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Saha A, Hyzy S, Lamothe T, Hammond K, Clark N, Lanieri L, Bhattarai P, Palchaudhuri R, Gillard GO, Proctor J, Riddle MJ, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, MacMillan ML, Wagner JE, Kiem HP, Olson LM, Blazar BR. A CD45-targeted antibody-drug conjugate successfully conditions for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice. Blood 2022; 139:1743-1759. [PMID: 34986233 PMCID: PMC8931510 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative treatment of patients with nonmalignant or malignant blood disorders. Its success has been limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Current systemic nontargeted conditioning regimens mediate tissue injury and potentially incite and amplify GVHD, limiting the use of this potentially curative treatment beyond malignant disorders. Minimizing systemic nontargeted conditioning while achieving alloengraftment without global immune suppression is highly desirable. Antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs) targeting hematopoietic cells can specifically deplete host stem and immune cells and enable alloengraftment. We report an anti-mouse CD45-targeted-ADC (CD45-ADC) that facilitates stable murine multilineage donor cell engraftment. Conditioning with CD45-ADC (3 mg/kg) was effective as a single agent in both congenic and minor-mismatch transplant models resulting in full donor chimerism comparable to lethal total body irradiation (TBI). In an MHC-disparate allo-HSCT model, pretransplant CD45-ADC (3 mg/kg) combined with low-dose TBI (150 cGy) and a short course of costimulatory blockade with anti-CD40 ligand antibody enabled 89% of recipients to achieve stable alloengraftment (mean value: 72%). When CD45-ADC was combined with pretransplant TBI (50 cGy) and posttransplant rapamycin, cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), or a JAK inhibitor, 90% to 100% of recipients achieved stable chimerism (mean: 77%, 59%, 78%, respectively). At a higher dose (5 mg/kg), CD45-ADC as a single agent was sufficient for rapid, high-level multilineage chimerism sustained through the 22 weeks observation period. Therefore, CD45-ADC has the potential utility to confer the benefit of fully myeloablative conditioning but with substantially reduced toxicity when given as a single agent or at lower doses in conjunction with reduced-intensity conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Saha
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan J Riddle
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John E Wagner
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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2
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Hyzy SL, Proctor JL, Gillard GO, Hammond KJ, Sarma GN, Saha A, Clark N, Lamothe TL, Palchaudhuri R, Pearse BR, McDonagh CF, Kiem HP, Wagner JE, Blazar BR, Boitano AE, Cooke MP, Davis JC. Targeted CD45 Antibody Drug Conjugate Enables Full Mismatch Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in a Murine HSCT Model As a Single Agent. Transplant Cell Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(21)00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Proctor JL, Gillard GO, Mikse O, Lanieri L, Lamothe TL, Brooks ML, Kien L, McDonough SM, Bhat A, Palchaudhuri R, Bhattarai PR, Sarma GN, Jain N, McDonagh CF, Boitano AE, Cooke MP. A Single Dose of a Novel Anti-Human Short Half-Life Engineered CD45-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Is Cytoreductive on Patient-Derived Tumors and Extends Survival Beyond Standards of Care in Multiple Pre-Clinical Models of Hematologic Malignancy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gillard GO, Saenz SA, Huss DJ, Fontenot JD. Circulating innate lymphoid cells are unchanged in response to DAC HYP therapy. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 294:41-5. [PMID: 27138097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in immunity, inflammation, and tissue remodeling and their dysregulation is implicated in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. We analyzed the impact of daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-CD25 antibody, on circulating natural killer (NK) cells and ILCs in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients. An increase in CD56(bright) NK cells and CD56(hi)CD16(intermediate) transitional NK cells was observed. No significant change in total ILCs or major ILC subpopulations was observed. These results refine our understanding of the impact of daclizumab on innate lymphoid cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven A Saenz
- Celgene Avilomics Research, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, United States
| | - David J Huss
- Juno Therapeutics, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 300; Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Jason D Fontenot
- Juno Therapeutics, 307 Westlake Ave N, Suite 300; Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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5
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Gillard GO, Collette B, Anderson J, Chao J, Scannevin RH, Huss DJ, Fontenot JD. DMF, but not other fumarates, inhibits NF-κB activity in vitro in an Nrf2-independent manner. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 283:74-85. [PMID: 26004161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate-containing pharmaceuticals are potent therapeutic agents that influence multiple cellular pathways. Despite proven clinical efficacy, there is a significant lack of data that directly defines the molecular mechanisms of action of related, yet distinct fumarate compounds. We systematically compared the impact of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), monomethyl fumarate (MMF) and a mixture of monoethyl fumarate salts (Ca(++), Mg(++), Zn(++); MEF) on defined cellular responses. We demonstrate that DMF inhibited NF-κB-driven cytokine production and nuclear translocation of p65 and p52 in an Nrf2-independent manner. Equivalent doses of MMF and MEF did not affect NF-κB signaling. These results highlight a key difference in the biological impact of related, yet distinct fumarate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Anderson
- Biogen, Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jianhua Chao
- Biogen, Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - David J Huss
- Biogen, Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Venkataswamy MM, Ng TW, Kharkwal SS, Carreño LJ, Johnson AJ, Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Liu Z, Bittman R, Jervis PJ, Cox LR, Besra GS, Wen X, Yuan W, Tsuji M, Li X, Ho DD, Chan J, Lee S, Frothingham R, Haynes BF, Panas MW, Gillard GO, Sixsmith JD, Korioth-Schmitz B, Schmitz JE, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. Improving Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guèrin as a vaccine delivery vector for viral antigens by incorporation of glycolipid activators of NKT cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108383. [PMID: 25255287 PMCID: PMC4177913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (rBCG) has been explored as a vector for vaccines against HIV because of its ability to induce long lasting humoral and cell mediated immune responses. To maximize the potential for rBCG vaccines to induce effective immunity against HIV, various strategies are being employed to improve its ability to prime CD8+ T cells, which play an important role in the control of HIV infections. In this study we adopted a previously described approach of incorporating glycolipids that activate CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells to enhance priming of CD8+ T cells by rBCG strains expressing an SIV Gag antigen (rBCG-SIV gag). We found that the incorporation of the synthetic NKT activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) into rBCG-SIV gag significantly enhanced CD8+ T cell responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope, compared to responses primed by unmodified rBCG-SIV gag. The abilities of structural analogues of α-GC to enhance CD8+ T cell responses to rBCG were compared in both wild type and partially humanized mice that express human CD1d molecules in place of mouse CD1d. These studies identified an α-GC analogue known as 7DW8-5, which has previously been used successfully as an adjuvant in non-human primates, as a promising compound for enhancing immunogenicity of antigens delivered by rBCG.vectors. Our findings support the incorporation of synthetic glycolipid activators of NKT cells as a novel approach to enhance the immunogenicity of rBCG-vectored antigens for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. The glycolipid adjuvant 7DW8-5 may be a promising candidate for advancing to non-human primate and human clinical studies for the development of HIV vaccines based on rBCG vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tony W. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shalu S. Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alison J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of City University of New York, Flushing, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Jervis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiangming Li
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard Frothingham
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Panas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey O. Gillard
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaimie D. Sixsmith
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Birgit Korioth-Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle H. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Bivas-Benita M, Gillard GO, Bar L, White KA, Webby RJ, Hovav AH, Letvin NL. Airway CD8(+) T cells induced by pulmonary DNA immunization mediate protective anti-viral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:156-66. [PMID: 22806099 PMCID: PMC3534169 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies for protection against a number of respiratory pathogens must induce T-cell populations in both the pulmonary airways and peripheral lymphoid organs. In this study, we show that pulmonary immunization using plasmid DNA formulated with the polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI-DNA) induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the airways that persisted long after antigen local clearance. The persistence of the cells was not mediated by local lymphocyte proliferation or persistent antigen presentation within the lung or airways. These vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells effectively mediated protective immunity against respiratory challenges with vaccinia virus and influenza virus. Moreover, this protection was not dependent upon the recruitment of T cells from peripheral sites. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary immunization with PEI-DNA is an efficient approach for inducing robust pulmonary CD8(+) T-cell populations that are effective at protecting against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bivas-Benita
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,()
| | - G O Gillard
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Bar
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K A White
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A-H Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - N L Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Gillard GO, Bivas-Benita M, Hovav AH, Grandpre LE, Panas MW, Seaman MS, Haynes BF, Letvin NL. Thy1+ NK [corrected] cells from vaccinia virus-primed mice confer protection against vaccinia virus challenge in the absence of adaptive lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002141. [PMID: 21829360 PMCID: PMC3150274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunological memory has long been considered the province of T- and B- lymphocytes, it has recently been reported that innate cell populations are capable of mediating memory responses. We now show that an innate memory immune response is generated in mice following infection with vaccinia virus, a poxvirus for which no cognate germline-encoded receptor has been identified. This immune response results in viral clearance in the absence of classical adaptive T and B lymphocyte populations, and is mediated by a Thy1+ subset of natural killer (NK) cells. We demonstrate that immune protection against infection from a lethal dose of virus can be adoptively transferred with memory hepatic Thy1+ NK cells that were primed with live virus. Our results also indicate that, like classical immunological memory, stronger innate memory responses form in response to priming with live virus than a highly attenuated vector. These results demonstrate that a defined innate memory cell population alone can provide host protection against a lethal systemic infection through viral clearance. Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity and provides the basis for our ability to become ‘immune’ to pathogens to which we have previously been exposed, and provides the basis for vaccination. For decades, the paradigm held that only the classical adaptive lymphocytes were capable of forming and maintaining protective immunological memory. Recently, several papers have shown the capacity of an innate cell population, a subset of natural killer (NK) cells, to exhibit certain aspects of immunological memory. Here we show that innate memory forms in response to infection with vaccinia virus and resides in a discrete subset of NK cells. We further demonstrate that this innate memory provides significant host protection against a subsequent systemic infection with a lethal dose of vaccinia virus, in some cases resulting in the complete clearance of detectable virus. We also demonstrate that priming with live, replicating virus stimulates innate memory more robustly than a highly attenuated vector. These findings shed new light on this emergent area of immunology, and hold significant implications for harnessing innate memory as part of creating novel vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O. Gillard
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maytal Bivas-Benita
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lauren E. Grandpre
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Panas
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Barker BR, Gladstone MN, Gillard GO, Panas MW, Letvin NL. Critical role for IL-21 in both primary and memory anti-viral CD8+ T-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:3085-96. [PMID: 21061439 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that CD8(+) T cells generated in the absence of CD4(+) T cells mediate defective recall responses, the mechanism by which CD4(+) T cells confer help in the generation of CD8(+) T-cell responses remains poorly understood. To determine whether CD4(+) T-cell-derived IL-21 is an important regulator of CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent and -independent viral infections, we examined these responses in the IL-21Rα(-/-) mouse model. We show that IL-21 has a role in primary CD8(+) T-cell responses and in recall CD8(+) T-cell responses in help-dependent viral infections. This effect is due to a direct action of IL-21 in enhancing the proliferation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and reducing their TRAIL expression. These findings indicate that IL-21 is an important mediator of CD4(+) T-cell help to CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Elnekave M, Bivas-Benita M, Gillard GO, Sircar P, Hovav AH. A matter of timing: unsynchronized antigen expression and antigen presentation diminish secondary T cell responses. J Immunol 2009; 183:1013-21. [PMID: 19561108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the low and short expression of secondary Ag, prime-boost immunizations using homologous or heterologous vectors are capable of amplifying memory CD8(+) T cells. This is mainly attributed to the rapid presentation of Ag by APCs and the high proliferative capacity of memory CD8(+) T cells. Nevertheless, certain viruses and vectors often require prolonged Ag presentation for optimal T cell priming, and the influence of such a prolonged presentation during secondary immune induction is not clear. To address this issue, we primed and boosted mice intradermally (i.d.) with plasmid DNA that was recently reported to require prolonged Ag presentation for maximal CD8(+) T cell priming. Although functional memory CD8(+) T cells were present in the mice after i.d. priming, the secondary CD8(+) T cell response elicited was limited and reached a similar level of that observed during priming. The initial levels of secondary Ag expressed in the boosted mice were sufficient to prime CD8(+) T cell response in naive hosts, suggesting that lower Ag load alone does not explain the limited secondary immune responses observed. Removal of the injection site 5 or 10 days after i.d. boosting immunization resulted in diminished Ag presentation and no expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells. In fact, Ag-presenting activity following boost occurred mainly two weeks postimmunization, a time when the Ag was no longer expressed in situ. These findings suggest that when the boosting vector triggers prolonged Ag presentation, the lack of synchronicity between Ag accessibility and Ag presentation limits secondary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Abstract
Heterogeneous epithelial populations comprising the thymic environment influence early and late stages of T-cell development. The processes that regulate the differentiation of thymic epithelium and that are responsible for this heterogeneity are not well understood, although mesenchymal/epithelial interactions are clearly involved. Here, we show that targeted expression by thymocytes of an fibroblast growth factor receptor-2IIIb (FGFR2IIIb) ligand, FGF10, profoundly alters the differentiation and function of thymic epithelium (TE). Reconstitution of irradiated lckFGF10 mice with normal bone marrow restores normal thymic organization and function, while wild-type mice reconstituted with lckFGF10 bone marrow recapitulates some of the thymic alterations seen in lckFGF10 mice. We also demonstrate that interference with FGFR2IIIb signaling in the thymus with a soluble FGFR2IIIb dominant-negative fusion protein leads to precocious reductions in thymic size and cellularity that resemble age-related thymic involution. These findings indicate that TE compartments are dynamically maintained and that FGF signals are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7420, USA
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12
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Gillard GO, Dooley J, Erickson M, Peltonen L, Farr AG. Aire-dependent alterations in medullary thymic epithelium indicate a role for Aire in thymic epithelial differentiation. J Immunol 2007; 178:3007-15. [PMID: 17312146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalent view of thymic epithelial differentiation and Aire activity holds that Aire functions in terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cells (MTECs) to derepress the expression of structural tissue-restricted Ags, including pancreatic endocrine hormones. An alternative view of these processes has proposed that Aire functions to regulate the differentiation of immature thymic epithelial cells, thereby affecting tissue-restricted Ag expression and negative selection. In this study, we demonstrate that Aire impacts several aspects of murine MTECs and provide support for this second model. Expression of transcription factors associated with developmental plasticity of progenitor cells, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, by MTECs was Aire dependent. Similarly, the transcription factors that regulate pancreatic development and the expression of pancreatic hormones are also expressed by wild-type MTECs in an Aire-dependent manner. The altered transcriptional profiles in Aire-deficient MTECs were accompanied by changes in the organization and composition of the medullary epithelial compartment, including a reduction in the medullary compartment defined by keratin (K) 14 expression, altered patterns of K5 and K8 expression, and more prominent epithelial cysts. These findings implicate Aire in the regulation of MTEC differentiation and the organization of the medullary thymic compartment and are compatible with a role for Aire in thymic epithelium differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O Gillard
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Abstract
Although thymic ectopy has long been recognized in humans, the functional activity or potential immunological significance of this thymic tissue is unknown. In this study, we describe murine thymic ectopy, cervical thymic tissue that possesses the same general organization as the thoracic thymus, that is able to support T cell differentiation, and that can export T cells to the periphery. Unexpectedly, the pattern of autoantigen expression by ectopic thymic tissue differs from that of the thoracic thymus, raising the possibility that these two thymic environments may project different versions of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washinton School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Gillard GO, Farr AG. Features of Medullary Thymic Epithelium Implicate Postnatal Development in Maintaining Epithelial Heterogeneity and Tissue-Restricted Antigen Expression. J Immunol 2006; 176:5815-24. [PMID: 16670287 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.10.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although putative thymic epithelial progenitor cells have been identified, the developmental potential of these cells, the extent of medullary thymic epithelium (mTEC) heterogeneity, and the mechanisms that mediate the expression of a wide range of peripheral tissue-restricted Ags (TRAs) by mTECs remain poorly defined. Here we have defined several basic properties of the mTEC population that refine our understanding of these cells and impose important constraints for any model of mTEC differentiation and function. We report here that mTECs from adult mice are mitotically active, implying continual turnover, differentiation, and replacement of mTEC populations in the adult thymus. The mTEC population in adult thymus expresses transcription factors implicated in the maintenance of multipotential progenitor cell populations, suggesting that epithelial progenitors in the adult thymus may not be restricted to a thymic fate. mTECs also express multiple transcription factors required for the specification of multiple epithelial lineages in peripheral tissues. Thus, expression of some TRAs by mTECs may represent coordinated gene expression that reflects alternate programs of epithelial differentiation among mTECs. Analysis of TRA expression in individual and small pools of sorted mTECs show that mTECs are highly heterogeneous; each individual mTEC expresses a limited spectrum of TRAs, and the frequency of mTECs that express any individual TRA is quite low (>0.4-2%). Collectively, these findings suggest that the differentiation of mTECs can involve some of the developmental programs used by other epithelial lineages and that expression of some TRAs by mTECs may reflect this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O Gillard
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) express a broad spectrum of tissue- restricted self-antigens (TRAs), which are required for the development of central tolerance. A new study suggests that TRA expression is a specialized property of terminally differentiated mTECs. However, as discussed here, an alternative model-whereby TRA expression is regulated by conserved developmental programs active in developing mTECs-may be equally plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey O Gillard
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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