competitions.codalab.org/competitions/17094.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bilic
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Christ
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Bran Li
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Avi Ben-Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Georgios Kaissis
- Institute for AI in Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adi Szeskin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Colin Jacobs
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gabriel Chartrand
- The University of Montréal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabian Lohöfer
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Walter Holch
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany; Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wieland Sommer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandre Hostettler
- Department of Surgical Data Science, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), France
| | - Naama Lev-Cohain
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ivan Ezhov
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Anjany Sekuboyina
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Navarro
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kofler
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany; Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes C Paetzold
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Suprosanna Shit
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Hu
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Lipková
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Markus Rempfler
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Piraud
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Kirschke
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China
| | | | - Marcel Beetz
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michela Antonelli
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lei Bi
- School of Computer Science, the University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Grzegorz Chlebus
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik B Dam
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qi Dou
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wing Fu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xavier Giró-I-Nieto
- Signal Theory and Communications Department, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Felix Gruen
- Institute of Control Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Xu Han
- Department of computer science, UNC Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Pheng-Ann Heng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jürgen Hesser
- Mannheim Institute for Intelligent Systems in Medicine, department of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany; Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Christian Igel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Isensee
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
| | - Paul Jäger
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
| | - Fucang Jia
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Kaluva
- Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Mahendra Khened
- Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | | | - Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, South Korea
| | | | - Simon Kohl
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Konopczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Avinash Kori
- Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Ganapathy Krishnamurthi
- Medical Imaging and Reconstruction Lab, Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Fan Li
- Sensetime, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchao Li
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Philips Research China, Philips China Innovation Campus, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - John Lowengrub
- Departments of Mathematics, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Klaus Maier-Hein
- Pattern Analysis and Learning Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz Imaging, Germany
| | | | - Hans Meine
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Medical Image Computing Group, FB3, University of Bremen, Germany
| | - Dorit Merhof
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Akshay Pai
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Perslev
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Petersen
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Pont-Tuset
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jin Qi
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Oliver Rippel
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Sarasua
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schenk
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany; Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zengming Shen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Siemens Healthineers, USA
| | - Jordi Torres
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Christian Wachinger
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Chunliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
| | - Leon Weninger
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Tencent Healthcare (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, China
| | | | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, China
| | - Simon Chun-Ho Yu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yading Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Miao Yue
- CGG Services (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Singapore
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jorge Cardoso
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Spyridon Bakas
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Rickmer Braren
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany; Institute for diagnostic and interventional radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Hematology/Oncology & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, LMU Klinikum Munich, Germany
| | | | - An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Luc Soler
- Department of Surgical Data Science, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif (IRCAD), France
| | - Bram van Ginneken
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hayit Greenspan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Leo Joskowicz
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bjoern Menze
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Chartrand G, Emiliani RD, Pawlowski SA, Markel DA, Bahig H, Cengarle-Samak A, Rajakesari S, Lavoie J, Ducharme S, Roberge D. Automated Detection of Brain Metastases on T1-Weighted MRI Using a Convolutional Neural Network: Impact of Volume Aware Loss and Sampling Strategy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:1885-1898. [PMID: 35624544 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of brain metastases (BM) and segmentation for treatment planning could be optimized with machine learning methods. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are promising, but their trade-offs between sensitivity and precision frequently lead to missing small lesions. HYPOTHESIS Combining volume aware (VA) loss function and sampling strategy could improve BM detection sensitivity. STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION A total of 530 radiation oncology patients (55% women) were split into a training/validation set (433 patients/1460 BM) and an independent test set (97 patients/296 BM). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 1.5 T and 3 T, contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted fast gradient echo sequences. ASSESSMENT Ground truth masks were based on radiotherapy treatment planning contours reviewed by experts. A U-Net inspired model was trained. Three loss functions (Dice, Dice + boundary, and VA) and two sampling methods (label and VA) were compared. Results were reported with Dice scores, volumetric error, lesion detection sensitivity, and precision. A detected voxel within the ground truth constituted a true positive. STATISTICAL TESTS McNemar's exact test to compare detected lesions between models. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis to compare volume agreement between predicted and ground truth volumes. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Combining VA loss and VA sampling performed best with an overall sensitivity of 91% and precision of 81%. For BM in the 2.5-6 mm estimated sphere diameter range, VA loss reduced false negatives by 58% and VA sampling reduced it further by 30%. In the same range, the boundary loss achieved the highest precision at 81%, but a low sensitivity (24%) and a 31% Dice loss. DATA CONCLUSION Considering BM size in the loss and sampling function of CNN may increase the detection sensitivity regarding small BM. Our pipeline relying on a single contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI sequence could reach a detection sensitivity of 91%, with an average of only 0.66 false positives per scan. EVIDENCE LEVEL 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel A Markel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Houda Bahig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Selvan Rajakesari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hopital Charles Lemoyne, Greenfield Park, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Simon Ducharme
- AFX Medical Inc., Montréal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - David Roberge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Bang C, Chartrand G, Pawlowski S, Emiliani R, Markel D, Bahig H, Samak A, Rajakesari S, Lavoie J, Ducharme S, Roberge D. RADT-10. THE LOST METASTASES: DEEP LEARNING’S POTENTIAL IN RADIOSURGERY QUALITY ASSURANCE. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9660837 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Identifying, segmenting, measuring, and following multiple brain metastases treated with radiosurgery can be time consuming and error prone. Machine learning has shown promise for automated detection and segmentation. Recently, a U-Net inspired model combining volume aware loss functions and volume aware sampling methods was trained in an industrial-academic partnership. A total of 530 clinically annotated T1 gadolinium MRIs were used. Initial validation showed a high sensitivity (91%) with an average of 0.66 false positives per MRI. The goal of the present work was to characterize those “false positives” which may represent clinically undetected metastases.
METHODS
The images used for model development were clinically annotated for radiosurgery planning. Lesions had first been identified by a radiologist, second by clinicians during tumor board review, third by the treating radiation oncologist and the treating neurosurgeon (potentially after segmentation by a trainee) and finally by fellow radiation oncologists during quality assurance rounds. Despite these multiple checks, 10 patients (2%) had brain lesions considered potential clinical misses when all “false positives” were manually reviewed by a single investigator. Further detailed review including prior and subsequent imaging was used to arbitrate the nature of these lesions.
RESULTS
Among the 10 cases, four were confirmed as undetected metastases: two lesions required subsequent radiosurgery and 2 patients died prior to further imaging. The six other lesions were adjudicated as true “false positives” (typically vascular).
CONCLUSION
The multi-tier radiosurgery workflow at our institution left very few unidentified brain metastases (0.8%). Despite this low error rate, our AI algorithm still detected two lesions that required further treatment. Future investigations will focus on potential roles of AI in simplifying and accelerating our workflow. It also remains to be established if more undetected metastases would be seen in community settings where workflows include fewer sequential imaging reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmin Bang
- CHUM (Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Markel
- CHUM (Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Houda Bahig
- CHUM (Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Simon Ducharme
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - David Roberge
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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Johnson G, Vergis A, Unger B, Park J, Gillman L, Hickey K, Pace D, Azin A, Guidolin K, Lam-Tin-Cheung K, Chadi S, Quereshy F, Guidolin K, Catton J, Rubin B, Bell J, Marangos J, Heesters A, Stuart-McEwan T, Quereshy F, Shariff F, Wright F, Ahmed N, Nadler A, Hallet J, Gentles J, Chen L, Hwang H, Parapini M, Hirpara D, Sidhu R, Scott T, Karimuddin A, Guo R, Nguyen A, Osborn J, Wiseman S, Nabata K, Ertel E, Hwang H, Lenet T, Baker L, Park L, Vered M, Zahrai A, Shorr R, Davis A, McIsaac D, Tinmouth A, Fergusson D, Martel G, Nabata K, Rummel S, Stefic-Cubic M, Karimuddin A, Stewart M, Melck A, McKechnie T, Anpalagan T, Ichhpuniani S, Lee Y, Ramji K, Eskicioglu C, Zhu A, Deng S, Greene B, Tsang M, Palter V, Jayaraman S, McKechnie T, Mann A, Tittley J, Cadeddu M, Nguyen M, Madani A, Pasternak J, McKechnie T, Ramji K, Hong D, Qu L, Istl A, Tang E, Gray D, Zuckerman J, Coburn N, Callum J, McLeod R, Pearsall E, Lin Y, Turgeon A, Martel G, Hallet J, Mahar A, Kammili A, Kriviraltcheva-Kaneva P, Lee L, Cools-Lartigue J, Ferri L, Mueller C, Zuckerman J, Haas B, Tillman B, Guttman M, Chesney T, Zuk V, Mahar A, Hsu A, Chan W, Vasdev R, Coburn N, Hallet J, D'Souza K, Huynh C, Ling LCJ, Warburton R, Hwang H, Hameed M, Glass L, Williamson H, Murphy P, Tang E, Leslie K, Hawel J, Kerr L, Zablotny S, Roldan H, He W, Jiang X, Zheng B, Lee L, Fiore J, Feldman L, Fried G, Mueller C, Valanci S, Balvardi S, Cipolla J, Kaneva P, Demyttenaere S, Boutros M, Lee L, Feldman L, Fiore J, Balvardi S, Alhashemi M, Cipolla J, Lee L, Fiore J, Feldman L, Miles A, Purich K, Verhoeff K, Shapiro J, Bigam D, Kung J, Fecso A, Chesney T, Mosko J, Skubleny D, Hamilton P, Ghosh S, Widder S, Schiller D, Do U, El Kefraoui C, Pook M, Barone N, Balvardi S, Montgomery H, Nguyen-Powanda P, Rajabiyazdi F, Elhaj H, Lapointe-Gagner M, Olleik G, Kaneva P, Antoun A, Safa N, Di Lena E, Meterissian S, Meguerditchian A, Fried G, Alhashemi M, Lee F, Baldini G, Feldman L, Fiore J, Serrano Aybar PE, Parpia S, Ruo L, Tywonek K, Lee S, O'Neill C, Faisal N, Alfayyadh A, Gundayao M, Meyers BM, Habashi R, Kruse C, McKechnie T, Levin M, Aldrich K, Grantcharov T, Langerman A, Forbes H, Anantha R, Fawcett V, Hetherington A, Pravong V, Gervais M, Rakovich G, Selvam R, Hu R, Musselman R, Raiche I, Moloo H, Liu R, Elnahas A, Alkhamesi N, Hawel J, Tang E, Alnumay A, Schlachta C, Walser E, Zhang C, Cristancho S, Ott M, Lee A, Niu B, Balaa F, Gawad N, Ren K, Qiu Y, Hamann K, How N, Leveille C, Davidson A, Eqbal A, Sardiwalla Y, Korostensky M, McKechnie T, Lee E, Yang I, Ren K, Muaddi H, Stukel T, de Mestral C, Nathens A, Karanicolas P, Frigault J, Lemieux S, Breton D, Bouchard P, Bouchard A, Grégoire R, Letarte F, Bouchard G, Drolet S, Frigault J, Avoine S, Drolet S, Letarte F, Bouchard A, Gagné J, Thibault C, Grégoire R, Jutras Bouthillette N, Gosselin M, Bouchard P, Rosenzveig A, Stuleanu T, Jarrar A, Kolozsvari N, Skelhorne-Gross G, Nenshi R, Jerath A, Gomez D, Singh K, Amir T, Liu E, Farquharson S, Mao R, Lan L, Yan J, Allard-Coutu A, Mierzwa A, Tin R, Brisebois R, Bradley N, Wigen R, Walser E, Hartford L, Van Koughnett J, Vogt K, Hilsden R, Parry N, Allen L, Leslie K, Raskin R, Jones J, Neumann K, Dwyer C, Strickland M, Bradley N, O'Dochartaigh D, Lobay K, Kabaroff A, Chang E, Widder S, Anantha R, Sun W, Beck J, Anantha R, Liu R, Davidson J, Jones S, Van Hooren T, Van Koughnett J, Ott M, Schmitz E, Raiche I, Sun W, El Hafid M, Dang J, Mocanu V, Lutzak G, Sultanian R, Wong C, Karmali S, Schmitz E, Petrera M, Pickell M, Auer R, Patro N, Li B, Lee Y, Wilson H, Mocanu V, Sun W, Dang J, Jogiat U, Kung J, Switzer N, Karmali S, Wong C, Li C, Al Hinai A, Cieply A, Hawes H, Joos E, Saleh A, Li C, Saleh A, Engels P, Drung J, Allen L, Leslie K, Pang G, Kwong M, Schlachta C, Alkhamesi N, Hawel J, Elnahas A, Guidolin K, Ellsmere J, Chadi S, Quereshy F, Chang D, Hutter M, Spence R, Abou Khalil M, Boutros M, Vasilevsky C, Morin N, Longtin Y, Liberman S, Demyttenaere S, Montpetit P, Poirier M, Mukherjee K, Sebajang H, Younan R, Schwenter F, De Broux E, Larsen K, Skelhorne-Gross G, Beckett A, Nantais J, Gomez D, Lan L, Mao R, Kay J, Lohre R, Ayeni O, Goel D, de Sa D, He R, Hylton D, Bedard E, Johnson S, Laing B, Valji A, Hanna W, Turner S, Akhtar-Danesh G, Akhtar-Danesh N, Shargall Y, Akhtar-Danesh G, Akhtar-Danesh N, Shargall Y, Hirpara D, Gupta V, Kidane B, Limbachia J, Sullivan K, Farrokhyar F, Leontiadis G, Patel Y, Churchill I, Hylton D, Xie F, Seely A, Spicer J, Kidane B, Turner S, Yasufuku K, Hanna W, Jogiat U, Sun W, Dang J, Mocanu V, Kung J, Karmali S, Turner S, Switzer N, Patel Y, Churchill I, Sullivan K, Beauchamp M, Wald J, Mbuagbaw L, Agzarian J, Shargall Y, Finley C, Fahim C, Hanna W, Abbas M, Olaiya O, Begum H, Mbuagbaw L, Finley C, Hanna W, Agzarian J, Shargall Y, Ednie A, Palma D, Warner A, Malthaner R, Fortin D, Qiabi M, Nayak R, Nguyen T, Louie A, Rodrigues G, Yaremko B, Laba J, Inculet R, Alaichi J, Patel Y, Hanna W, Turner S, Mador B, Lai H, White J, Kim M, Hirpara D, 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M, Selvam R, Moloo H, MacRae H, Alam F, Raiche I, Holland J, Cwintal M, Rigas G, Vasilevsky C, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Pang A, Boutros M, Holland J, Moon J, Marinescu D, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Pang A, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Brown C, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang P, Ghuman A, Li M, Muncner S, Mihajlovic I, Dykstra M, Snelgrove R, Wang H, Monton O, Smith A, Moon J, Demian M, Garfinkle R, Vasilevsky C, Rajabiyazdi F, Boutros M, AlAamer O, AlSelaim N, AlMalki M, Al-Osail A, Ruxton R, Manuel P, Mohamed F, Motamedi MK, Serahati S, Rajendran L, Brown C, Raval M, Karimuddin A, Ghuman A, Phang T, Caminsky N, Moon J, Rajabiyazdi F, Chadi S, Alavi K, Paquette I, MacLean T, Wexner S, Liberman S, Steele S, Park J, Patel S, Bordeianou L, Auer R, Sylla P, Morin N, Ghuman A, Boutros M, Bayat Z, Kennedy E, Victor C, Govindarajan A, Liang J, Vasilevsky C, Pang A, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Morin N, Boutros M, Marinescu D, Roy H, Baig Z, Karimmudin A, Raval M, Brown C, Phang T, Gill D, Ginther N, Moon J, Marinescu D, Pang A, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Moon J, Pang A, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Salama E, Alrashid F, Vasilevsky C, Ghitulescu G, Faria J, Morin N, Boutros M, Wiseman V, Zhang L, MacDonald P, Merchant SM, Wattie Barnett K, Caycedo-Marulanda A, Patel SV, Harra Z, Vasilevsky C, Ghitulescu G, Morin N, Boutros M, Pang A, Hegagi M, Alqahtani M, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Alghaithi N, Marinescu D, Al-Masrouri S, Pang A, Vasilevsky C, Boutros M, Papillon E, Kasteel N, Kaur G, Bindra S, Malhotra A, Graham C, MacLean A, Beck P, Jijon H, Ferraz J, Buie W, Szwimer R, Moon J, Demian M, Pang A, Morin N, Vasilevsky C, Rajabiyazdi F, Boutros M, Azin A, Merchant S, Kong W, Gyawali B, Hanna T, Chung W, Nanji S, Patel S, Booth C, Li V, Awan A, Serrano P, Jacobson M, Chanco M, Wen V, Singh N, Peiris L, Pasieka J, Ghatage P, Buie D, MacLean T, Bouchard-Fortier A, Mack L, Marini W, Zheng W, Swallow C, 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Jayaraman S, Wei A, Mahar A, Kaliwal Y, Martel G, Coburn N, Hallet J, Henault D, Barrette B, Pelletier S, Thebault P, Beaudry-Simoneau E, Rong Z, Plasse M, Dagenais ARM, Létourneau R, Lapointe R, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, Nguyen B, Soucy G, Turcotte S, Lemke M, Waugh E, Leslie K, Quan D, Skaro A, Tang E, Lund M, Allen L, Glinka J, Jada G, Quan D, Skaro A, Tang E, Park L, Daza J, Li V, Msallak H, Zhang B, Workneh A, Faisal S, Faisal R, Fabbro M, Gu C, Claassen M, Zuk V, Hallet J, Martel G, Sapisochin G, Serrano P, Glinka J, Skaro A, Leslie K, Jada G, Quan D, Tang E, Waugh E, Lemke M, Glinka J, Skaro A, Leslie K, Tang E, Waugh E, Breadner D, Liu R, Tang E, Allen L, Welch S, Skaro A, Leslie K, Glinka J, Waugh E, Tang E, Jada G, Quan D, Skaro A, Webb A, Lester E, Shapiro A, Eurich D, Bigam D, Essaji Y, Shrader H, Nayyar A, Suraju M, Williams-Perez S, Ear P, Chan C, Smith V, Rivers-Bowerman M, Costa A, Stueck A, Campbell N, Allen S, Gala-Lopez B, Gilbert R, Lenet T, Cleary S, Smoot R, Tzeng C, Rocha F, Martel G, Bertens K, Mir Z, Golding H, McKeown S, Nanji S, Flemming J, Groome P, Mir Z, Djerboua M, Nanji S, Flemming J, Groome P, Elbekri S, Turcotte S, Girard E, Morency-Potvin P, Lapointe R, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, Dagenais M, Roy A, Letourneau R, Plasse M, Simoneau E, Rong Z, Zuker N, Oakley M, Chartrand G, Misheva B, Bendavid Y, Frigault J, Lemieux S, Breton D, Bouchard G, Drolet S, Melland-Smith M, Smith L, Tan J, Kahn U, McLean C, Mocanu V, Birch D, Karmali S, Switzer N, Fortin M, Paré X, Doyon A, Keshavjee S, Schwenger K, Yadav J, Fischer S, Jackson T, Allard J, Okrainec A, Lee Y, Anvari S, Chu M, Lovrics O, Aditya I, Malhan R, Khondker A, Walsh M, Doumouras A, Hong D, He W, Vergis A, Hardy K, Romanescu R, Deaninck F, Linton J, Fowler-Woods M, Fowler-Woods A, Shingoose G, Vergis A, Hardy K, Zmudzinski M, Cloutier Z, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Archer V, Doumouras A, Shiroky J, Abu Halimah J, Ramji K, Boudreau V, Mierzwa A, Mocanu V, Marcil G, Dang J, Switzer N, Birch D, Karmali S, Mierzwa A, Jarrar A, Hardy-Henry A, Kolozsvari N, Lin W, Hagen J, Connell M, Sun W, Dang J, Mocanu V, Kung J, Switzer N, Birch D, Karmali S. 2021 Canadian Surgery Forum01. Design and validation of a unique endoscopy simulator using a commercial video game03. Is ethnicity an appropriate measure of health care marginalization?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the outcomes of diabetic foot ulceration in the Aboriginal population04. Racial disparities in surgery — a cross-specialty matched comparison between black and white patients05. Starting late does not increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing common general surgical procedures06. Ethical decision-making during a health care crisis: a resource allocation framework and tool07. Ensuring stability in surgical training program leadership: a survey of program directors08. Introducing oncoplastic breast surgery in a community hospital09. Leadership development programs for surgical residents: a review of the literature10. Superiority of non-opioid postoperative pain management after thyroid and parathyroid operations: a systematic review and meta-analysis11. Timing of ERCP relative to cholecystectomy in patients with ductal gallstone disease12. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing intraoperative red blood cell transfusion strategies13. Postoperative outcomes after frail elderly preoperative assessment clinic: a single-institution Canadian perspective14. Selective opioid antagonists following bowel resection for prevention of postoperative ileus: a systematic review and meta-analysis15. Peer-to-peer coaching after bile duct injury16. Laparoscopic median arcuate ligament release: a video abstract17. Retroperitoneoscopic approach to adrenalectomy19. Endoscopic Zenker diverticulotomy: a video abstract20. Variability in surgeons’ perioperative management of pheochromocytomas in Canada21. The contribution of surgeon and hospital variation in transfusion practice to outcomes for patients undergoing elective gastrointestinal cancer surgery: a population-based analysis22. Perioperative transfusions for gastroesophageal cancers: risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes23. The association between frailty and time alive and at home after cancer surgery among older adults: a population-based analysis24. Psychological and workplace-related effects of providing surgical care during the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada25. Safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a systematic review26. Complications and reintervention following laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis27. Synchronization of pupil dilations correlates with team performance in a simulated laparoscopic team coordination task28. Receptivity to and desired design features of a surgical peer coaching program: an international survey9. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of emergency department utilization due to general surgery conditions30. The impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the exposure of general surgery trainees to operative procedures31. Association between academic degrees and research productivity: an assessment of academic general surgeons in Canada32. Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) for subepithelial gastric lesion: a video presentation33. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute care general surgery at an academic Canadian centre34. Opioid-free analgesia after outpatient general surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial35. Impact of neoadjuvant immunotherapy or targeted therapies on surgical resection in patients with solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis37. Surgical data recording in the operating room: a systematic review of modalities and metrics38. Association between nonaccidental trauma and neighbourhood socioeconomic status during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective analysis39. Laparoscopic repair of a transdiaphragmatic gastropleural fistula40. Video-based interviewing in medicine: a scoping review41. Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for prevention of anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery: a cost analysis from the hospital payer’s perspective43. Perception or reality: surgical resident and faculty assessments of resident workload compared with objective data45. When illness and loss hit close to home: Do health care providers learn how to cope?46. Remote video-based suturing education with smartphones (REVISE): a randomized controlled trial47. The evolving use of robotic surgery: a population-based analysis48. Prophylactic retromuscular mesh placement for parastomal hernia prevention: a retrospective cohort study of permanent colostomies and ileostomies49. Intracorporeal versus extracorporeal anastomosis in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: a retrospective cohort study on anastomotic complications50. A lay of the land — a description of Canadian academic acute care surgery models51. Emergency general surgery in Ontario: interhospital variability in structures, processes and models of care52. Trauma 101: a virtual case-based trauma conference as an adjunct to medical education53. Assessment of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator for predicting patient-centred outcomes of emergency general surgery patients in a Canadian health care system54. Sustainability of a narcotic reduction initiative: 1 year following the Standardization of Outpatient Procedure (STOP) Narcotics Study55. Barriers to transanal endoscopic microsurgery referral56. Geospatial analysis of severely injured rural patients in a geographically complex landscape57. Implementation of an incentive spirometry protocol in a trauma ward: a single-centre pilot study58. Impostor phenomenon is a significant risk factor for burnout and anxiety in Canadian resident physicians: a cross-sectional survey59. Understanding the influence of perioperative education on performance among surgical trainees: a single-centre experience60. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on current and future endoscopic personal protective equipment practices: a national survey of 77 endoscopists61. Case report: delayed presentation of perforated sigmoid diverticulitis as necrotizing infection of the lower limb62. Investigating disparities in surgical outcomes in Canadian Indigenous populations63. Fundoplication is superior to medical therapy for Barrett esophagus disease regression and progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis64. Development of a novel online general surgery learning platform and a qualitative preimplementation analysis65. Hagfish slime exudate as a potential novel hemostatic agent: developing a standardized assessment protocol66. The effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical oncology case volumes and wait times67. Safety of same-day discharge in high-risk patients undergoing ambulatory general surgery68. External validation of the Codman score in colorectal surgery: a pragmatic tool to drive quality improvement69. Improved morbidity and gastrointestinal restoration rates without compromising survival rates for diverting loop ileostomy with colonic lavage versus total abdominal colectomy for fulminant Clostridioides difficile colitis: a multicentre retrospective cohort study70. Potential access to emergency general surgical care in Ontario71. Immersive virtual reality (iVR) improves procedural duration, task completion and accuracy in surgical trainees: a systematic review01. Clinical validation of the Canada Lymph Node Score for endobronchial ultrasound02. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated esophageal cancer patients: a provincial population-based study03. Venous thromboembolism in surgically treated lung cancer patients: a population-based study04. Is frailty associated with failure to rescue after esophagectomy? A multi-institutional comparative analysis of outcomes05. Routine systematic sampling versus targeted sampling of lymph nodes during endobronchial ultrasound: a feasibility randomized controlled trial06. Gastric ischemic conditioning reduces anastomotic complications in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis07. Move For Surgery, a novel preconditioning program to optimize health before thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial08. In case of emergency, go to your nearest emergency department — Or maybe not?09. Does preoperative SABR increase the risk of complications from lung cancer resection? A secondary analysis of the MISSILE trial10. Segmental resection for lung cancer: the added value of near-infrared fluorescence mapping diminishes with surgeon experience11. Toward competency-based continuing professional development for practising surgeons12. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus surgery in older adults with NSCLC — a population-based, matched analysis of long-term dependency outcomes13. Role of adjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and curative esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Evaluation of population characteristics on the incidence of thoracic empyema: an ecological study15. Determining the optimal stiffness colour threshold and stiffness area ratio cut-off for mediastinal lymph node staging using EBUS elastography and AI: a pilot study16. Quality assurance on the use of sequential compression stockings in thoracic surgery (QUESTs)17. The relationship between fissureless technique and prolonged air leak for patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy18. CXCR2 inhibition as a candidate for immunomodulation in the treatment of K-RAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma19. Assessment tools for evaluating competency in video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: a systematic review20. Understanding the current practice on chest tube management following lung resection among thoracic surgeons across Canada21. Effect of routine jejunostomy tube insertion in esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis22. Recurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax following bullectomy with pleurodesis or pleurectomy: a retrospective analysis23. Surgical outcomes following chest wall resection and reconstruction24. Outcomes following surgical management of primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumours25. Does robotic approach offer better nodal staging than thoracoscopic approach in anatomical resection for non–small cell lung cancer? A single-centre propensity matching analysis26. Competency assessment for mediastinal mass resection and thymectomy: design and Delphi process27. The contemporary significance of venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolus [PE]) in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a prospective, multicentre cohort study to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of VTE after major esophageal resections28. Esophageal cancer: symptom severity at the end of life29. The impact of pulmonary artery reconstruction on postoperative and oncologic outcomes: a systematic review30. Association with surgical technique and recurrence after laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernia: a single-centre experience31. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in esophagectomy32. Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer: trends in surgical approach and early mortality at a single institution over the past 18 years34. Adverse events and length of stay following minimally invasive surgery in paraesophageal hernia repair35. Long-term symptom control comparison of Dor and Nissen fundoplication following laparoscopic para-esophageal hernia repair: a retrospective analysis36. Willingness to pay: a survey of Canadian patients’ willingness to contribute to the cost of robotic thoracic surgery37. Radiomics in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma: a prediction tool for tumour immune microenvironments38. Effectiveness of intraoperative pyloric botox injection during esophagectomy: how often is endoscopic intervention required?39. An artificial intelligence algorithm for predicting lymph node malignancy during endobronchial ultrasound40. The effect of major and minor complications after lung surgery on length of stay and readmission41. Measuring cost of adverse events following thoracic surgery: a scoping review42. Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair: characterization by hospital and surgeon volume and impact on outcomes43. NSQIP 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index predicts morbidity but not mortality after esophagectomy44. Trajectory of perioperative HRQOL and association with postoperative complications in thoracic surgery patients45. Variation in treatment patterns and outcomes for resected esophageal cancer at designated thoracic surgery centres46. Patient-reported pretreatment health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts short-term survival in esophageal cancer patients47. Analgesic efficacy of surgeon-placed paravertebral catheters compared with thoracic epidural analgesia after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy: a retrospective noninferiority study48. Rapid return to normal oxygenation after lung surgery49. Examination of local and systemic inflammatory changes during lung surgery01. Implications of near-infrared imaging and indocyanine green on anastomotic leaks following colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis02. Repeat preoperative endoscopy after regional implementation of electronic synoptic endoscopy reporting: a retrospective comparative study03. Consensus-derived quality indicators for operative reporting in transanal endoscopic surgery (TES)04. Colorectal lesion localization practices at endoscopy to facilitate surgical and endoscopic planning: recommendations from a national consensus Delphi process05. Black race is associated with increased mortality in colon cancer — a population-based and propensity-score matched analysis06. Improved survival in a cohort of patients 75 years and over with FIT-detected colorectal neoplasms07. Laparoscopic versus open loop ileostomy reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis08. Posterior mesorectal thickness as a predictor of increased operative time in rectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study09. Improvement of colonic anastomotic healing in mice with oral supplementation of oligosaccharides10. How can we better identify patients with rectal bleeding who are at high risk of colorectal cancer?11. Assessment of long-term bowel dysfunction in rectal cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study12. Observational versus antibiotic therapy for acute uncomplicated diverticulitis: a noninferiority meta-analysis based on a Delphi consensus13. Radiotherapy alone versus chemoradiotherapy for stage I anal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis14. Is the Hartmann procedure for diverticulitis obsolete? National trends in colectomy for diverticulitis in the emergency setting from 1993 to 201515. Sugammadex in colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis16. Sexuality and rectal cancer treatment: a qualitative study exploring patients’ information needs and expectations on sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment17. Video-based interviews in selection process18. Impact of delaying colonoscopies during the COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer detection and prevention19. Opioid use disorder associated with increased anastomotic leak and major complications after colorectal surgery20. Effectiveness of a rectal cancer education video on patient expectations21. Robotic-assisted rectosigmoid and rectal cancer resection: implementation and early experience at a Canadian tertiary centre22. An online educational app for rectal cancer survivors with low anterior resection syndrome: a pilot study23. The effects of surgeon specialization on the outcome of emergency colorectal surgery24. Outcomes after colorectal cancer resections in octogenarians and older in a regional New Zealand setting — What are the predictors of mortality?25. Long-term outcomes after seton placement for perianal fistulae with and without Crohn disease26. A survey of patient and surgeon preference for early ileostomy closure following restorative proctectomy for rectal cancer — Why aren’t we doing it?27. Crohn disease independently associated with longer hospital admission after surgery28. Short-stay (≤ 1 d) diverting loop ileostomy closure can be selectively implemented without an increase in readmission and complication rates: an ACS-NSQIP analysis29. A comparison of perineal stapled rectal prolapse resection and the Altemeier procedure at 2 Canadian academic hospitals30. Mental health and substance use disorders predict 90-day readmission and postoperative complications following rectal cancer surgery31. Early discharge after colorectal cancer resection: trends and impact on patient outcomes32. Oral antibiotics without mechanical bowel preparation prior to emergency colectomy reduces the risk of organ space surgical site infections: a NSQIP propensity score matched study33. The impact of robotic surgery on a tertiary care colorectal surgery program, an assessment of costs and short-term outcomes — a Canadian perspective34. Should we scope beyond the age limit of guidelines? Adenoma detection rates and outcomes of screening and surveillance colonoscopies in patients aged 75–79 years35. Emergency department admissions for uncomplicated diverticulitis: a nationwide study36. Obesity is associated with a complicated episode of acute diverticulitis: a nationwide study37. Green indocyanine angiography for low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer: a prospective before-and-after study38. The impact of age on surgical recurrence of fibrostenotic ileocolic Crohn disease39. A qualitative study to explore the optimal timing and approach for the LARS discussion01. Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diagnosis, treatment and survival of patients with breast cancer: a SEER-based population analysis02. First-line palliative chemotherapy for esophageal and gastric cancer: practice patterns and outcomes in the general population03. Frailty as a predictor for postoperative outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy04. Synoptic electronic operative reports identify practice variation in cancer surgery allowing for directed interventions to decrease variation05. The role of Hedgehog signalling in basal-like breast cancer07. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes in oncoplastic breast conservation surgery from a single surgeon’s practice in a busy community hospital in Canada08. Upgrade rate of atypical ductal hyperplasia: 10 years of experience and predictive factors09. Time to first adjuvant treatment after oncoplastic breast reduction10. Preparing to survive: improving outcomes for young women with breast cancer11. Opioid prescription and consumption in patients undergoing outpatient breast surgery — baseline data for a quality improvement initiative12. Rectal anastomosis and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Should we avoid diverting loop ileostomy?13. Delays in operative management of early-stage, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic — a multi-institutional matched historical cohort study14. Opioid prescribing practices in breast oncologic surgery15. Oncoplastic breast reduction (OBR) complications and patient-reported outcomes16. De-escalating breast cancer surgery: Should we apply quality indicators from other jurisdictions in Canada?17. The breast cancer patient experience of telemedicine during COVID-1918. A novel ex vivo human peritoneal model to investigate mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis in gastric adenocarcinoma (GCa)19. Preliminary uptake and outcomes utilizing the BREAST-Q patient-reported outcomes questionnaire in patients following breast cancer surgery20. Routine elastin staining improves detection of venous invasion and enhances prognostication in resected colorectal cancer21. Analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds: a new frontier in colon cancer screening and surveillance22. A clinical pathway for radical cystectomy leads to a shorter hospital stay and decreases 30-day postoperative complications: a NSQIP analysis23. Fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients: a population-based study24. Investigating factors associated with postmastectomy unplanned emergency department visits: a population-based analysis25. Impact of patient, tumour and treatment factors on psychosocial outcomes after treatment in women with invasive breast cancer26. The relationship between breast and axillary pathologic complete response in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer01. The association between bacterobilia and the risk of postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy02. Surgical outcome and quality of life following exercise-based prehabilitation for hepatobiliary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis03. Does intraoperative frozen section and revision of margins lead to improved survival in patients undergoing resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis04. Prolonged kidney procurement time is associated with worse graft survival after transplantation05. Venous thromboembolism following hepatectomy for colorectal metastases: a population-based retrospective cohort study06. Association between resection approach and transfusion exposure in liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer07. The association between surgeon volume and use of laparoscopic liver resection for gastrointestinal cancer08. Immune suppression through TIGIT in colorectal cancer liver metastases09. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” — a combined strategy to reduce postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy10. Laparoscopic versus open synchronous colorectal and hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer11. Identifying prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with recurrent disease following liver resection for colorectal cancer metastasis12. Modified Blumgart pancreatojejunostomy with external stenting in laparoscopic Whipple reconstruction13. Laparoscopic versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy: a single centre’s initial experience with introduction of a novel surgical approach14. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus upfront surgery for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a single-centre cohort analysis15. Thermal ablation and telemedicine to reduce resource utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic16. Cost-utility analysis of normothermic machine perfusion compared with static cold storage in liver transplantation in the Canadian setting17. Impact of adjuvant therapy on overall survival in early-stage ampullary cancers: a single-centre retrospective review18. Presence of biliary anaerobes enhances response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma19. How does tumour viability influence the predictive capability of the Metroticket model? Comparing predicted-to-observed 5-year survival after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma20. Does caudate resection improve outcomes in patients undergoing curative resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis21. Appraisal of multivariable prognostic models for postoperative liver decompensation following partial hepatectomy: a systematic review22. Predictors of postoperative liver decompensation events following resection in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a population-based study23. Characteristics of bacteriobilia and impact on outcomes after Whipple procedure01. Inverting the y-axis: the future of MIS abdominal wall reconstruction is upside down02. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum: a single-centre retrospective study03. The role of radiologic classification of parastomal hernia as a predictor of the need for surgical hernia repair: a retrospective cohort study04. Comparison of 2 fascial defect closure methods for laparoscopic incisional hernia repair01. Hypoalbuminemia predicts serious complications following elective bariatric surgery02. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band migration inducing jejunal obstruction associated with acute pancreatitis: aurgical approach of band removal03. Can visceral adipose tissue gene expression determine metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery?04. Improvement of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease and severe obesity after bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis05. A prediction model for delayed discharge following gastric bypass surgery06. Experiences and outcomes of Indigenous patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a mixed-methods scoping review07. What is the optimal common channel length in revisional bariatric surgery?08. Laparoscopic management of internal hernia in a 34-week pregnant woman09. Characterizing timing of postoperative complications following elective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy10. Canadian trends in bariatric surgery11. Common surgical stapler problems and how to correct them12. Management of choledocholithiasis following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Surg 2021; 64:S80-S159. [PMID: 35483046 PMCID: PMC8677574 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.021321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Johnson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Unger
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Park
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - L Gillman
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - K Hickey
- From Memorial University, St. John's, Nfld
| | - D Pace
- From Memorial University, St. John's, Nfld
| | - A Azin
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - S Chadi
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - J Catton
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Rubin
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Bell
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | | | | | - F Shariff
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - F Wright
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - N Ahmed
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Nadler
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Gentles
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Chen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - H Hwang
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Parapini
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - R Sidhu
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - T Scott
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - R Guo
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Nguyen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Osborn
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - S Wiseman
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - K Nabata
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E Ertel
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - H Hwang
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - T Lenet
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - L Baker
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - L Park
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Vered
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Zahrai
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Shorr
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Davis
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - D Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | - G Martel
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - K Nabata
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - S Rummel
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - A Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Stewart
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Melck
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | | | | | - Y Lee
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Ramji
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - A Zhu
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Deng
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Greene
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Tsang
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - V Palter
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Jayaraman
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - A Mann
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Tittley
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Cadeddu
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Nguyen
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Madani
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - K Ramji
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - D Hong
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - L Qu
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Istl
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md
| | - E Tang
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - D Gray
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - N Coburn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Callum
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - R McLeod
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - Y Lin
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - G Martel
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Mahar
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Kammili
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - L Lee
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - L Ferri
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - C Mueller
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - B Haas
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | | | - V Zuk
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Mahar
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Hsu
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - R Vasdev
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ont
| | - N Coburn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K D'Souza
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Huynh
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - R Warburton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - H Hwang
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Hameed
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Glass
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - P Murphy
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - E Tang
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - J Hawel
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - L Kerr
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont
| | - S Zablotny
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont
| | - H Roldan
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ont
| | - W He
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - X Jiang
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nfld
| | - B Zheng
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - L Lee
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Fiore
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - G Fried
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - C Mueller
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Valanci
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Cipolla
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Lee
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Fiore
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - J Cipolla
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Lee
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Fiore
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Miles
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Purich
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Shapiro
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Bigam
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Fecso
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Chesney
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Mosko
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Skubleny
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - P Hamilton
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Ghosh
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Widder
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Schiller
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - U Do
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Pook
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Barone
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | | | | | - H Elhaj
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - G Olleik
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - A Antoun
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Safa
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | | | - G Fried
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - M Alhashemi
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - F Lee
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - G Baldini
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - J Fiore
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - S Parpia
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - L Ruo
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S Lee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - N Faisal
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Alfayyadh
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - C Kruse
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - M Levin
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Aldrich
- Center for Medical Interoperability, Nashville, Tenn
| | - T Grantcharov
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Langerman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - H Forbes
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Anantha
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Fawcett
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - V Pravong
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Gervais
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - G Rakovich
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - R Selvam
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Hu
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - I Raiche
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Liu
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Elnahas
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - N Alkhamesi
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - J Hawel
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - A Alnumay
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - C Schlachta
- Western University, Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - E Walser
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - C Zhang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - M Ott
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Lee
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - B Niu
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - F Balaa
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - N Gawad
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - K Ren
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Qiu
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Hamann
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - N How
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - A Eqbal
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | | | - E Lee
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - I Yang
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Ren
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Muaddi
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Stukel
- ICES, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C de Mestral
- St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Nathens
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P Karanicolas
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Frigault
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Lemieux
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - D Breton
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - P Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - A Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - R Grégoire
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - F Letarte
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - G Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Drolet
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - J Frigault
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Avoine
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Drolet
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - F Letarte
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - A Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - J Gagné
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - C Thibault
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - R Grégoire
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | | | - M Gosselin
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - P Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | | | - T Stuleanu
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Jarrar
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - R Nenshi
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Jerath
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Gomez
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Singh
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Amir
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - E Liu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - R Mao
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - L Lan
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Yan
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - A Mierzwa
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Tin
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Brisebois
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Bradley
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Wigen
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Walser
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | | | - K Vogt
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - R Hilsden
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - N Parry
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - L Allen
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - R Raskin
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - J Jones
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - K Neumann
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - C Dwyer
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - N Bradley
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - K Lobay
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - E Chang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Widder
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Anantha
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - W Sun
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Beck
- Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Anantha
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Liu
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - S Jones
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | | | - M Ott
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Schmitz
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - I Raiche
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - W Sun
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - J Dang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - G Lutzak
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - C Wong
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Schmitz
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Petrera
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Pickell
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Auer
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - N Patro
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - B Li
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Lee
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Wilson
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - W Sun
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Dang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - U Jogiat
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C Wong
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C Li
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - A Cieply
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - H Hawes
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E Joos
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Saleh
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C Li
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Saleh
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - P Engels
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Drung
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - L Allen
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - G Pang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - M Kwong
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | | | - J Hawel
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Elnahas
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | | | - S Chadi
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - D Chang
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass
| | - M Hutter
- Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass
| | - R Spence
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | | | - M Boutros
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - Y Longtin
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - S Liberman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - M Poirier
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - H Sebajang
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - R Younan
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - F Schwenter
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - E De Broux
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - K Larsen
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - J Nantais
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Gomez
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Lan
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - R Mao
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Kay
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - R Lohre
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - O Ayeni
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - D Goel
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - D de Sa
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - R He
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Hylton
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - E Bedard
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Johnson
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - B Laing
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Valji
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - S Turner
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - V Gupta
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | | | | | | | - Y Patel
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - D Hylton
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - F Xie
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Spicer
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Turner
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - W Hanna
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - U Jogiat
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - W Sun
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Dang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Turner
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Y Patel
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - I Churchill
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Sullivan
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Beauchamp
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Wald
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - L Mbuagbaw
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Agzarian
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Shargall
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Finley
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Fahim
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Abbas
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - O Olaiya
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Begum
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - C Finley
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - A Ednie
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - D Palma
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | | | | | - M Qiabi
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - R Nayak
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - A Louie
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
| | | | | | - J Laba
- Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - J Alaichi
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Patel
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Turner
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - B Mador
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - H Lai
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J White
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - M Kim
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Louie
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - V Zuk
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - G Darling
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - T Chesney
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - N Coburn
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - Y Lee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - M Lee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Thiru
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - C Finley
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - O Levine
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - R Nayak
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - S Brogly
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - W Li
- ICES Queen's, Kingston, Ont
| | | | | | - N Mistry
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Gatti
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - Y Patel
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Abdul
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Anestee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - A Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - D Maziak
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Razzak
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Ashrafi
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | | | - S Stone
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - T Bong
- Fraser Health Authority, B.C
| | - R Bond
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Hafizi
- Surrey Thoracic Surgery Group, Surrey, B.C
| | - M De Meo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - R Rayes
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - S Milette
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - M Vagai
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - M Usatii
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | - B Giannias
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - F Bourdeau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - V Sangwan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - N Bertos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - C Moraes
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Huang
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - D Quail
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - L Walsh
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Camilleri-Broet
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - P Fiset
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - J Cools-Lartigue
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - L Ferri
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - J Spicer
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - A Kammili
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - E Bilgic
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - S Najmeh
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - C Mueller
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
| | - L Esther
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Begum
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Finley
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - Y Lee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Lu
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Malhan
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - C Finley
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S Brophy
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - K Brennan
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - D French
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - V Resende
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - O Solaja
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - D Maziak
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Seely
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - D Sisson
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Donahoe
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P Bedard
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Hansen
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M De Perrot
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - A Simone
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Begum
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S Turner
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Huang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y
| | - H Lai
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Bedard
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - S Murthy
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Lin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | | | | | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Li
- Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - E Lau
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - W Hanna
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Finley
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | | | - V Gupta
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - L Davis
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - B Kidane
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - G Darling
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - N Coburn
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Huynh
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - L Ferri
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Najmeh
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - C Sirois
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - D Mulder
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Spicer
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - D Nguyen
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Anstee
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Delic
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - S Gilbert
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - D Maziak
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - A Seely
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - D Sisson
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - D Low
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Wash
| | | | - S Turner
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - M Humer
- From the University of British Columbia, Kelowna, B.C
| | - S Abdul
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - D Nguyen
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Al Rawahi
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Anstee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Delic
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - D Maziak
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | | | - C Anstee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Delic
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - D Maziak
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Y Patel
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Kay
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - I Churchill
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Sullivan
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Shargall
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - B Shayegan
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Adili
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - C Huynh
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - F Maleki
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - K Ovens
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Gold
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Sorin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - R Falutz
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - R Rayes
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Spicer
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Hunka
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - R Kennedy
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - R Bigsby
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - S Bharadwaj
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - S Gowing
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | | | - A Gatti
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - D Hylton
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - Y Patel
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Finley
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Begum
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Pearce
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - W Hanna
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - D Jones
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Anstee
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - S Kumar
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - A Simone
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - K Thavorn
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Seely
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - V Gupta
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - A Mohammed
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Uddin
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Jones
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Behzadi
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Brar
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Qu
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - M Qiabi
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - R Nayak
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - E Peters
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Buduhan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - L Tan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Liu
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Srinathan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Kidane
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - V Gupta
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Levy
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Mahar
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | | | | | - N Coburn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Robinson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - L Bednarek
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Buduhan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Liu
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - L Tan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Srinathan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Kidane
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - H Wang
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - D French
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | | | - K Graham
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Enns
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Buduhan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Srinathan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Liu
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Tan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Kidane
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | - E Poole
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - C Pascoe
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - T Karakach
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Buduhan
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - L Tan
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | - A Halayko
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Kidane
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - K Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - B Fang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Dang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - G Johnson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - H Singh
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Park
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - O Hershorn
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Hochman
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Helewa
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Johnson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Robertson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Johnson
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - H Singh
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Park
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Helewa
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Azin
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Cahill
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - M Lipson
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A Afzal
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A Maclean
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - C Wong
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Roen
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - W Buie
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | | | - M Chu
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Y Lee
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - N Amin
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - D Hong
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - K Ramji
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Kruse
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - H Jaffer
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - N Amin
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - D Hong
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - R Hajjar
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Oliero
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - T Cuisiniere
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - G Fragoso
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - A Calvé
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - S Djediai
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - B Annabi
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - C Richard
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Santos
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - K Purich
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Y Zhou
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Dodd
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - B Ring
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Y Yuan
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J White
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | | | | | - N Morin
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - M Boutros
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - E Salama
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - G Talwar
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - R Daniel
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - O Levine
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - A Chen
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Patel
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - Y Lee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - D Hong
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | | | | | - J Moon
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - M Demian
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - R Selvam
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H MacRae
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - F Alam
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - I Raiche
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Holland
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Cwintal
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - G Rigas
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Holland
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Moon
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - C Brown
- From St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - M Raval
- From St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C
| | - P Phang
- From St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Ghuman
- From St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Li
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Muncner
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - M Dykstra
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - H Wang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - O Monton
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Smith
- Western University, London, Ont
| | - J Moon
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Demian
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | | | | | - O AlAamer
- From King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - N AlSelaim
- From King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M AlMalki
- From King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al-Osail
- From King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Ruxton
- From Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - P Manuel
- From Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | - F Mohamed
- From Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand
| | | | - S Serahati
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
| | | | - C Brown
- Providence Health Care, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Raval
- Providence Health Care, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - A Ghuman
- Providence Health Care, Vancouver, B.C
| | - T Phang
- Providence Health Care, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | - J Moon
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - S Chadi
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Alavi
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass
| | - I Paquette
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - T MacLean
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Wexner
- Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, Fla
| | | | - S Steele
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Park
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - S Patel
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - R Auer
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - P Sylla
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y
| | - N Morin
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Ghuman
- McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - Z Bayat
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - E Kennedy
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Victor
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - J Liang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - H Roy
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - Z Baig
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | | | - M Raval
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Brown
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - T Phang
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - D Gill
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - N Ginther
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - J Moon
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Moon
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - J Faria
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - E Salama
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | | | - J Faria
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - V Wiseman
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - L Zhang
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | | | | | | | - S V Patel
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - Z Harra
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Hegagi
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | | | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - N Kasteel
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - G Kaur
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Bindra
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A Malhotra
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - C Graham
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A MacLean
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - P Beck
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - H Jijon
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Ferraz
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - W Buie
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - R Szwimer
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Moon
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - M Demian
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Pang
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - M Boutros
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - A Azin
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - W Kong
- Queen's Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - T Hanna
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - W Chung
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Nanji
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Patel
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - C Booth
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - V Li
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Awan
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - P Serrano
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Jacobson
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - M Chanco
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - V Wen
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - N Singh
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - L Peiris
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Pasieka
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - P Ghatage
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - D Buie
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - T MacLean
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - L Mack
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - W Marini
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - W Zheng
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Swallow
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Reedijk
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - L Peiris
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - L Delmar
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Gagnon
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que
| | | | | | | | | | | | - S Mysuria
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Bazzarelli
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Pao
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Chen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Zhang
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E McKevitt
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - R Warburton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - U Kuusk
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - N Van Laeken
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E Bovill
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - K Isaac
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Dingee
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | | | | | - L Barbera
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Y Efegoma
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - D Howell
- Princess Margaret Research Institute, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - A Scheer
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Simmons
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | | | | | - Y Xu
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - M Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A Alqaydi
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - J la
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - G Digby
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - V Pravong
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - L Sidéris
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - P Dubé
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | | | - S Fortin
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Auclair
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - B Trilling
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - J Tremblay
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Que
| | - É Di Lena
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - B Hopkins
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Wong
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - É Di Lena
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - N Barone
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - B Hopkins
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - S Dumitra
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - J Fiore
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - S Mysuria
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E McKevitt
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - R Warburton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Chen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Bazzarelli
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Pao
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E Bovill
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Zhang
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - U Kuusk
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - K Isaac
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - N Van Laeken
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Dingee
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - H Kapur
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E McKevitt
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - R Warburton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Pao
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Dingee
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Bazarelli
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - U Kuusk
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Chen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - L Cadili
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - K DeGirolamo
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E McKevitt
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Pao
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Dingee
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - A Bazzarelli
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - R Warburton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - D Ng
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Ali
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Eymae
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Lee
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Brar
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Conner
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Magalhaes
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Swallow
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Allen
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Baliski
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - D Cyr
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Sari
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - D Driman
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | | | - A Juda
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - M Brar
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Conner
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Kirsch
- Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - K Singh
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - Y Gamache
- ASDevices, Spira Innovations, Thetford, Que
| | | | - C Mardinger
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - C Lee
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - R Duckworth
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - M Brindle
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - F Fraulin
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - L Austen
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Kortbeek
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - M Hyndman
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - D Nguyen
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | - G Jamjoum
- From McGill University, Montreal, Que
| | | | - S Langer
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Y Yuan Xu
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Kong
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alta
| | - M Quan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - D Lim
- Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - K Butler
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - T Cil
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Zhong
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Hofer
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - D Lim
- Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Greene
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - M Parapini
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Skipworth
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, U.K
| | - A Mah
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - S Desai
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - S Chung
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - C Scudamore
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - M Segedi
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - E Vasilyeva
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - J Li
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - P Kim
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C
| | - K Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Deprato
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Purich
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Bigam
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Dajani
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - T Lenet
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - R Smoot
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - G Martel
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Tzeng
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - F Rocha
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N Hanna
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Brogly
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - C Booth
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Nanji
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - N Coburn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Mahar
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Callum
- Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | | | - A Wei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y
| | | | - J Hallet
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | | | - A Wei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y
| | - A Mahar
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | - G Martel
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - N Coburn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Henault
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - B Barrette
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - S Pelletier
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - P Thebault
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - Z Rong
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Plasse
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | | | | | - R Lapointe
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - B Nguyen
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - G Soucy
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - S Turcotte
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Lemke
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Waugh
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - M Lund
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - L Allen
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - J Glinka
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - G Jada
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - L Park
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - J Daza
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - V Li
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - B Zhang
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S Faisal
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Faisal
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Fabbro
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Gu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - V Zuk
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hallet
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - G Martel
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - J Glinka
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - G Jada
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From the Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Waugh
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - M Lemke
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - J Glinka
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Waugh
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | | | - R Liu
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - L Allen
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - S Welch
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - J Glinka
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Waugh
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - E Tang
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - G Jada
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Skaro
- From Western University, London, Ont
| | - A Webb
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Lester
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Shapiro
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Eurich
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Bigam
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Y Essaji
- From Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Wash
| | - H Shrader
- From the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - A Nayyar
- From the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - M Suraju
- From the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - P Ear
- From the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - C Chan
- From the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - V Smith
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | | | - A Costa
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | - A Stueck
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | | | - S Allen
- From Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S
| | | | | | - T Lenet
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - R Smoot
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - C Tzeng
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - F Rocha
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Ore
| | - G Martel
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - Z Mir
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - H Golding
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S McKeown
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Nanji
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - P Groome
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - Z Mir
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - S Nanji
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | | | - P Groome
- From Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Elbekri
- University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que
| | - S Turcotte
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - E Girard
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - R Lapointe
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | | | - M Dagenais
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - A Roy
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - R Letourneau
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - M Plasse
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - E Simoneau
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - Z Rong
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Que
| | - N Zuker
- From SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - M Oakley
- From SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - G Chartrand
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - B Misheva
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - Y Bendavid
- From the University of Montreal, Montreal, Que
| | - J Frigault
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Lemieux
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - D Breton
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - G Bouchard
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | - S Drolet
- From the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Que
| | | | - L Smith
- North York General Hospital, North York, Ont
| | - J Tan
- Humber River Hospital, North York, Ont
| | - U Kahn
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C McLean
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - M Fortin
- Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire régional de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Que
| | - X Paré
- Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire régional de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Que
| | - A Doyon
- Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire régional de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Que
| | | | | | - J Yadav
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Fischer
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Jackson
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Allard
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - Y Lee
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Anvari
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Chu
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - I Aditya
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Malhan
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - M Walsh
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - D Hong
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W He
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - K Hardy
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Romanescu
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - F Deaninck
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Linton
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | | | - G Shingoose
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - K Hardy
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | | | | | | | - Y Lee
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - V Archer
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - J Shiroky
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - K Ramji
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - A Mierzwa
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - G Marcil
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Dang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Mierzwa
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Jarrar
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | | | - W Lin
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hagen
- Humber River Hospital, North York, Ont
| | - M Connell
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - W Sun
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Dang
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - V Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Kung
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - N Switzer
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
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5
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Cheng PM, Montagnon E, Yamashita R, Pan I, Cadrin-Chênevert A, Perdigón Romero F, Chartrand G, Kadoury S, Tang A. Deep Learning: An Update for Radiologists. Radiographics 2021; 41:1427-1445. [PMID: 34469211 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning is a class of machine learning methods that has been successful in computer vision. Unlike traditional machine learning methods that require hand-engineered feature extraction from input images, deep learning methods learn the image features by which to classify data. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the core of deep learning methods for imaging, are multilayered artificial neural networks with weighted connections between neurons that are iteratively adjusted through repeated exposure to training data. These networks have numerous applications in radiology, particularly in image classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation. The authors provide an update on a recent primer on deep learning for radiologists, and they review terminology, data requirements, and recent trends in the design of CNNs; illustrate building blocks and architectures adapted to computer vision tasks, including generative architectures; and discuss training and validation, performance metrics, visualization, and future directions. Familiarity with the key concepts described will help radiologists understand advances of deep learning in medical imaging and facilitate clinical adoption of these techniques. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Cheng
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Emmanuel Montagnon
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Rikiya Yamashita
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Ian Pan
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Alexandre Cadrin-Chênevert
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Francisco Perdigón Romero
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Research Center (E.M., F.P.R., S.K., A.T.) and Department of Radiology (A.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1058-2117 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (R.Y.); Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI (I.P.); Department of Medical Imaging, CISSS Lanaudière, Université Laval, Joliette, Québec, Canada (A.C.C., S.K.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (F.P.R.); and AFX Medical, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C.)
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6
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Abstract
Deep learning is a class of machine learning methods that are gaining success and attracting interest in many domains, including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, and playing games. Deep learning methods produce a mapping from raw inputs to desired outputs (eg, image classes). Unlike traditional machine learning methods, which require hand-engineered feature extraction from inputs, deep learning methods learn these features directly from data. With the advent of large datasets and increased computing power, these methods can produce models with exceptional performance. These models are multilayer artificial neural networks, loosely inspired by biologic neural systems. Weighted connections between nodes (neurons) in the network are iteratively adjusted based on example pairs of inputs and target outputs by back-propagating a corrective error signal through the network. For computer vision tasks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven to be effective. Recently, several clinical applications of CNNs have been proposed and studied in radiology for classification, detection, and segmentation tasks. This article reviews the key concepts of deep learning for clinical radiologists, discusses technical requirements, describes emerging applications in clinical radiology, and outlines limitations and future directions in this field. Radiologists should become familiar with the principles and potential applications of deep learning in medical imaging. ©RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chartrand
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Phillip M Cheng
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Eugene Vorontsov
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Michal Drozdzal
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Simon Turcotte
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Christopher J Pal
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
| | - An Tang
- From the Departments of Radiology (G.C., E.V., A.T.) and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery (S.T.), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC, Canada H2X 0A9; Imagia Cybernetics, Montréal, Québec, Canada (G.C., M.D.); Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (P.M.C.); Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., M.D., C.J.P.); École Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, Canada (E.V., C.J.P., S.K.); Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T.); and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada (S.T., S.K., A.T.)
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7
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Drozdzal M, Chartrand G, Vorontsov E, Shakeri M, Di Jorio L, Tang A, Romero A, Bengio Y, Pal C, Kadoury S. Learning normalized inputs for iterative estimation in medical image segmentation. Med Image Anal 2017; 44:1-13. [PMID: 29169029 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a simple, yet powerful pipeline for medical image segmentation that combines Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) with Fully Convolutional Residual Networks (FC-ResNets). We propose and examine a design that takes particular advantage of recent advances in the understanding of both Convolutional Neural Networks as well as ResNets. Our approach focuses upon the importance of a trainable pre-processing when using FC-ResNets and we show that a low-capacity FCN model can serve as a pre-processor to normalize medical input data. In our image segmentation pipeline, we use FCNs to obtain normalized images, which are then iteratively refined by means of a FC-ResNet to generate a segmentation prediction. As in other fully convolutional approaches, our pipeline can be used off-the-shelf on different image modalities. We show that using this pipeline, we exhibit state-of-the-art performance on the challenging Electron Microscopy benchmark, when compared to other 2D methods. We improve segmentation results on CT images of liver lesions, when contrasting with standard FCN methods. Moreover, when applying our 2D pipeline on a challenging 3D MRI prostate segmentation challenge we reach results that are competitive even when compared to 3D methods. The obtained results illustrate the strong potential and versatility of the pipeline by achieving accurate segmentations on a variety of image modalities and different anatomical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Drozdzal
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Canada; École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Imagia Inc., Montréal, Canada.
| | | | - Eugene Vorontsov
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Canada; École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Imagia Inc., Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - An Tang
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Adriana Romero
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yoshua Bengio
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Canada
| | - Chris Pal
- Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, Montréal, Canada; École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; CHUM Research Center, Montréal, Canada
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Zhou L, Chav R, Cresson T, Chartrand G, de Guise J. 3D knee segmentation based on three MRI sequences from different planes. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2016:1042-1045. [PMID: 28268503 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, knee MRI sequences with 3.5~5 mm slice distance in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes are often requested for the knee examination since its acquisition is faster than high-resolution MRI sequence in a single plane, thereby reducing the probability of motion artifact. In order to take advantage of the three sequences from different planes, a 3D segmentation method based on the combination of three knee models obtained from the three sequences is proposed in this paper. In the method, the sub-segmentation is respectively performed with sagittal, coronal, and axial MRI sequence in the image coordinate system. With each sequence, an initial knee model is hierarchically deformed, and then the three deformed models are mapped to reference coordinate system defined by the DICOM standard and combined to obtain a patient-specific model. The experimental results verified that the three sub-segmentation results can complement each other, and their integration can compensate for the insufficiency of boundary information caused by 3.5~5 mm gap between consecutive slices. Therefore, the obtained patient-specific model is substantially more accurate than each sub-segmentation results.
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9
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Gotra A, Sivakumaran L, Chartrand G, Vu KN, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, Kauffmann C, Kadoury S, Gallix B, de Guise JA, Tang A. Liver segmentation: indications, techniques and future directions. Insights Imaging 2017; 8:377-392. [PMID: 28616760 PMCID: PMC5519497 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-017-0558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver volumetry has emerged as an important tool in clinical practice. Liver volume is assessed primarily via organ segmentation of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. The goal of this paper is to provide an accessible overview of liver segmentation targeted at radiologists and other healthcare professionals. METHODS Using images from CT and MRI, this paper reviews the indications for liver segmentation, technical approaches used in segmentation software and the developing roles of liver segmentation in clinical practice. RESULTS Liver segmentation for volumetric assessment is indicated prior to major hepatectomy, portal vein embolisation, associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and transplant. Segmentation software can be categorised according to amount of user input involved: manual, semi-automated and fully automated. Manual segmentation is considered the "gold standard" in clinical practice and research, but is tedious and time-consuming. Increasingly automated segmentation approaches are more robust, but may suffer from certain segmentation pitfalls. Emerging applications of segmentation include surgical planning and integration with MRI-based biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Liver segmentation has multiple clinical applications and is expanding in scope. Clinicians can employ semi-automated or fully automated segmentation options to more efficiently integrate volumetry into clinical practice. TEACHING POINTS • Liver volume is assessed via organ segmentation on CT and MRI examinations. • Liver segmentation is used for volume assessment prior to major hepatic procedures. • Segmentation approaches may be categorised according to the amount of user input involved. • Emerging applications include surgical planning and integration with MRI-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Gotra
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Luc Hospital, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada.,Department of Radiology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Lojan Sivakumaran
- University of Montreal, 2900 boulevard Eduoard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de technologie supérieure, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Kim-Nhien Vu
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Luc Hospital, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Franck Vandenbroucke-Menu
- Department of Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, University of Montreal, Saint-Luc Hospital, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Claude Kauffmann
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Luc Hospital, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.,École Polytechnique de Montréal, University of Montreal, 2500 chemin de Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benoît Gallix
- Department of Radiology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jacques A de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de technologie supérieure, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Radio-oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Luc Hospital, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 3J4, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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10
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Gotra A, Chartrand G, Vu KN, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, Massicotte-Tisluck K, de Guise JA, Tang A. Comparison of MRI- and CT-based semiautomated liver segmentation: a validation study. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:478-489. [PMID: 27680014 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-0912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the repeatability, agreement, and efficiency of MRI- and CT-based semiautomated liver segmentation for the assessment of total and subsegmental liver volume. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in 31 subjects who underwent contemporaneous liver MRI and CT. Total and subsegmental liver volumes were segmented from contrast-enhanced 3D gradient-recalled echo MRI sequences and CT images. Semiautomated segmentation was based on variational interpolation and Laplacian mesh optimization. All segmentations were repeated after 2 weeks. Manual segmentation of CT images using an active contour tool was used as the reference standard. Repeatability and agreement of the methods were evaluated with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Total interaction time was recorded. RESULTS Intra-reader ICC were ≥0.987 for MRI and ≥0.995 for CT. Intra-reader repeatability was 30 ± 217 ml (bias ± 1.96 SD) (95% limits of agreement: -187 to 247 ml) for MRI and -10 ± 143 ml (-153 to 133 ml) for CT. Inter-method ICC between semiautomated and manual volumetry were ≥0.995 for MRI and ≥0.986 for CT. Inter-method segmental ICC varied between 0.584 and 0.865 for MRI and between 0.596 and 0.890 for CT. Inter-method agreement was -14 ± 136 ml (-150 to 122 ml) for MRI and 50 ± 226 ml (-176 to 276 ml) for CT. Inter-method segmental agreement ranged from 10 ± 47 ml (-37 to 57 ml) to 2 ± 214 ml (-212 to 216 ml) for MRI and 9 ± 45 ml (-36 to 54 ml) to -46 ± 183 ml (-229 to 137 ml) for CT. Interaction time (mean ± SD) was significantly shorter for MRI-based semiautomated segmentation (7.2 ± 0.1 min, p < 0.001) and for CT-based semiautomated segmentation (6.5 ± 0.2 min, p < 0.001) than for CT-based manual segmentation (14.5 ± 0.4 min). CONCLUSION MRI-based semiautomated segmentation provides similar repeatability and agreement to CT-based segmentation for total liver volume.
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Chartrand G, Cresson T, Chav R, Gotra A, Tang A, De Guise JA. Liver Segmentation on CT and MR Using Laplacian Mesh Optimization. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:2110-2121. [PMID: 27893375 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2631139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to describe a semiautomated segmentation method for the liver and evaluate its performance on CT-scan and MR images. METHODS First, an approximate 3-D model of the liver is initialized from a few user-generated contours to globally outline the liver shape. The model is then automatically deformed by a Laplacian mesh optimization scheme until it precisely delineates the patient's liver. A correction tool was implemented to allow the user to improve the segmentation until satisfaction. RESULTS The proposed method was tested against 30 CT-scans from the SLIVER07 challenge repository and 20 MR studies from the Montreal University Hospital Center, covering a wide spectrum of liver morphologies and pathologies. The average volumetric overlap error was 5.1% for CT and 7.6% for MRI and the average segmentation time was 6 min. CONCLUSION The obtained results show that the proposed method is efficient, reliable, and could effectively be used routinely in the clinical setting. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed approach can alleviate the cumbersome and tedious process of slice-wise segmentation required for precise hepatic volumetry, virtual surgery, and treatment planning.
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Vu KN, Gilbert G, Chalut M, Chagnon M, Chartrand G, Tang A. MRI-determined liver proton density fat fraction, with MRS validation: Comparison of regions of interest sampling methods in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 43:1090-9. [PMID: 26536609 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the agreement between published magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based regions of interest (ROI) sampling methods using liver mean proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective, internal review board-approved study was conducted in 35 patients with type 2 diabetes. Liver PDFF was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using a stimulated-echo acquisition mode sequence and MRI using a multiecho spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence at 3.0T. ROI sampling methods reported in the literature were reproduced and liver mean PDFF obtained by whole-liver segmentation was used as the reference standard. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman analysis, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and paired t-tests were performed. RESULTS ICC between MRS and MRI-PDFF was 0.916. Bland-Altman analysis showed excellent intermethod agreement with a bias of -1.5 ± 2.8%. The repeated-measures ANOVA found no systematic variation of PDFF among the nine liver segments. The correlation between liver mean PDFF and ROI sampling methods was very good to excellent (0.873 to 0.975). Paired t-tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) with ROI sampling methods that exclusively or predominantly sampled the right lobe. Significant correlations with mean PDFF were found with sampling methods that included higher number of segments, total area equal or larger than 5 cm(2) , or sampled both lobes (P = 0.001, 0.023, and 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION MRI-PDFF quantification methods should sample each liver segment in both lobes and include a total surface area equal or larger than 5 cm(2) to provide a close estimate of the liver mean PDFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Nhien Vu
- Department of Radiology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,MR Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Chalut
- Department of Radiology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Miguel Chagnon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de technologie supérieure, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Gotra A, Chartrand G, Massicotte-Tisluck K, Morin-Roy F, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, de Guise JA, Tang A. Validation of a semiautomated liver segmentation method using CT for accurate volumetry. Acad Radiol 2015; 22:1088-98. [PMID: 25907454 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To compare the repeatability and agreement of a semiautomated liver segmentation method with manual segmentation for assessment of total liver volume on CT (computed tomography). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective, institutional review board-approved study was conducted in 41 subjects who underwent liver CT for preoperative planning. The major pathologies encountered were colorectal cancer metastases, benign liver lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma. This semiautomated segmentation method is based on variational interpolation and 3D minimal path-surface segmentation. Total and subsegmental liver volumes were segmented from contrast-enhanced CT images in venous phase. Two image analysts independently performed semiautomated segmentations and two other image analysts performed manual segmentations. Repeatability and agreement of both methods were evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Interaction time was recorded for both methods. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis revealed an intrareader agreement of -1 ± 27 mL (mean ± 1.96 standard deviation) with ICC of 0.999 (P < .001) for manual segmentation and 12 ± 97 mL with ICC of 0.991 (P < .001) for semiautomated segmentation. Bland-Altman analysis revealed an interreader agreement of -4 ± 22 mL with ICC of 0.999 (P < .001) for manual segmentation and 5 ± 98 mL with ICC of 0.991 (P < .001) for semiautomated segmentation. Intermethod agreement was found to be 3 ± 120 mL with ICC of 0.988 (P < .001). Mean interaction time was 34.3 ± 16.7 minutes for the manual method and 8.0 ± 1.2 minutes for the semiautomated method (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS A semiautomated segmentation method can substantially shorten interaction time while preserving a high repeatability and agreement with manual segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat Gotra
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Luc Hospital, University of Montreal, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 3J4; Department of Radiology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de technologie supérieure, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Massicotte-Tisluck
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Luc Hospital, University of Montreal, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 3J4
| | - Florence Morin-Roy
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Luc Hospital, University of Montreal, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 3J4
| | - Franck Vandenbroucke-Menu
- Department of Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Saint-Luc Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques A de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de technologie supérieure, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Luc Hospital, University of Montreal, 1058 rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 3J4; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Tang A, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Castel H, Wartelle-Bladou C, Gilbert G, Massicotte-Tisluck K, Chartrand G, Olivié D, Julien AS, de Guise J, Soulez G, Chiasson JL. Response to Comment on Tang et al. Effects of Insulin Glargine and Liraglutide Therapy on Liver Fat as Measured by Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1339-1346. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:e150-1. [PMID: 26294785 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Castel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Wartelle-Bladou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada MR Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Massicotte-Tisluck
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Damien Olivié
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Julien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilles Soulez
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Chiasson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Tang A, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Castel H, Wartelle-Bladou C, Gilbert G, Massicotte-Tisluck K, Chartrand G, Olivié D, Julien AS, de Guise J, Soulez G, Chiasson JL. Effects of Insulin Glargine and Liraglutide Therapy on Liver Fat as Measured by Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1339-46. [PMID: 25813773 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the effects of insulin versus liraglutide therapy on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral agents therapy, including metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic medications were randomized to receive insulin glargine or liraglutide therapy for 12 weeks. The liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) was measured by MRS. The mean liver PDFF, the total liver volume, and the total liver fat index were measured by MRI. The Student t test, the Fisher exact test, and repeated-measures ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Insulin treatment was associated with a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (7.9% to 7.2% [62.5 to 55.2 mmol/mol], P = 0.005), a trend toward a decrease in MRS-PDFF (12.6% to 9.9%, P = 0.06), and a significant decrease in liver mean MRI-PDFF (13.8% to 10.6%, P = 0.005), liver volume (2,010.6 to 1,858.7 mL, P = 0.01), and the total liver fat index (304.4 vs. 209.3 % ⋅ mL, P = 0.01). Liraglutide treatment was also associated with a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (7.6% to 6.7% [59.8 to 50.2 mmol/mol], P < 0.001) but did not change MRS-PDFF (P = 0.80), liver mean MRI-PDFF (P = 0.15), liver volume (P = 0.30), or the total liver fat index (P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS The administration of insulin glargine therapy reduced the liver fat burden in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the improvements in the liver fat fraction and glycemia control were not significantly different from those in the liraglutide group.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Castel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Wartelle-Bladou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada MR Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Massicotte-Tisluck
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Olivié
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Julien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Soulez
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Chiasson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Tang A, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Castel H, Wartelle-Bladou C, Gilbert G, Massicotte-Tisluck K, Chartrand G, Olivié D, Julien AS, de Guise J, Soulez G, Chiasson JL. Effects of Insulin Glargine and Liraglutide Therapy on Liver Fat as Measured by Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2015. [PMID: 25813773 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2548/-/dc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the effects of insulin versus liraglutide therapy on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral agents therapy, including metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetic medications were randomized to receive insulin glargine or liraglutide therapy for 12 weeks. The liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) was measured by MRS. The mean liver PDFF, the total liver volume, and the total liver fat index were measured by MRI. The Student t test, the Fisher exact test, and repeated-measures ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Insulin treatment was associated with a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (7.9% to 7.2% [62.5 to 55.2 mmol/mol], P = 0.005), a trend toward a decrease in MRS-PDFF (12.6% to 9.9%, P = 0.06), and a significant decrease in liver mean MRI-PDFF (13.8% to 10.6%, P = 0.005), liver volume (2,010.6 to 1,858.7 mL, P = 0.01), and the total liver fat index (304.4 vs. 209.3 % ⋅ mL, P = 0.01). Liraglutide treatment was also associated with a significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin (7.6% to 6.7% [59.8 to 50.2 mmol/mol], P < 0.001) but did not change MRS-PDFF (P = 0.80), liver mean MRI-PDFF (P = 0.15), liver volume (P = 0.30), or the total liver fat index (P = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS The administration of insulin glargine therapy reduced the liver fat burden in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the improvements in the liver fat fraction and glycemia control were not significantly different from those in the liraglutide group.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tang
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Castel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire Wartelle-Bladou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada MR Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare Canada, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Massicotte-Tisluck
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Chartrand
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Olivié
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Julien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Pavillon André-Aisenstadt, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques de Guise
- Imaging and Orthopaedics Research Laboratory (LIO), École de Technologie Supérieure, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Soulez
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Chiasson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Hotel-Dieu, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Guillot M, Chartrand G, Chav R, Rousseau J, Beaudoin JF, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Lecomte R, de Guise JA, Troncy E. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography of the cat brain: A feasibility study to investigate osteoarthritis-associated pain. Vet J 2015; 204:299-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiu JC, Shi X, Karmali S, Birch DW, Apriasz I, Alkhamesi NA, Lal A, Schlachta CM, Christou NV, Elkassem S, Lindsay D, Smith L, Sullivan P, Sockalingam S, Hawa R, Wnuk S, Jackson T, Okrainec A, Fayez R, Christou NV, Court O, Mueller C, Okrainec A, Sockalingham S, Jackson T, Mueller C, Swanson T, Daigle C, Okrainec A, Pitzul K, Penner T, Urbach DR, Jackson T, Sandhu L, Maciver A, McCall M, Edgar R, Thiesen A, Bigam D, Churchill T, Shapiro AMJ, Luu S, Regehr G, Murnaghan ML, Gallinger S, Moulton CA, Palter V, Grantcharov T, Dath D, Hoogenes J, Matsumoto E, Szalay D, Fox A, Pitzul K, Bhojani F, Kaplan M, Wei A, McGilvray I, Cleary SP, Okrainec A, Alqahtani A, Parsyan A, Payne R, Tabah R, Anantha R, Vogt K, Crawford S, Parry N, Leslie K, Ochs A, Matthew K, Khadaroo R, Churchill T, Lavoie JM, Zalai C, Vasilevsky CA, Booy J, Takata J, Tomlinson G, Urbach DR, Lim D, Tomlinson C, LaBossiere J, Rommens K, Birch DW, Brenneman F, MacLellan S, Simpson J, Asai K, Elgadi K, Ali S, Sawyer J, Helewa R, Turner D, Wirtzfeld D, Park J, Czaykowski P, Mak G, Hochman D, McKay A, Gill R, Al-Adra D, Shi X, Sample C, Armstrong J, Lester L, Vogt K, Brackstone M, Lee L, Kaneva P, Liberman S, Charlebois P, Stein B, Fried G, Feldman L, Kanji A, Sharon E, Asai K, Jacks L, McCready D, Ghazarian D, Leong WL, Wu R, Okrainec A, Penner T, Ball C, Kirkpatrick A, Vasquez A, Balakrishnan L, Miller G, Awan S, Azadeh NR, Hoogenes J, Dath D, Jain V, Busato GM, Cristea O, Landau J, Moreland R, Johnson M, Ramage D, Browning D, Ullah S, Cristea O, Bodrogi A, Johnson M, McAlister V, Palisoc J, Anderson J, Kiladze R, Ciar J, Bancel I, Pitzul K, Leake PA, Okrainec A, Dalvi A, McLean R, Stephen W, Loeb M, Smith R, Christoffersen E, Forbes S, Kidane B, Vogt K, Vinden C, Ahmadi N, Dubois L, McKenzie M, Baxter N, Brown C, Chaudhury P, Dixon E, Fitzgerald W, Henteleff H, Kirkpatrick A, Latosinsky S, MacLean A, McLeod R, Pearsall E, Aarts MA, Meghji Z, McLeod R, Okrainec A, Tran T, Kaneva P, Fried G, Mayo N, Feldman L, Newman D, Bergman S, Cummings BA, Delisle M, Whitehead V, Chertkow H, Chan T, Cicero M, Perampaladas K, Bandukwala T, Struble J, Moser M, Young P, Groeneveld A, Chan P, Smith S, Khadaroo R, Buczkowski A, Hameed M, Tan-Tam C, Meneghetti A, Simons R, Panton N, Elnahas A, Ghaderi I, Madani A, de Gara C, Schlachta CM, Kalechstein S, Pitzul K, Henao O, Okrainec A, Paskar D, Croome K, Hernandez R, Knapp G, Howatt N, Foster S, Cameron B, Austin J, Mack L, Temple W, Puloski S, Schachar N, Gill T, Doris P, Tecson A, Kolozsvari N, Andalib A, Kaneva P, Cao J, Vassiliou M, Fried G, Feldman L, Kolozsvari N, Kaneva P, Vassiliou M, Fried G, Feldman L, Kolozsvari N, Kaneva P, Brace C, Chartrand G, Vaillancourt M, Cao J, Banaszek D, Vassiliou M, Fried G, Feldman L, Fraser S, Bergman S, Deobald R, Chad J, Di Gregorio C, Johnstone J, Kenyon C, Lees M, Auger-Dufour E, Fried G, Feldman L, Ferri L, Vassiliou M, Alqahtani A, Perlman R, Holcroft C, Gordon PH, Szilagyi A, Iradukunda D, Moser MAJ, Rodych N, Shaw JM, Ahmed N, Chiu M, Kurabi B, Qureshi A, Nathens A, Conn LG, Pandya A, Kitto S, Ma G, Pooni A, Forbes S, Eskicioglu C, Pearsall E, Brenneman F, McLeod R, Rockx MA, McAlister V, Roberts D, Ouellet J, Kirkpatrick A, Lall R, Sutherland F, Ball C, Chackungal S, Knowlton LM, Dahn B, McQueen K, Morrison JA, Lent B, Brown J, Fluit M, Herbert C, Deen S, Deutschmann M, McFadden S, Gelfand G, Bosch D, Grimmer L, Milman S, Ng T, Gill R, Perry T, Abele J, Bedard E, Schiller D, Coughlin S, Stewart TC, Parry N, Gray D, Williamson J, Malthaner R, Bottoni D, Perri M, Trejos AL, Naish M, Patel R, Malthaner R, Ashrafi A, Bond J, Ong S, Yamashita M, Ahmadi S, Abdulmosen M, Miller J, Finley C, Ostrander K, Shargall Y, Lee L, Hanley S, Robineau C, Sirois C, Mulder D, Ferri L, Humphrey R, Inculet R, Fortin D, Arab A, Malthaner R, Ashrafi A, Bond J, Ong S, Yamashita M, Ahmadi S, McGuire A, Reid K, Petsikas D, Hopman W, Basi A, Basi S, Irshad K, Hanna W, Croome KP, Marotta P, McAlister V, Quan D, Wall W, Hernandez-Alejandro R, de Mestral C, Zagorski B, Rotstein O, Gomez D, Haas B, Laupacis A, Sharma S, Bridge J, Nathens A, Bhojani F, Fox A, Pitzul K, Moulton CA, Wei A, Okrainec A, Cleary S, Bertens K, Croome KP, Mujoomdar A, Peck D, Rankin R, Quan D, Kakani N, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Suri R, Marcaccio M, Ruo L, Jamal M, Khalil JA, Simoneau-Beaudry E, Dumitra S, Edwards M, Yousef Y, Jiffry MA, Metrakos P, Tchervenkov J, Doi S, Barkun J, Obayan A, Meiers S, Keith R, Elkassem S, Church N, Mitchell P, Turbide C, Dixon E, Debru E, Shum J, Wall WJ, Maniar R, Hochman D, Wirtzfeld D, Yaffe C, Yip B, McKay A, Silverman R, Park J, Francescutti V, Rivera L, Kane JM, Skitzki JJ, Lovrics P, Hodgson N, O'Brien MA, Thabane L, Cornacchi S, Heller B, Reid S, Sanders K, Kittmer T, Simunovic M, Duhaime S, Fong B, Deria M, Acton C, El-Maadawy M, Lad S, Arnaout A, Omole M, Pemberton J, Lovrics P, Bischof D, Stotland P, Hagen J, Swallow C, Klein L, Van Koughnett JA, Ahmad T, Ainsworth P, Brackstone M, Kanagaratnam S, Groot G, VanderBeek L, Francescutti V, Farrokhyar F, Strang B, Kahnamoui K, MacLellan S, MacKay H, Ringash J, Jacks L, Kassam Z, Khalili I, Conrad T, Okrainec A, Chagpar R, Xing Y, You N, Yi-Ju C, Feig B, Chang G, Cormie J, Gervais MK, Sideris L, Drolet P, Mitchell A, Leblanc G, Dubé P, Merchant S, Knowling M, Cheifetz R, Raval M, Heidary B, Kalikias S, Raval D, Phang T, Brown C, Scheer A, O'Connor A, Chan B, Moloo H, Poulin E, Mamazza J, Auer R, Boushey R, Hardy K, Vergis A, Sullivan P, Musselman R, Gomes T, Chan B, Auer R, Moloo H, Poulin E, Mamazza J, Al-Khayal K, Al-Omran M, Mamdani M, AlObeed O, Boushey R, Martel G, Crawford A, Barkun J, Ramsay C, Fergusson D, Boushey R, Williams L, Crawford A, McLaughlin K, Mackey M, Moloo H, Mamazza J, Poulin E, Friedlich M, Boushey R, Auer R, Bellolio F, Cohen Z, MacRae H, O'Connor B, Huang H, Victor JC, McLeod R, Hardy K, Pitzul K, Kwong J, Vergis A, Urbach D, Okrainec A, Vogt K, Dubois L, Vinden C, Chan B, Scheer A, Menezes A, Moloo H, Poulin E, Boushey R, Mamazza J, Bellolio F, MacRae H, Cohen Z, O'Connor B, Huang H, McLeod R, Godbout-Simard C, Azar J, Psaradellis F, Sampalis J, Morin N, Brown C, Kalikias S, Heidary B, Raval D, Phang PT, Raval M, Archibald A, Hurlbut D, Vanner S, Zalai C, Vasilevsky CA, Simunovic M, Cadeddu M, Forbes S, Kelly S, Stephen W, Grubac V, Marcinow M, Coates A, Aslani N, Phang PT, Raval M, Brown C, Scheer A, Carrier M, Boushey R, Asmis T, Wells P, Jonker D, Auer R, Azer N, Gill R, de Gara C, Birch DW, Karmali S, Roxin G, Drolet S, MacLean A, Buie WD, Heine J, Agzarian J, Forbes S, Stephen W, Kelly S, Churchill P, Corner T, Kelly S, Forbes S, Lindsay L, Stephen W, Scheer A, O'Connor A, Chan B, Moloo H, Poulin E, Mamazza J, Auer R, Boushey R, Denis J, Hochman D, Recsky M, Phang PT, Raval M, Cheung W, Brown C, Alkhamesi N, Schlachta CM, Tiwari T, Brown C, Raval MJ, Phang PT. Canadian Surgery Forum: Abstracts of presentations to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Association of Bariatric Physicians and Surgeons, Canadian Association of General Surgeons, Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons, Canadian Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Society, Canadian Society of Surgical Oncology, Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, London, Ont. Sept. 15-18, 2011. Can J Surg 2011; 54:S57-S104. [PMID: 35488394 PMCID: PMC3191910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J C Chiu
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - X Shi
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D W Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - I Apriasz
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - N A Alkhamesi
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - A Lal
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - C M Schlachta
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | | | - S Elkassem
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Lindsay
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Smith
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P Sullivan
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Sockalingam
- From the University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Hawa
- From the University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Wnuk
- From the University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Jackson
- From the University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Fayez
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - N V Christou
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - O Court
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - C Mueller
- From the Division of General Surgery and Division of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the Division of General Surgery and Division of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Sockalingham
- From the Division of General Surgery and Division of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Jackson
- From the Division of General Surgery and Division of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Mueller
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Swanson
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Daigle
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Pitzul
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Penner
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D R Urbach
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Jackson
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Sandhu
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Maciver
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - M McCall
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Edgar
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Thiesen
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Bigam
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - T Churchill
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - S Luu
- From the Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., and the Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - G Regehr
- From the Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., and the Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - M L Murnaghan
- From the Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., and the Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - S Gallinger
- From the Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., and the Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - C-A Moulton
- From the Wilson Centre, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., and the Centre for Health Education Scholarship, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - V Palter
- From St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Grantcharov
- From St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Dath
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - D Szalay
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Fox
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Pitzul
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - F Bhojani
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Kaplan
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Wei
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - I McGilvray
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - S P Cleary
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - A Parsyan
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - R Payne
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - R Tabah
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - R Anantha
- From the Division of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Vogt
- From the Division of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - S Crawford
- From the Division of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - N Parry
- From the Division of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Leslie
- From the Division of General Surgery, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - A Ochs
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Matthew
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Khadaroo
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - T Churchill
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - C Zalai
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | | | - J Booy
- From the University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Takata
- From the University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - G Tomlinson
- From the University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - D R Urbach
- From the University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Lim
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C Tomlinson
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J LaBossiere
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - K Rommens
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D W Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - F Brenneman
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S MacLellan
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Simpson
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Asai
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Elgadi
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Ali
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Sawyer
- From Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Helewa
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Turner
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Wirtzfeld
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Park
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - P Czaykowski
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - G Mak
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Hochman
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A McKay
- From the University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Gill
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Al-Adra
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - X Shi
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C Sample
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Armstrong
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - L Lester
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Vogt
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - M Brackstone
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - L Lee
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - S Liberman
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - P Charlebois
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - B Stein
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - G Fried
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - A Kanji
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - E Sharon
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Asai
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Jacks
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - D McCready
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Ghazarian
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - W-L Leong
- From the University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Wu
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Penner
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa and Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Ball
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - A Vasquez
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | | | - G Miller
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - S Awan
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | | | | | - D Dath
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - V Jain
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - G-M Busato
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - O Cristea
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - J Landau
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - R Moreland
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - M Johnson
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - D Ramage
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - D Browning
- From the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - S Ullah
- From the Canadian Forces Medical Service and University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - O Cristea
- From the Canadian Forces Medical Service and University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - A Bodrogi
- From the Canadian Forces Medical Service and University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - M Johnson
- From the Canadian Forces Medical Service and University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - V McAlister
- From the Canadian Forces Medical Service and University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - J Palisoc
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Anderson
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Kiladze
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Ciar
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - I Bancel
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Pitzul
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P-A Leake
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Dalvi
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - R McLean
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Stephen
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Loeb
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - R Smith
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - E Christoffersen
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Forbes
- From the Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - B Kidane
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Vogt
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - C Vinden
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - N Ahmadi
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - L Dubois
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - M McKenzie
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - N Baxter
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - C Brown
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - P Chaudhury
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - E Dixon
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - W Fitzgerald
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - H Henteleff
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - A Kirkpatrick
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - S Latosinsky
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - A MacLean
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - R McLeod
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, McGill University, Montréal, Que., the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, NL, and Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
| | - E Pearsall
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M-A Aarts
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Z Meghji
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R McLeod
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Tran
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - G Fried
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - N Mayo
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - D Newman
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - S Bergman
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - B-A Cummings
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - M Delisle
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - V Whitehead
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - H Chertkow
- From McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - T Chan
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Cicero
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - J Struble
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - M Moser
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - P Young
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | | - P Chan
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Smith
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Khadaroo
- From the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Buczkowski
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Hameed
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Tan-Tam
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Meneghetti
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - R Simons
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - N Panton
- From the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Elnahas
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - I Ghaderi
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - A Madani
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C de Gara
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C M Schlachta
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Kalechstein
- From McMaster University, Hamilton University Health Network, Hamilton, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion, Medellin, Colombia
| | - K Pitzul
- From McMaster University, Hamilton University Health Network, Hamilton, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion, Medellin, Colombia
| | - O Henao
- From McMaster University, Hamilton University Health Network, Hamilton, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion, Medellin, Colombia
| | - A Okrainec
- From McMaster University, Hamilton University Health Network, Hamilton, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion, Medellin, Colombia
| | - D Paskar
- From the Department of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K Croome
- From the Department of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - R Hernandez
- From the Department of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - G Knapp
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., and Centro Evangelico de Medicina (CEML) Hospital, Lubango, Angola
| | - N Howatt
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., and Centro Evangelico de Medicina (CEML) Hospital, Lubango, Angola
| | - S Foster
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., and Centro Evangelico de Medicina (CEML) Hospital, Lubango, Angola
| | - B Cameron
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., and Centro Evangelico de Medicina (CEML) Hospital, Lubango, Angola
| | - J Austin
- From the Foothills Medical Centre and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta
| | - L Mack
- From the Foothills Medical Centre and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta
| | - W Temple
- From the Foothills Medical Centre and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Puloski
- From the Foothills Medical Centre and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta
| | - N Schachar
- From the Foothills Medical Centre and Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta
| | - T Gill
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, New Westminster and Surrey, BC
| | - P Doris
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, New Westminster and Surrey, BC
| | - A Tecson
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, New Westminster and Surrey, BC
| | - N Kolozsvari
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - A Andalib
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - P Kaneva
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - J Cao
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - M Vassiliou
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - G Fried
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - L Feldman
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - N Kolozsvari
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - P Kaneva
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - M Vassiliou
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - G Fried
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - N Kolozsvari
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - P Kaneva
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - C Brace
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - G Chartrand
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - M Vaillancourt
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - J Cao
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - D Banaszek
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - M Vassiliou
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - G Fried
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - L Feldman
- From the Steinberg-Bernstein Centre for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Innovation, McGill University, Montréal, Que., and Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
| | - S Fraser
- From the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - S Bergman
- From the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - R Deobald
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - J Chad
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - C Di Gregorio
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - J Johnstone
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - C Kenyon
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - M Lees
- From the Department of General Surgery and West Winds Primary Health Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - E Auger-Dufour
- From the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - G Fried
- From the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - L Feldman
- From the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - L Ferri
- From the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - M Vassiliou
- From the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - A Alqahtani
- From the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Gastroenterology of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montréal, Que
| | - R Perlman
- From the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Gastroenterology of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montréal, Que
| | - C Holcroft
- From the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Gastroenterology of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montréal, Que
| | - P H Gordon
- From the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Gastroenterology of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montréal, Que
| | - A Szilagyi
- From the Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Epidemiology, Division of Gastroenterology of the Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montréal, Que
| | - D Iradukunda
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - M A J Moser
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - N Rodych
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - J M Shaw
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | - N Ahmed
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M Chiu
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Kurabi
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Qureshi
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Nathens
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - A Pandya
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Kitto
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - G Ma
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Pooni
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Forbes
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | | | - E Pearsall
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - F Brenneman
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R McLeod
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - M A Rockx
- From the Alberta Medical Association Locum Services and the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - V McAlister
- From the Alberta Medical Association Locum Services and the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - D Roberts
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Ouellet
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - R Lall
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - C Ball
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Chackungal
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, the Ministry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Mass
| | - L M Knowlton
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, the Ministry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Mass
| | - B Dahn
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, the Ministry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Mass
| | - K McQueen
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, the Ministry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia, and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, Mass
| | - J A Morrison
- From the Chatham Kent Health Alliance, Chatham, Ont
| | - B Lent
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - J Brown
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - M Fluit
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - C Herbert
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - S Deen
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | | | - S McFadden
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - G Gelfand
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - D Bosch
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - L Grimmer
- From the Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - S Milman
- From the Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - T Ng
- From the Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - R Gill
- From the University of Alberta, the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alta
| | - T Perry
- From the University of Alberta, the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alta
| | - J Abele
- From the University of Alberta, the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alta
| | - E Bedard
- From the University of Alberta, the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D Schiller
- From the University of Alberta, the Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Coughlin
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - T Charyk Stewart
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - N Parry
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - D Gray
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - J Williamson
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - R Malthaner
- From the University of Western Ontario, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - D Bottoni
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - M Perri
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - A L Trejos
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - M Naish
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - R Patel
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - R Malthaner
- From the London Health Sciences Centre and CSTAR, London, Ont
| | - A Ashrafi
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - J Bond
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - S Ong
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - M Yamashita
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - S Ahmadi
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | | | - J Miller
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - C Finley
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | | | - L Lee
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - S Hanley
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - C Robineau
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - C Sirois
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - D Mulder
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - L Ferri
- From the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que
| | - R Humphrey
- From the University of Western Ontario, Woodstock, and London, Ont
| | - R Inculet
- From the University of Western Ontario, Woodstock, and London, Ont
| | - D Fortin
- From the University of Western Ontario, Woodstock, and London, Ont
| | - A Arab
- From the University of Western Ontario, Woodstock, and London, Ont
| | - R Malthaner
- From the University of Western Ontario, Woodstock, and London, Ont
| | - A Ashrafi
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - J Bond
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - S Ong
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - M Yamashita
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - S Ahmadi
- From the Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC
| | - A McGuire
- From Queen's University, Ottawa and Kingston, Ont
| | - K Reid
- From Queen's University, Ottawa and Kingston, Ont
| | - D Petsikas
- From Queen's University, Ottawa and Kingston, Ont
| | - W Hopman
- From Queen's University, Ottawa and Kingston, Ont
| | - A Basi
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, and the William Osler Health Centre, Brampton, Ont
| | - S Basi
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, and the William Osler Health Centre, Brampton, Ont
| | - K Irshad
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, and the William Osler Health Centre, Brampton, Ont
| | - W Hanna
- From the Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - K P Croome
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - P Marotta
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - V McAlister
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - W Wall
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | | | - C de Mestral
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Zagorski
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - O Rotstein
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - D Gomez
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - B Haas
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Laupacis
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Sharma
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Bridge
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Nathens
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ont
| | - F Bhojani
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Fox
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Pitzul
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C-A Moulton
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Wei
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - S Cleary
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Bertens
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - K P Croome
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - A Mujoomdar
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - D Peck
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - R Rankin
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - D Quan
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - N Kakani
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | | | - R Suri
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - L Ruo
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Jamal
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Abou Khalil
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - E Simoneau-Beaudry
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Dumitra
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Edwards
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Yousef
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Al Jiffry
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P Metrakos
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tchervenkov
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Doi
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Barkun
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que., and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Obayan
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., and the Regina General Hospital, Regina, Sask
| | - S Meiers
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., and the Regina General Hospital, Regina, Sask
| | - R Keith
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., and the Regina General Hospital, Regina, Sask
| | - S Elkassem
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - N Church
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - P Mitchell
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - C Turbide
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - E Dixon
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - E Debru
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., and the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Shum
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - W J Wall
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont
| | - R Maniar
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Hochman
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Wirtzfeld
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - C Yaffe
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - B Yip
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - A McKay
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - R Silverman
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - J Park
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - V Francescutti
- From the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, NY
| | - L Rivera
- From the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, NY
| | - J M Kane
- From the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, NY
| | - J J Skitzki
- From the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, NY
| | - P Lovrics
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - N Hodgson
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - L Thabane
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - B Heller
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Reid
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - K Sanders
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - T Kittmer
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S Duhaime
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - B Fong
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Deria
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - C Acton
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M El-Maadawy
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - S Lad
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Arnaout
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Omole
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - P Lovrics
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - D Bischof
- From North York General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P Stotland
- From North York General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Hagen
- From North York General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Swallow
- From North York General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Klein
- From North York General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J A Van Koughnett
- From the Division of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, and the London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ont
| | - T Ahmad
- From the Division of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, and the London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ont
| | - P Ainsworth
- From the Division of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, and the London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ont
| | - M Brackstone
- From the Division of General Surgery, University of Western Ontario, and the London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ont
| | | | - G Groot
- From the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask
| | | | | | | | - B Strang
- From McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | | | - S MacLellan
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - H MacKay
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - J Ringash
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - L Jacks
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - Z Kassam
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - I Khalili
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - T Conrad
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the Department of Radiology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Chagpar
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Y Xing
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - N You
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - C Yi-Ju
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - B Feig
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - G Chang
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - J Cormie
- From the University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., and the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - M-K Gervais
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - L Sideris
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - P Drolet
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - A Mitchell
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - G Leblanc
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - P Dubé
- From Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Que
| | - S Merchant
- From the University of British Columbia, General Surgery, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Knowling
- From the University of British Columbia, General Surgery, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - R Cheifetz
- From the University of British Columbia, General Surgery, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - B Heidary
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - S Kalikias
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - D Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - T Phang
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Brown
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Scheer
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A O'Connor
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - B Chan
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Poulin
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Mamazza
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Auer
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Boushey
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - K Hardy
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - P Sullivan
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R Musselman
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Gomes
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Chan
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Auer
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Moloo
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E Poulin
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Mamazza
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Al-Khayal
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Al-Omran
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Mamdani
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - O AlObeed
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Boushey
- From The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's, Toronto, Ont., and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Martel
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - A Crawford
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - J Barkun
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - C Ramsay
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - D Fergusson
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - R Boushey
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., McGill University, Montréal, Que., and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Great Britain
| | - L Williams
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Crawford
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - M Mackey
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Mamazza
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Poulin
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | | | - R Boushey
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Auer
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - F Bellolio
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Z Cohen
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - H MacRae
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B O'Connor
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - H Huang
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - J C Victor
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R McLeod
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - K Hardy
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - K Pitzul
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - J Kwong
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - A Vergis
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - D Urbach
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - A Okrainec
- From the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., the University of Toronto, Toronto, and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - K Vogt
- From the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - L Dubois
- From the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - C Vinden
- From the London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont
| | - B Chan
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Scheer
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A Menezes
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Poulin
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Boushey
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Mamazza
- From the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - F Bellolio
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - H MacRae
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Z Cohen
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - B O'Connor
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - H Huang
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - R McLeod
- From the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - C Godbout-Simard
- From the McGill Medical School, JSS Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - J Azar
- From the McGill Medical School, JSS Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - F Psaradellis
- From the McGill Medical School, JSS Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - J Sampalis
- From the McGill Medical School, JSS Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - N Morin
- From the McGill Medical School, JSS Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Que
| | - C Brown
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - S Kalikias
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - B Heidary
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - D Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - P T Phang
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Archibald
- From the Department of Pathology and the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - D Hurlbut
- From the Department of Pathology and the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - S Vanner
- From the Department of Pathology and the Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont
| | - C Zalai
- From McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | | | - M Simunovic
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Cadeddu
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Forbes
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Kelly
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Stephen
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - V Grubac
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - M Marcinow
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Coates
- From the Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - N Aslani
- From the University of British Columbia, Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - P T Phang
- From the University of British Columbia, Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Raval
- From the University of British Columbia, Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Brown
- From the University of British Columbia, Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - A Scheer
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Carrier
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Boushey
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - T Asmis
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - P Wells
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - D Jonker
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Auer
- From The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - N Azer
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - R Gill
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - C de Gara
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - D W Birch
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - S Karmali
- From the University of Alberta, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta
| | - G Roxin
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - S Drolet
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - A MacLean
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - W D Buie
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Heine
- From the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - J Agzarian
- From McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - S Forbes
- From McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - W Stephen
- From McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - S Kelly
- From McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - P Churchill
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - T Corner
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Kelly
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - S Forbes
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - L Lindsay
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - W Stephen
- From McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton, Ont
| | - A Scheer
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - A O'Connor
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - B Chan
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - H Moloo
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - E Poulin
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Mamazza
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Auer
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - R Boushey
- From The University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
| | - J Denis
- From the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - D Hochman
- From the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man
| | - M Recsky
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - P T Phang
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - M Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - W Cheung
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Brown
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, and the BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC
| | - N Alkhamesi
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - C M Schlachta
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics, London, Ont
| | - T Tiwari
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - C Brown
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - M J Raval
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
| | - P T Phang
- From the Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC
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Buehler RJ, Chartrand G, Alavi Y, Goldsmith DL, Lesniak-Foster L, Lick DR. The Theory and Applications of Graphs. J Am Stat Assoc 1983. [DOI: 10.2307/2287146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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