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Ferreira MS, Sousa JR, Bezerra Júnior PS, Cerqueira VD, Oliveira Júnior CA, Rivero GRC, Castro PHG, Silva GA, Muniz JAPC, da Silva EVP, Casseb SMM, Pagliari C, Martins LC, Tesh RB, Quaresma JAS, Vasconcelos PFC. Experimental Yellow Fever in Squirrel Monkey: Characterization of Liver In Situ Immune Response. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020551. [PMID: 36851765 PMCID: PMC9961022 DOI: 10.3390/v15020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates contribute to the spread of yellow fever virus (YFV) and the establishment of transmission cycles in endemic areas, such as Brazil. This study aims to investigate virological, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in livers of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) infected with the YFV. Viremia occurred 1-30 days post infection (dpi) and the virus showed a predilection for the middle zone (Z2). The livers were jaundiced with subcapsular and hemorrhagic multifocal petechiae. Apoptosis, lytic and coagulative necrosis, steatosis and cellular edema were also observed. The immune response was characterized by the expression of S100, CD11b, CD57, CD4 and CD20; endothelial markers; stress and cell death; pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as Treg (IL-35) and IL-17 throughout the experimental period. Lesions during the severe phase of the disease were associated with excessive production of apoptotic pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, released by inflammatory response cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes) and associated with high expression of molecules of adhesion in the inflammatory foci observed in Z2. Immunostaining of the local endothelium in vascular cells and the bile duct was intense, suggesting a fundamental role in liver damage and in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene S. Ferreira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jorge R. Sousa
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro S. Bezerra Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Valíria D. Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. C. Rivero
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal 68746-360, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Gilmara A. Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Samir M. M. Casseb
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Martins
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0419, USA
| | - Juarez A. S. Quaresma
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66055-240, Pará, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém 66050-540, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR 316, km-07, Ananindeua 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém 66050-540, Pará, Brazil
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +55-91-3214-2270
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