Con la ley y sin la ley/With and without the law: Utilization of abortion services and case fatality in Mexico, 2000-2016

OBJECTIVE

To describe utilization of health services for, and case fatality from, abortion in Mexico.

METHOD

A historical cohort study using a census of state-level aggregate hospital discharge and primary care clinic data across Mexico's 32 states from January 2000 to December 2016. Abortive events and changes over time in utilization per 1000 women aged 15-44 years, and case fatality per 100 000 abortion-related events were described by year, health sector, and state. Associations of location (Mexico City vs 31 other states) and time (Mexico City implemented legal abortion services in 2007) with outcomes were tested by linear regression, controlling for secular trends.

RESULTS

The national abortion utilization rate was 6.7 per 1000 women in 2000, peaked at 7.9 in 2011, and plateaued to 7.0 in 2016. In Mexico City, utilization peaked at 16.7 in 2014 and then plateaued. Nationwide, the case-fatality rate declined over time from 53.7 deaths per 100 000 events in 2000 to 33.0 in 2016. Case fatality declined more rapidly in Mexico City than in the other 31 states to 12.3 in 2015.

CONCLUSION

Case fatality from abortive events has decreased across Mexico. Where abortion became legal, utilization increased sharply but plateaued afterward.

Bovine semen thermoresistance tests and their correlation with pregnancy rates after fixed-time artificial insemination

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to determine whether or not there is a correlation between thermoresistance tests (TT) after semen thawing and pregnancy rate (PR) after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Four different TT were performed on ten samples used for AI; a rapid test (RTT) (30min / 46°C) and three slow tests (STT): STT1 (60min/38°C), STT2 (180min/38°C), and STT3 (300min/38°C). Two hundred and fifteen multiparous crossbred cows were submitted to FTAI under the following protocol: on day zero (d0) the animals received a P4 device +EB; on d7 PGF2α; on d8 P4 was removed and eCG+EC were administered; IATF was performed on d10. Three gestational diagnoses (G D) were performed on d40, d70 and d120. The mean sperm motility (%) in RTT and STTs were 19.84±6.13, 28.55±10.48, 17.62±5.87 and 8.63±3.46, respectively, and TP in the three DG 61.86%, 57.67%, and 55.81%, respectively. Through Person test a significant negative correlation (P< 0.05) was found between STT2 and PR at 60 days (r= -0.644) and between STT3 and all TPs (r= -0.774, -0.752, 0.748). It was concluded that TT parameters are not able to determine correlation between semen quality and TP.

Optimizing the deep brain stimulation care pathway in patients with Parkinson's disease

Management of Parkinson's disease (PD) using deep brain stimulation (DBS) requires complex care in specialized, multidisciplinary centers. A well-organized, efficient patient flow is crucial to ensure that eligible patients can quickly access DBS. Delays or inefficiencies in patient care may impact a center's ability to meet demand, creating a capacity bottleneck. Analysis of the current practices within a center may help identify areas for improvement. After external audit of the DBS workflow of the Lyon Neurological Hospital and comparison with other European centers, manageable steps were suggested to restructure the care pathway. Propositions of the audit comprised, for example: (1) directly admitting referred patients to hospital, without a prior neurological outpatient visit and (2) including the preoperative anesthesia consultation in the hospital stay 1 month before surgery, not separately. This reorganization (between 2013 and 2016) was performed without increases in hospital medical resources or costs. The time from patients' first referral to surgery was reduced (from 22 to 16 months; p = 0.033), as was the number of pre- and postoperative patient visits (11-5; p = 0.025) and the total cumulative length of in-hospital stay (20.5-17.5 nights; p = 0.02). Ultimately, the total number of PD consultations increased (346-498 per year), as did the number of DBS implants per year (32-45 patients). In this single center experience, restructuring the DBS care pathway allowed a higher number of PD patients to benefit from DBS therapy, with a shorter waiting time and without decreasing the quality of care.

Niemann-Pick Type C-2 Disease: Identification by Analysis of Plasma Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-Triol and Further Insight into the Clinical Phenotype

INTRODUCTION

Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare disorder caused by impaired intracellular lipid transport due to mutations in either the NPC1 or the NPC2 gene. Ninety-five % of NPC patients show mutations in the NPC1 gene. A much smaller number of patients suffer from NPC2 disease and present respiratory failure as one of the most frequent symptoms. Several plasma oxysterols are highly elevated in NPC1 and can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of NPC1.

METHODS

Plasma cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol was evaluated as biomarker for NPC2 by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS analysis. The diagnosis was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and filipin staining.

RESULTS

We report three NPC2 patients with typical respiratory problems and a detailed description of the nature of the lung disease in one of them. All patients had elevated levels of plasma cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol. In two of these patients, the positive oxysterol result led to a rapid diagnosis of NPC2 by genetic analysis. The phenotype of the third patient has been described previously. In this patient a cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol concentration markedly above the reference range was found.

CONCLUSIONS

Measurement of plasma cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol enables to discriminate between controls and NPC1 and NPC2 patients, making it a valuable biomarker for the rapid diagnosis not only for NPC1 but also for NPC2 disease.The measurement of oxysterols should be well kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of lysosomal diseases, as the elevation of oxysterols in plasma may speed up the diagnosis of NPC1 and NPC2.

[Partial versus radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma involving peri renal fat. Oncological and functional outcomes]

PURPOSE

In the latest guidelines of the European Association of Urology, partial nephrectomy was a reference standard in tumors less than 7cm confined to the kidney. The invasion of the perirenal fat and therefore dissection in a potentially tumor tissue with an increased risk of recurrence.

MATERIAL

From 1995 to 2009, we retrospectively evaluated the oncological outcomes of partial versus radical nephrectomy in tumors with local extension beyond the boundaries of the kidney, without adrenal involvement or metastatic lymph node extension. We evaluated the histological factors influencing the prognostic.

RESULTS

A total of 43patients have been included (ten partial and 33radical nephrectomy). We did not found any significant difference in terms of specific and recurrence-free survival between partial and radical nephrectomy in tumor invading the perirenal fat (P=0.739 and P=0.683 respectively). Factors influencing the prognosis were the Fuhrman grade (P=0.010), the invasion of the urinary tract (P=0.017) and the presence of a positive surgical margin (P=0.041). The renal function was better after partial nephrectomy. The complication rate was similar between partial and radical nephrectomy.

CONCLUSION

The perirenal fat invasion by kidney tumor did not impact the oncological outcomes of partial versus radical nephrectomy with better functional outcomes for partial nephrectomy.

Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

OBJECTIVES

1 - To assess the anatomical localization of the active contacts of deep brain stimulation targeted to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's disease patients. 2 - To analyze the stereotactic spatial distribution of the active contacts in relation to the dorsal and the ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN and the stereotactic theoretical target.

METHODS

Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the STN (HFS-STN). An indirect anatomical method based on ventriculography coupled to electrophysiological techniques were used to localize the STN. Clinical improvement was evaluated by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRS III). The normalized stereotactic coordinates of the active contact centres, dorsal and ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN were obtained from intraoperative X-rays images. These coordinates were represented in a three-dimensional stereotactic space and in the digitalized atlas of the human basal ganglia.

RESULTS

HFS-STN resulted in significant improvement of motor function (62.8%) in off-medication state and levodopa-equivalent dose reduction of 68.7% (p < 0.05). Most of the active contacts (78.6%) were situated close to (+/- 1.6 mm) the dorsal border of the STN (STN-DB), while 16% were dorsal and 5.4% were ventral to it. Similar distribution was observed in the atlas. The euclidean distance between the STN-DB distribution center and the active contacts distribution center was 0.31 mm, while the distance between the active contacts distribution center and the stereotactic theoretical target was 2.15 mm. Most of the space defined by the active contacts distribution (53%) was inside that defined by the STN-DB distribution.

CONCLUSION

In our series, most of the active electrodes were situated near the STN-DB. This suggests that HFS-STN could influence not only STN but also the dorsal adjacent structures (zona incerta and/or Fields of Forel).

[Microsurgical vascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Follow-up over one year, clinical results and prognostic factors. Study of a series of 100 cases]

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The results of a series of 100 patients operated on for hemifacial spasm (HFS), using microsurgical vascular decompression (MVD), are reported.

METHOD

MVD was performed through a retromastoid keyhole approach, under monitoring of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and facial EMG, and consisted in dissection of VII nerve from conflicting vessel(s), and interposition of Teflon fibers and/or screen(s).

RESULTS

The offending vessels found were: the antero-inferior cerebellar artery in 57 cases, the postero-inferior cerebellar artery in 56 cases, the vertebrobasilar artery in 22 cases. A multiple conflict was found in 32 cases (32%). The result was considered excellent if there was no residual spasm, good if only "minimal twitching" remained with relief>80%, poor for spasm relief 20 to 80%, and as a failure if relief<20%. The effect of MVD was satisfying (excellent or good) in 75 patients (75%) at discharge (10th day) and in 85 (85%) after 1 to 18 years follow-up (mean: 5 years). Amongst the latter patients, 29 (34%) experienced a delayed (up to 3(1/2) years in one) cure. Spasm recurrence was noted in 9 cases after satisfying effect on discharge. We encountered following permanent neurological complications: 1 facial palsy, 7 cases of hearing deficit (5 of them complete), and 1 case of IX-X deficit. Neither death nor ischaemic complication at brainstem or cerebellum. Most of our hearing complications occurred before using intraoperative BAEP monitoring (3 cases of cophosis among our first 7 patients vs 2 out of our last 93). Local complications were: 1 meningitis, 8 cases of CSF leakage requiring either a series of lumbar punctures or a lumbar external drain, and 3 cases of wound infection and/or delayed woundhealing requiring surgical treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data are consistent with those of the literature, especially concerning high rate of long-term success and low complication rate of MVD for HFS. We do not recommend early re-operation in case of initial poor result. Again, the necessity of intraoperative BAEP monitoring to prevent hearing morbidity is highlighted.

[Evidence of cerebral involvement in the chronic stage of Chagas disease obtained using the P300 potential and quantified electroencephalography]

It is already known the involvement of the peripheral nervous system in chronic stages of Chagas disease. Tomographic and neuropsychological evidence of brain compromise has been included recently. In order to evaluate the neurophysiological counterpart of cerebral involvement, we studied P300 evoked potential and quantified EEG (qEEG) of 35 patients (26-55 years), and compared to an equal number of control subjects (29-55 years). We have found increased P300 latency compared to the control group (331.24 +/- 24. 02 vs 318.86 +/- 23.18) (p=0.01716). qEEG showed lower relative Beta 1 power in the patients group (p=1.6E5), and the principal frequency 1 Hz slower in the same group (p=0.01077). Multivariate analysis showed three subpopulations: a normal one, pathological one with higher Alpha power and pathological with Alpha decrement and DeltaTheta increment. Pathological findings represented 20% for the qEEG and 11.43% for cognitive potentials. Cardiac and neurologic involvement were not correlated. We conclude that there is clear electrophysiological evidence of cerebral involvement in chronic Chagas disease, thus reinforcing findings obtained by other methods.

Double versus single renal allografts from aged donors

BACKGROUND

The age limit of the cadaver kidney donors is increasing in response to the growing demand for renal transplantation. Simultaneous double kidney transplantation (SDKT) with kidneys obtained from elderly adults has been proposed to increase the transplantation number and improve its results. However, if SDKT is performed when there are no clear indications, a negative effect could be produced on the total number of transplanted patients as both kidneys would be used for only one recipient.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In December 1996 we designed a transplantation protocol to be able to extend the selection of cadaver kidney donors with normal serum creatinine levels without establishing any age limit. A pregraft renal biopsy was always performed to analyze the glomerulosclerosis (GE) percentage whenever the donors were 60 years of age or older. A SDKT was performed in a single recipient when the donor age was 75 years or older or when the donors between 60 and 74 years old had a GE rate of more than 15%. On the contrary, a single kidney transplantation was performed in two different recipients for kidneys from donors between 60 and 74 years of age with a GE rate of less than 15%. Kidneys having GE rates of more than 50% were discarded for transplantation. Donor kidneys from subjects younger than 60 years of age were always used for a single kidney transplantation.

RESULTS

Based on the above mentioned protocol, from December 1996 to May 1998, 181 patients received a kidney transplantation in our hospital. These patients were divided into three groups: group I which included the SDKT recipients (n=21), group II or single kidney recipients from 60- to 74-year-old donors (n=40), and group III or recipients from <60-year-old donors (n=120). The mean follow-up time was 15+/-5 months (range 6-24). Mean donor age was 75+/-7 years in group I, this was significantly higher than in group II (67+/-4, P<0.001) and group III (37+/-15, P<0.001). The primary nonfunction rate was low in the three groups, there being no statistically significant differences (5, 5, and 4%, respectively). A significantly greater percentage of patients from group I (76%) presented immediate renal graft function as compared with group II (43%, P<0.01) and III (50%, P<0.05). The acute rejections rate was very low in all three groups (9.5, 7.5, and 22%, respectively) with significant differences between groups II and III (P<0.05). No significant differences between the different groups were observed for one year actuarial patient survival (100, 95, and 98%, respectively) or graft survival rates (95, 90, and 93%, respectively). The 6-month serum creatinine levels were excellent in the three groups, although there were significant differences between groups I and II (1.6+/-0.3 vs. 1.9+/-0.6 mg/dl, P<0.05), II and III (1.9+/-0.6 vs. 1.4+/-0.4 mg/dl, P<0.001), and I and III (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Simultaneous double kidney transplantations make it possible to use kidneys from extremely elderly donors (>75 years) or those whose GE>15%. In addition, kidneys from donor 60-74 years old in which the GE<15% can be used for single kidney transplantations in two different recipients with excellent results.

[Ectopic gas as a complication of surgical kidney biopsy]

Since the complications herewith presented as a consequence of surgical renal biopsy are really exceptional and references found in the existing literature rare, we have considered that the contribution of these two cases which developed a pneumomediastinum-pneumoperitoneum and pneumocele prespectively during the immediate post-surgical period would be of interest. Evolution was favourable in both cases, with spontaneous resolution of the process.

[Paratesticular liposarcoma of the spermatic cord]

Funiculus liposarcoma is a very uncommon tumor. Most cases have a low degree of malignancy. Inguinal orchiectomy with a wide local excision is the appropriate treatment. Liposarcoma presurgical diagnosis is very infrequent and ultrasonography is the method that can provide some help to locate it. Currently, chemotherapy indication is unclear. Due to recurrence, specially of local foci, being a possibility a periodical follow-up is necessary in these patients. Nowadays, local recurrences are treated with repeated ample local excisions and radiotherapy. This work reviews the literature and presents a new case of round cells liposarcoma of the funiculus.

The value of ultrasonic scanning in the differentiation of acute post-transplant renal failure

In 43 renal transplant patients studied by ultrasonography there were 32 episodes of acute rejection and 17 of acute tubular necrosis. The size of the kidney increased in all cases. However, in 75 per cent of the patients with acute rejection the central echoes of the renal sinus increased conspicuously, while in 77 per cent of those with acute tubular necrosis the echogenicity of the central sinusal complex decreased. These findings may be expressions of different pathological lesions at the renal sinus level in patients with acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis, which would modify the acoustic interphase. Therefore, we have found panniculitis, vasculitis, thrombosis and inflammatory cellular infiltration of the urinary collecting systems to be significant in patients with acute rejection but not in those with acute tubular necrosis. Ultrasonography can be an adjuvant instrument for the sometimes difficult differential diagnosis between acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection immediately after transplantation, and also for the diagnosis of acute rejection whenever it appears.

Experimental study of synadelpho-ureterostomy (transuretero-ureterostomy)

An experimental study with synadelpho-ureterostomy (transuretero-ureterostomy) was performed in 25 dogs. The conclusions reached are: (1) side-to-side anastomosis is to be preferred to end-to-side suture; (2) risk of disruption is very slight even where an unexpected obstruction is encountered (test with induced cellophanic periureteritis), and (3) segmental replacement of the lumbo-iliac ureter may apparently be achieved by means of inverted synadelpho-ureterostomy (the damaged ureter is the recipient ureter). This replacement requires a double synadelphostomy, but in our study the normal transposed ureter suffered no harm despite the presence of previous infection and ureteral dilatation.