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Caputo N, Jackson MA, Castle JR, El Youssef J, Bakhtiani PA, Bergstrom CP, Carroll JM, Breen ME, Leonard GL, David LL, Roberts CT, Ward WK. Biochemical stabilization of glucagon at alkaline pH. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:747-58. [PMID: 24968220 PMCID: PMC4201307 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, a bihormonal artificial endocrine pancreas system utilizing glucagon and insulin has been found to stabilize glycemic control. However, commercially available formulations of glucagon cannot currently be used in such systems because of physical instability characterized by aggregation and chemical degradation. Storing glucagon at pH 10 blocks protein aggregation but results in chemical degradation. Reductions in pH minimize chemical degradation, but even small reductions increase protein aggregation. We hypothesized that common pharmaceutical excipients accompanied by a new excipient would inhibit glucagon aggregation at an alkaline pH. METHODS AND RESULTS As measured by tryptophan intrinsic fluorescence shift and optical density at 630 nm, protein aggregation was indeed minimized when glucagon was formulated with curcumin and albumin. This formulation also reduced chemical degradation, measured by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Biological activity was retained after aging for 7 days in an in vitro cell-based bioassay and also in Yorkshire swine. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, a formulation of glucagon stabilized with curcumin, polysorbate-80, l-methionine, and albumin at alkaline pH in glycine buffer may be suitable for extended use in a portable pump in the setting of a bihormonal artificial endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Caputo
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melanie A. Jackson
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica R. Castle
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph El Youssef
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Parkash A. Bakhtiani
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Colin P. Bergstrom
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Julie M. Carroll
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew E. Breen
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerald L. Leonard
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Larry L. David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - W. Kenneth Ward
- Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Sanders DA, McMahon SA, Leonard GL, Naismith JH. Molecular placement of experimental electron density: a case study on UDP-galactopyranose mutase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2001; 57:1415-20. [PMID: 11567154 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444901009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2001] [Accepted: 06/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure of UDP-galactopyranose mutase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-galactofuranose, has been solved. The structure solution required the use of two crystal forms and a selenomethionine variant. Crystal form P2(1) was used to collect a complete MAD data set, a native data set and a single-wavelength non-isomorphous selenomethionine data set. A starting set of MAD phases was then improved by non-crystallographic averaging and cross-crystal averaging of all P2(1) data. The initial maps were of such low quality that transformation matrices between cells could not be determined. It was therefore assumed that although there were large changes in unit-cell parameters, the molecule occupied the same position in each cell. This starting assumption was allowed to refine during the averaging procedure and did so satisfactorily. Despite a visible increase in the quality of the map allowing some secondary-structural elements to be located, the overall structure could not be traced and refined. The rediscovery of the second crystal form, P2(1)2(1)2(1), allowed the collection of a native data set to 2.4 A. Molecular placement of electron density was used to determine the relationship between the two unit cells. In this study, only the already averaged P2(1) experimental density could be placed in the P2(1)2(1)2(1) map. Less extensively density-modified maps did not give a clear solution. The study suggests even poor non-isomorphous data can be used to significantly improve map quality. The relationship between P2(1) and P2(1)2(1)2(1) could then be used in a final round of cross-crystal averaging to generate phases. The resulting map was easily traced and the structure has been refined. The structure sheds important light on a novel mechanism and is also a therapeutic target in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sanders
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, The University, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Scotland
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Abstract
Electron microscopic examination of a spinal meningioma demonstrated broad zones with large amianthoid collagen fibers in the tumor. Normal native collagen fibrils were found in small scattered clumps particularly around the blood vessels in the tumor. Such abnormal large collagen fibrils have not been seen previously in meningiomas. The significance of the amianthoid fibers is unknown. The only other unusual feature of the tumor was that it had many pale-staining cells by light microscopy and was classified as a clear cell variant of meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Harkin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Silliman CC, Leonard GL, Lacorte WS, Sutherland CM. Postradiation chondroblastic sarcoma of bone: case report and review of the literature. J La State Med Soc 1987; 139:31-5. [PMID: 3320271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Abstract
A case of eosinophilic granuloma involving bone and lung in a patient with Hodgkin disease is reported. The lesion appeared several months after the patient had completed a course of chemotherapy. The single bony lesion was resected and the pulmonary lesions disappeared spontaneously. The occurrence of eosinophilic granuloma in a patient with Hodgkin disease has rarely been reported.
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Abstract
Although marine vibrio wound infections and septicemia are being reported with increasing frequency, description of the histopathologic changes has been scanty. The histologic alterations in three patients with primary marine vibrio wound infections are presented. The lesions are characterized by intense acute cellulitis of the subcutis with much tissue destruction and extension into the adjacent dermis. The superficial dermis is devitalized and lacks an inflammatory cellular infiltrate. Subepidermal noninflammatory bullae are formed. Many organisms are seen both within the areas of intense acute inflammation and in devitalized areas. Organisms and inflammation are especially oriented around vessels, with associated acute vasculitis. It is concluded that the morphologic picture in marine vibrio wound infections is nonspecific yet characteristic.
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Abstract
The benign, monomorphic adenoma, derived from the respiratory epithelium of the middle ear, is a well circumscribed, greyish, avascular tumor. Its histology--documented by light and electron micrographs contained in this report--supports a distinct entity and pathogenesis apart from the malignant adenocarcinoma. Utilizing two case reports, this compendium emphasizes the clinical presentations, as well as radiographic and audiometrical characteristics, of the tumor. The first case represents the typical tumor with conductive hearing loss. The second case is the first reported facial paralysis associated with hemorrhagic infarction of an adenoma which was reversible by surgical resection of the tumor. Based on the histology and four year postoperative follow-up, the authors conclude the adenoma may be effectively managed by surgical resection.
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Abstract
Elongation with kinking of the internal carotid artery is not an uncommon finding. Cerebral vascular insufficiency has been reported secondary to this abnormality. Although arteriosclerosis is a frequent cause in adults, the etiology in children has never been explained. Three children with significant kinking of the internal carotid artery are reported here. Each underwent surgical correction by excision and reconstruction. Histological review showed the elastic tissue to be disrupted, diminished in amount, and unevenly distributed. Retrospective examination of this elastic tissue dysplasia showed it to be localized, there being normal morphology both proximally and distal to the involved area. There was recurrence of elongation and kinking in one patient due to incomplete excision. Correction was accomplished after re-excision of the involved tissue with a vein graft interposition. From this study, it can be concluded that elongation and kinking of the internal carotid artery in children is secondary to elastic tissue dysplasia. It is imperative that the entire involved area be removed in order to prevent recurrence. The excised specimen should be studied histologically with elastic tissue stains. Such stains cannot be performed as frozen section. Should permanent studies show the margins of resection not to be beyond the dysplastic tissue, careful followup of these children is essential to recognize recurrence.
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Leonard GL, Ellisor SS, Reid ME, Sanchez PD, Tippett P. An unusual Rh immunization. Vox Sang 1976; 31:273-6. [PMID: 822587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-C was present in the serum of a woman of the Rh phenotype R1Wr (CwDe/cde), as far as we know the first anti-C to be found in a Cw person.
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Abstract
CARCINOID OF THE THYMUS IS A RARE PROBLEM A case is reported to add to only 16 previously reported. None of these 17 patients had the carcinoid syndrome. Complete surgical excision, if possible, is the treatment of choice.
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Lawson NW, Ochsner JL, Mills NL, Leonard GL. The use of hemodilution and fresh autologous blood in open-heart surgery. Anesth Analg 1974; 53:672-83. [PMID: 4472399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Carrera AE, Bryant LR, Leonard GL. Screening of blood donors for hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody. Am J Clin Pathol 1973; 60:445-9. [PMID: 4200622 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/60.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Arens JF, Leonard GL. Danger of overwarming blood by microwave. JAMA 1971; 218:1045-6. [PMID: 5171028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Quinn JH, Graves LR, Leonard GL. Unusual histiocytic lesion of the mandible: report of case. J Oral Surg 1970; 28:528-30. [PMID: 5269218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Dechary JM, Leonard GL, Corkern S. Purification and properties of a nonspecific hemagglutinin from the peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Lloydia 1970; 33:270-4. [PMID: 5495517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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DiGiglia JW, Leonard GL, Ochsner JL. Local irrigation with an antibiotic solution in the prevention of infection in vascular prostheses. Surgery 1970; 67:836-40. [PMID: 5442951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bienvenu OJ, Leonard GL. Acute fatal myocarditis apparently of viral origin: a case report. South Med J 1970; 63:333-6. [PMID: 5415188 DOI: 10.1097/00007611-197003000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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