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De George DJ, Jhala G, Selck C, Trivedi P, Brodnicki TC, Mackin L, Kay TW, Thomas HE, Krishnamurthy B. Altering β Cell Antigen Exposure to Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice. J Immunol 2024:ji2300785. [PMID: 38587315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells by T cells results in autoimmune diabetes. Similar to other chronic T cell-mediated pathologies, a role for T cell exhaustion has been identified in diabetes in humans and NOD mice. The development and differentiation of exhausted T cells depends on exposure to Ag. In this study, we manipulated β cell Ag presentation to target exhausted autoreactive T cells by inhibiting IFN-γ-mediated MHC class I upregulation or by ectopically expressing the β cell Ag IGRP under the MHC class II promotor in the NOD8.3 model. Islet PD-1+TIM3+CD8+ (terminally exhausted [TEX]) cells were primary producers of islet granzyme B and CD107a, suggestive of cells that have entered the exhaustion program yet maintained cytotoxic capacity. Loss of IFN-γ-mediated β cell MHC class I upregulation correlated with a significant reduction in islet TEX cells and diabetes protection in NOD8.3 mice. In NOD.TII/8.3 mice with IGRP expression induced in APCs, IGRP-reactive T cells remained exposed to high levels of IGRP in the islets and periphery. Consequently, functionally exhausted TEX cells, with reduced granzyme B expression, were significantly increased in these mice and this correlated with diabetes protection. These results indicate that intermediate Ag exposure in wild-type NOD8.3 islets allows T cells to enter the exhaustion program without becoming functionally exhausted. Moreover, Ag exposure can be manipulated to target this key cytotoxic population either by limiting the generation of cytotoxic TIM3+ cells or by driving their functional exhaustion, with both resulting in diabetes protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Trivedi P, Jhala G, De George DJ, Chiu C, Selck C, Ge T, Catterall T, Elkerbout L, Boon L, Joller N, Kay TW, Thomas HE, Krishnamurthy B. TIGIT acts as an immune checkpoint upon inhibition of PD1 signaling in autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1370907. [PMID: 38533515 PMCID: PMC10964479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1370907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic activation of self-reactive T cells with beta cell antigens results in the upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules that keep self-reactive T cells under control and delay beta cell destruction in autoimmune diabetes. Inhibiting PD1/PD-L1 signaling results in autoimmune diabetes in mice and humans with pre-existing autoimmunity against beta cells. However, it is not known if other immune checkpoint molecules, such as TIGIT, can also negatively regulate self-reactive T cells. TIGIT negatively regulates the CD226 costimulatory pathway, T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and hence T-cell function. Methods The phenotype and function of TIGIT expressing islet infiltrating T cells was studied in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice using flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing. To determine if TIGIT restrains self-reactive T cells, we used a TIGIT blocking antibody alone or in combination with anti-PDL1 antibody. Results We show that TIGIT is highly expressed on activated islet infiltrating T cells in NOD mice. We identified a subset of stem-like memory CD8+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoints including TIGIT, PD1 and the transcription factor EOMES, which is linked to dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. A known ligand for TIGIT, CD155 was expressed on beta cells and islet infiltrating dendritic cells. However, despite TIGIT and its ligand being expressed, islet infiltrating PD1+TIGIT+CD8+ T cells were functional. Inhibiting TIGIT in NOD mice did not result in exacerbated autoimmune diabetes while inhibiting PD1-PDL1 resulted in rapid autoimmune diabetes, indicating that TIGIT does not restrain islet infiltrating T cells in autoimmune diabetes to the same degree as PD1. Partial inhibition of PD1-PDL1 in combination with TIGIT inhibition resulted in rapid diabetes in NOD mice. Discussion These results suggest that TIGIT and PD1 act in synergy as immune checkpoints when PD1 signaling is partially impaired. Beta cell specific stem-like memory T cells retain their functionality despite expressing multiple immune checkpoints and TIGIT is below PD1 in the hierarchy of immune checkpoints in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Chiu
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Catterall
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorraine Elkerbout
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Joller
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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Selck C, Jhala G, De George DJ, Kwong CTJ, Christensen MK, Pappas EG, Liu X, Ge T, Trivedi P, Kallies A, Thomas HE, Kay TWH, Krishnamurthy B. Extraislet expression of islet antigen boosts T cell exhaustion to partially prevent autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315419121. [PMID: 38285952 PMCID: PMC10861925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315419121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent antigen exposure results in the differentiation of functionally impaired, also termed exhausted, T cells which are maintained by a distinct population of precursors of exhausted T (TPEX) cells. T cell exhaustion is well studied in the context of chronic viral infections and cancer, but it is unclear whether and how antigen-driven T cell exhaustion controls progression of autoimmune diabetes and whether this process can be harnessed to prevent diabetes. Using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we show that some CD8+ T cells specific for the islet antigen, islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) displayed terminal exhaustion characteristics within pancreatic islets but were maintained in the TPEX cell state in peripheral lymphoid organs (PLO). More IGRP-specific T cells resided in the PLO than in islets. To examine the impact of extraislet antigen exposure on T cell exhaustion in diabetes, we generated transgenic NOD mice with inducible IGRP expression in peripheral antigen-presenting cells. Antigen exposure in the extraislet environment induced severely exhausted IGRP-specific T cells with reduced ability to produce interferon (IFN)γ, which protected these mice from diabetes. Our data demonstrate that T cell exhaustion induced by delivery of antigen can be harnessed to prevent autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - David J. De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Chun-Ting J. Kwong
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Marie K. Christensen
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Evan G. Pappas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Xin Liu
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Thomas W. H. Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC3065, Australia
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Ge T, Phung A, Jhala G, Trivedi P, Principe N, De George DJ, Pappas EG, Litwak S, Sanz‐Villanueva L, Catterall T, Fynch S, Boon L, Kay TW, Chee J, Krishnamurthy B, Thomas HE. Diabetes induced by checkpoint inhibition in nonobese diabetic mice can be prevented or reversed by a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1425. [PMID: 36325490 PMCID: PMC9618467 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved clinical success in cancer treatment, but this treatment causes immune-related adverse events, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our aim was to test whether a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, effective at treating spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, can prevent diabetes secondary to PD-L1 blockade. METHODS Anti-PD-L1 antibody was injected into NOD mice to induce diabetes, and JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor LN3103801 was administered by oral gavage to prevent diabetes. Flow cytometry was used to study T cells and beta cells. Mesothelioma cells were inoculated into BALB/c mice to induce a transplantable tumour model. RESULTS Anti-PD-L1-induced diabetes was associated with increased immune cell infiltration in the islets and upregulated MHC class I on islet cells. Anti-PD-L1 administration significantly increased islet T cell proliferation and islet-specific CD8+ T cell numbers in peripheral lymphoid organs. JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor treatment blocked IFNγ-mediated MHC class I upregulation on beta cells and T cell proliferation mediated by cytokines that use the common γ chain receptor. As a result, anti-PD-L1-induced diabetes was prevented by JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor administered before or after checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Diabetes was also reversed when the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor was administered after the onset of anti-PD-L1-induced hyperglycaemia. Furthermore, JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor intervention after checkpoint inhibitors did not reverse or abrogate the antitumour effects in a transplantable tumour model. CONCLUSION A JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor can prevent and reverse anti-PD-L1-induced diabetes by blocking IFNγ and γc cytokine activities. Our study provides preclinical validation of JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor use in checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Amber‐Lee Phung
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute for Respiratory HealthThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Nicola Principe
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute for Respiratory HealthThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Sara Litwak
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Laura Sanz‐Villanueva
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Tara Catterall
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | - Stacey Fynch
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia
| | | | - Thomas W Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute for Respiratory HealthThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes UnitSt Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVICAustralia,The University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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Jhala G, Krishnamurthy B, Brodnicki TC, Ge T, Akazawa S, Selck C, Trivedi PM, Pappas EG, Mackin L, Principe N, Brémaud E, De George DJ, Boon L, Smyth I, Chee J, Kay TWH, Thomas HE. Interferons limit autoantigen-specific CD8 + T-cell expansion in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110747. [PMID: 35476975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in autoimmune diseases. However, deficiency or neutralization of IFNγ is ineffective in reducing disease. We characterize islet antigen-specific T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking all three IFN receptor genes. Diabetes is minimally affected, but at 125 days of age, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, quantified using major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers, are present in 10-fold greater numbers in Ifngr-mutant NOD mice. T cells from Ifngr-mutant mice have increased proliferative responses to interleukin-2 (IL-2). They also have reduced phosphorylated STAT1 and its target gene, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1). IFNγ controls the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by mechanisms which include increased SOCS-1 expression that regulates IL-2 signaling. The expanded CD8+ T cells are likely to contribute to normal diabetes progression despite reduced inflammation in Ifngr-mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Satoru Akazawa
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Prerak M Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Nicola Principe
- National Centre of Asbestos-Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Erwan Brémaud
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Smyth
- Australian Phenomics Network, Monash Genome Modification Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre of Asbestos-Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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Joglekar MV, Sahu S, Wong WKM, Satoor SN, Dong CX, Farr RJ, Williams MD, Pandya P, Jhala G, Yang SNY, Chew YV, Hetherington N, Thiruchevlam D, Mitnala S, Rao GV, Reddy DN, Loudovaris T, Hawthorne WJ, Elefanty AG, Joglekar VM, Stanley EG, Martin D, Thomas HE, Tosh D, Dalgaard LT, Hardikar AA. A Pro-Endocrine Pancreatic Islet Transcriptional Program Established During Development Is Retained in Human Gallbladder Epithelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1530-1553.e4. [PMID: 35032693 PMCID: PMC9043310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic islet β-cells are factories for insulin production; however, ectopic expression of insulin also is well recognized. The gallbladder is a next-door neighbor to the developing pancreas. Here, we wanted to understand if gallbladders contain functional insulin-producing cells. METHODS We compared developing and adult mouse as well as human gallbladder epithelial cells and islets using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, RNA sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and functional studies. RESULTS We show that the epithelial lining of developing, as well as adult, mouse and human gallbladders naturally contain interspersed cells that retain the capacity to actively transcribe, translate, package, and release insulin. We show that human gallbladders also contain functional insulin-secreting cells with the potential to naturally respond to glucose in vitro and in situ. Notably, in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes, we observed that insulin-producing cells in the gallbladder are not targeted by autoimmune cells. Interestingly, in human gallbladders, insulin splice variants are absent, although insulin splice forms are observed in human islets. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our biochemical, transcriptomic, and functional data in mouse and human gallbladder epithelial cells collectively show the evolutionary and developmental similarities between gallbladder and the pancreas that allow gallbladder epithelial cells to continue insulin production in adult life. Understanding the mechanisms regulating insulin transcription and translation in gallbladder epithelial cells would help guide future studies in type 1 diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha V Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Subhshri Sahu
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wilson K M Wong
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarang N Satoor
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlotte X Dong
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan J Farr
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael D Williams
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prapti Pandya
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Group, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sundy N Y Yang
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yi Vee Chew
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Millenium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola Hetherington
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dhan Thiruchevlam
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sasikala Mitnala
- Surgical Gastroenterology Research, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Guduru V Rao
- Surgical Gastroenterology Research, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Group, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Millenium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Martin
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Strathfield Hospital, Strathfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Group, St. Vincent's Institute for Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Tosh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Louise T Dalgaard
- Section of Eukaryotic Cell Biology, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anandwardhan A Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Akazawa S, Mackin L, Jhala G, Fynch S, Catterall T, Selck C, Graham KL, Krishnamurthy B, Pappas EG, Kwong CTJ, Sutherland APR, Kay TWH, Brodnicki TC, Thomas HE. Deficiency of the innate immune adaptor STING promotes autoreactive T cell expansion in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:878-889. [PMID: 33483762 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is a central hub for cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and its activation results in upregulation of type I IFN production in innate immune cells. A type I IFN gene signature seen before the onset of type 1 diabetes has been suggested as a driver of disease initiation both in humans and in the NOD mouse model. A possible source of type I IFN is through activation of the STING pathway. Recent studies suggest that STING also has antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions in T cells that are independent of IFN. To investigate whether STING is involved in autoimmune diabetes, we examined the impact of genetic deletion of STING in NOD mice. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to generate STING-deficient NOD mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the level of type I IFN-regulated genes in islets from wild-type and STING-deficient NOD mice. The number of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214-specific CD8+ T cells was determined by magnetic bead-based MHC tetramer enrichment and flow cytometry. The incidence of spontaneous diabetes and diabetes after adoptive transfer of T cells was determined. RESULTS STING deficiency partially attenuated the type I IFN gene signature in islets but did not suppress insulitis. STING-deficient NOD mice accumulated an increased number of IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells (2878 ± 642 cells in NOD.STING-/- mice and 728.8 ± 196 cells in wild-type NOD mice) in peripheral lymphoid tissue, associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous diabetes (95.5% in NOD.STING-/- mice and 86.2% in wild-type NOD mice). Splenocytes from STING-deficient mice rapidly induced diabetes after adoptive transfer into irradiated NOD recipients (median survival 75 days for NOD recipients of NOD.STING-/- mouse splenocytes and 121 days for NOD recipients of NOD mouse splenocytes). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Data suggest that sensing of endogenous nucleic acids through the STING pathway may be partially responsible for the type I IFN gene signature but not autoimmunity in NOD mice. Our results show that the STING pathway may play an unexpected intrinsic role in suppressing the number of diabetogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akazawa
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate L Graham
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Chun-Ting J Kwong
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P R Sutherland
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Jhala G, Selck C, Chee J, Kwong CTJ, Pappas EG, Thomas HE, Kay TWH, Krishnamurthy B. Tolerance to Proinsulin-1 Reduces Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645817. [PMID: 33841427 PMCID: PMC8027244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses to insulin and its precursor proinsulin are central to islet autoimmunity in humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes. Mice have two proinsulin genes proinsulin -1 and 2 that are differentially expressed, with predominant proinsulin-2 expression in the thymus and proinsulin-1 in islet beta-cells. In contrast to proinsulin-2, proinsulin-1 knockout NOD mice are protected from autoimmune diabetes. This indicates that proinsulin-1 epitopes in beta-cells maybe preferentially targeted by autoreactive T cells. To study the contribution of proinsulin-1 reactive T cells in autoimmune diabetes, we generated transgenic NOD mice with tetracycline-regulated expression of proinsulin-1 in antigen presenting cells (TIP-1 mice) with an aim to induce immune tolerance. TIP-1 mice displayed a significantly reduced incidence of spontaneous diabetes, which was associated with reduced severity of insulitis and insulin autoantibody development. Antigen experienced proinsulin specific T cells were significantly reduced in in TIP-1 mice indicating immune tolerance. Moreover, T cells from TIP-1 mice expressing proinsulin-1 transferred diabetes at a significantly reduced frequency. However, proinsulin-1 expression in APCs had minimal impact on the immune responses to the downstream antigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) and did not prevent diabetes in NOD 8.3 mice with a pre-existing repertoire of IGRP reactive T cells. Thus, boosting immune tolerance to proinsulin-1 partially prevents islet-autoimmunity. This study further extends the previously established role of proinsulin-1 epitopes in autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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9
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Ge T, Jhala G, Fynch S, Akazawa S, Litwak S, Pappas EG, Catterall T, Vakil I, Long AJ, Olson LM, Krishnamurthy B, Kay TW, Thomas HE. The JAK1 Selective Inhibitor ABT 317 Blocks Signaling Through Interferon-γ and Common γ Chain Cytokine Receptors to Reverse Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588543. [PMID: 33343569 PMCID: PMC7746546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines that signal through the JAK-STAT pathway, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and common γ chain cytokines, contribute to the destruction of insulin-secreting β cells by CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We previously showed that JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors reversed autoimmune insulitis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and also blocked IFN-γ mediated MHC class I upregulation on β cells. Blocking interferons on their own does not prevent diabetes in knockout NOD mice, so we tested whether JAK inhibitor action on signaling downstream of common γ chain cytokines, including IL-2, IL-7 IL-15, and IL-21, may also affect the progression of diabetes in NOD mice. Common γ chain cytokines activate JAK1 and JAK3 to regulate T cell proliferation. We used a JAK1-selective inhibitor, ABT 317, to better understand the specific role of JAK1 signaling in autoimmune diabetes. ABT 317 reduced IL-21, IL-2, IL-15 and IL-7 signaling in T cells and IFN-γ signaling in β cells, but ABT 317 did not affect GM-CSF signaling in granulocytes. When given in vivo to NOD mice, ABT 317 reduced CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as the number of KLRG+ effector and CD44hiCD62Llo effector memory CD8+ T cells in spleen. ABT 317 also prevented MHC class I upregulation on β cells. Newly diagnosed diabetes was reversed in 94% NOD mice treated twice daily with ABT 317 while still on treatment at 40 days and 44% remained normoglycemic after a further 60 days from discontinuing the drug. Our results indicate that ABT 317 blocks common γ chain cytokines in lymphocytes and interferons in lymphocytes and β cells and are thus more effective against diabetes pathogenesis than IFN-γ receptor deficiency alone. Our studies suggest use of this class of drug for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stacey Fynch
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Satoru Akazawa
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Litwak
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Catterall
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Ishan Vakil
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Long
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Lisa M Olson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas W Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) regulates innate and adaptive immune responses. Using gene targeting and in vitro analysis of pancreatic islets and immune cells, NF-κB activation has been implicated in type 1 diabetes development. Here we use a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model that expresses a luciferase reporter of transcriptionally active NF-κB to determine its activation in vivo during development of diabetes. Increased luciferase activity was readily detected upon treatment with Toll-like receptor ligands in vitro and in vivo, indicating activation of NF-κB. However, activated NF-κB was detectable at low levels above background in unmanipulated NOD mice, but did not vary with age, despite the progression of inflammatory infiltration in islets over time. NF-κB was highly activated in an accelerated model of type 1 diabetes that requires CD4+ T cells and inflammatory macrophages. These data shed light on the nature of the inflammatory response in the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Irvin
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuxing Zhao
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia. .,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Mollah ZUA, Quah HS, Graham KL, Jhala G, Krishnamurthy B, Dharma JFM, Chee J, Trivedi PM, Pappas EG, Mackin L, Chu EPF, Akazawa S, Fynch S, Hodson C, Deans AJ, Trapani JA, Chong MMW, Bird PI, Brodnicki TC, Thomas HE, Kay TWH. Granzyme A Deficiency Breaks Immune Tolerance and Promotes Autoimmune Diabetes Through a Type I Interferon-Dependent Pathway. Diabetes 2017; 66:3041-3050. [PMID: 28733313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme A is a protease implicated in the degradation of intracellular DNA. Nucleotide complexes are known triggers of systemic autoimmunity, but a role in organ-specific autoimmune disease has not been demonstrated. To investigate whether such a mechanism could be an endogenous trigger for autoimmunity, we examined the impact of granzyme A deficiency in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Granzyme A deficiency resulted in an increased incidence in diabetes associated with accumulation of ssDNA in immune cells and induction of an interferon response in pancreatic islets. Central tolerance to proinsulin in transgenic NOD mice was broken on a granzyme A-deficient background. We have identified a novel endogenous trigger for autoimmune diabetes and an in vivo role for granzyme A in maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaurang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna Francisca M Dharma
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prerak M Trivedi
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward P F Chu
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stacey Fynch
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrew J Deans
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark M W Chong
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Jhala G, Chee J, Trivedi PM, Selck C, Gurzov EN, Graham KL, Thomas HE, Kay TW, Krishnamurthy B. Perinatal tolerance to proinsulin is sufficient to prevent autoimmune diabetes. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86065. [PMID: 27699217 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity self-reactive thymocytes are purged in the thymus, and residual self-reactive T cells, which are detectable in healthy subjects, are controlled by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Breakdown in these mechanisms results in autoimmune disease, but antigen-specific therapy to augment natural mechanisms can prevent this. We aimed to determine when antigen-specific therapy is most effective. Islet autoantigens, proinsulin (PI), and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) were expressed in the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of autoimmune diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice in a temporally controlled manner. PI expression from gestation until weaning was sufficient to completely protect NOD mice from diabetes, insulitis, and development of insulin autoantibodies. Insulin-specific T cells were significantly diminished, were naive, and did not express IFN-γ when challenged. This long-lasting effect from a brief period of treatment suggests that autoreactive T cells are not produced subsequently. We tracked IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells in NOD mice expressing IGRP in APCs. When IGRP was expressed only until weaning, IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells were not detected later in life. Thus, anti-islet autoimmunity is determined during early life, and autoreactive T cells are not generated in later life. Bolstering tolerance to islet antigens in the perinatal period is sufficient to impart lasting protection from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Jhala
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Selck
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Wh Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Krishnamurthy B, Chee J, Jhala G, Trivedi P, Catterall T, Selck C, Gurzov EN, Brodnicki TC, Graham KL, Wali JA, Zhan Y, Gray D, Strasser A, Allison J, Thomas HE, Kay TWH. BIM Deficiency Protects NOD Mice From Diabetes by Diverting Thymocytes to Regulatory T Cells. Diabetes 2015; 64:3229-38. [PMID: 25948683 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because regulatory T-cell (Treg) development can be induced by the same agonist self-antigens that induce negative selection, perturbation of apoptosis will affect both negative selection and Treg development. But how the processes of thymocyte deletion versus Treg differentiation bifurcate and their relative importance for tolerance have not been studied in spontaneous organ-specific autoimmune disease. We addressed these questions by removing a critical mediator of thymocyte deletion, BIM, in the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Despite substantial defects in the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes, BIM-deficient NOD (NODBim(-/-)) mice developed less insulitis and were protected from diabetes. BIM deficiency did not impair effector T-cell function; however, NODBim(-/-) mice had increased numbers of Tregs, including those specific for proinsulin, in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues. Increased levels of Nur77, CD5, GITR, and phosphorylated IκB-α in thymocytes from NODBim(-/-) mice suggest that autoreactive cells receiving strong T-cell receptor signals that would normally delete them escape apoptosis and are diverted into the Treg pathway. Paradoxically, in the NOD model, reduced thymic deletion ameliorates autoimmune diabetes by increasing Tregs. Thus, modulating apoptosis may be one of the ways to increase antigen-specific Tregs and prevent autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Australia Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yifan Zhan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Daniel Gray
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Australia Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Australia Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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14
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Chee J, Ko HJ, Skowera A, Jhala G, Catterall T, Graham KL, Sutherland RM, Thomas HE, Lew AM, Peakman M, Kay TWH, Krishnamurthy B. Effector-Memory T Cells Develop in Islets and Report Islet Pathology in Type 1 Diabetes. J I 2013; 192:572-80. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Krishnamurthy B, Chee J, Jhala G, Fynch S, Graham KL, Santamaria P, Morahan G, Allison J, Izon D, Thomas HE, Kay TW. Complete diabetes protection despite delayed thymic tolerance in NOD8.3 TCR transgenic mice due to antigen-induced extrathymic deletion of T cells. Diabetes 2012; 61:425-35. [PMID: 22190647 PMCID: PMC3266425 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of autoimmunity requires the elimination of self-reactive T cells during their development in the thymus and maturation in the periphery. Transgenic NOD mice that overexpress islet-specific glucose 6 phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) in antigen-presenting cells (NOD-IGRP mice) have no IGRP-specific T cells. To study the relative contribution of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms to deletion of antigen-specific T cells, we crossed NOD-IGRP mice to highly diabetogenic IGRP206-214 T-cell receptor transgenic mice (NOD8.3 mice) and studied the frequency and function of IGRP-specific T cells in the thymus and periphery. Peripheral tolerance was extremely efficient and completely protected NOD-IGRP/NOD8.3 mice from diabetes. Peripheral tolerance was characterized by activation of T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissue where IGRP was expressed followed by activation-induced cell death. Thymectomy showed that thymic output of IGRP-specific transgenic T cells compensated for peripheral deletion to maintain peripheral T-cell numbers. Central tolerance was undetectable until 10 weeks and complete by 15 weeks. These in vivo data indicate that peripheral tolerance alone can protect NOD8.3 mice from autoimmune diabetes and that profound changes in T-cell repertoire can follow subtle changes in thymic antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - David Izon
- St. Vincent’s Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- St. Vincent’s Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W.H. Kay
- St. Vincent’s Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author: Thomas W.H. Kay,
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16
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Campbell PD, Estella E, Dudek NL, Jhala G, Thomas HE, Kay TWH, Mannering SI. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing of human pancreatic islet cells in vitro. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:543-51. [PMID: 18639598 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are believed to play an essential role in beta-cell destruction leading to development of type 1 diabetes and allogeneic islet graft failure. We aimed to identify the mechanisms used by CTL to kill human beta cells. CTL clones that recognize epitopes from influenza virus and Epstein-Barr virus restricted by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A0201 and -B0801, respectively, were used to investigate the susceptibility of human beta cells to CTL. In a short-term (5-hour) assay, CTL killed human islet cells of the appropriate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I type that had been pulsed with viral peptides. Killing was increased by pretreating islets with interferon gamma that increases MHC class I on target cells. Killing was abolished by incubation of CTL with the perforin inhibitor concanamycin A. The Fas pathway did not contribute to killing because blocking with neutralizing anti-Fas ligand antibody did not significantly reduce beta-cell killing. In conclusion, we report a novel way of investigating the interaction between CTL and human islets. Human islets were rapidly killed in vitro by MHC class I-restricted CTL predominantly by the granule exocytosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute, The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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