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Kim DO, Holmes NP, Manson GA, Zahorik P. Editorial: Response to an object near the head/body: Multisensory coding and motor processing guided by sensory systems. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1124062. [PMID: 36699528 PMCID: PMC9869254 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duck O. Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Duck O. Kim ✉
| | - Nicholas P. Holmes
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome A. Manson
- Sensorimotor Exploration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Pavel Zahorik
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Disorders, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Heuser Hearing Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Steele AG, Manson GA, Horner PJ, Sayenko DG, Contreras-Vidal JL. Effects of transcutaneous spinal stimulation on spatiotemporal cortical activation patterns: A proof-of-concept EEG study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35732141 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7b4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (TSS) has been shown to be a promising non-invasive alternative to epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESS) for improving outcomes of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, studies on the effects of TSS on cortical activation are limited. Our objectives were to evaluate the spatiotemporal effects of TSS on brain activity, and determine changes in functional connectivity under several different stimulation conditions. As a control, we also assessed the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on cortical activity. APPROACH Non-invasive scalp electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during TSS or FES while five neurologically intact participants performed one of three lower-limb tasks while in the supine position: (1) A no contraction control task, (2) a rhythmic contraction task, or (3) a tonic contraction task. After EEG denoising and segmentation, independent components were clustered across subjects to characterize sensorimotor networks in the time and frequency domains. Independent components of the event related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for each cluster and condition. Next, a Generalized Partial Directed Coherence (gPDC) analysis was performed on each cluster to compare the functional connectivity between conditions and tasks. RESULTS Independent Component analysis of EEG during TSS resulted in three clusters identified at Brodmann areas (BA) 9, BA 6, and BA 4, which are areas associated with working memory, planning, and movement control. Lastly, we found significant (p < 0.05, adjusted for multiple comparisons) increases and decreases in functional connectivity of clusters during TSS, but not during FES when compared to the no stimulation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE The findings from this study provide evidence of how TSS recruits cortical networks during tonic and rhythmic lower limb movements. These results have implications for the development of spinal cord-based computer interfaces, and the design of neural stimulation devices for the treatment of pain and sensorimotor deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Steele
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Gerome A Manson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Dimitry G Sayenko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, Texas, 77030-2707, UNITED STATES
| | - Jose L Contreras-Vidal
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, N308 Engineering Building I, Houston, Texas, 77204-4005, UNITED STATES
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Kumawat AS, Manson GA, Welsh TN, Tremblay L. Detecting Endpoint Error of an Ongoing Reaching Movement: the Role of Vision, Proprioception, and Efference. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:457-465. [PMID: 34913850 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.2013767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Brief windows of vision presented during reaching movements contribute to endpoint error estimates. It is not clear whether such error detection processes depend on other sources of information (e.g., proprioception and efference). In the current study, participants were presented with a brief window of vision and then judged whether their movement endpoint under- or over-shot the target after: 1) performing an active reach; 2) being passively guided by a robotic arm; and 3) observing a fake hand moved by the robot arm. Participants were most accurate at estimating their endpoint error in the active movement conditions and least accurate in the action observation condition. Thus, both efferent and proprioceptive information significantly contribute to endpoint error detection processes even with brief visual feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Singh Kumawat
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerome A Manson
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Roberts BWR, Atkinson DA, Manson GA, Markley R, Kaldis T, Britz GW, Horner PJ, Vette AH, Sayenko DG. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation improves postural stability in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 52:103009. [PMID: 34023772 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread demyelination in the central nervous system can lead to progressive sensorimotor impairments following multiple sclerosis, with compromised postural stability during standing being a common consequence. As such, clinical strategies are needed to improve postural stability following multiple sclerosis. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of non-invasive transcutaneous spinal stimulation on postural stability during upright standing in individuals with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Center of pressure displacement and electromyograms from the soleus and tibialis anterior were recorded in seven individuals with multiple sclerosis during standing without and with transcutaneous spinal stimulation. Center of pressure and muscle activity measures were calculated and compared between no stimulation and transcutaneous spinal stimulation conditions. The relationship between the center of pressure displacement and electromyograms was quantified using cross-correlation analysis. RESULTS For transcutaneous spinal stimulation, postural stability was significantly improved during standing with eyes closed: the time- and frequency-domain measures obtained from the anterior-posterior center of pressure fluctuation decreased and increased, respectively, and the tibialis anterior activity was lower compared to no stimulation. Conversely, no differences were found between no stimulation and transcutaneous spinal stimulation when standing with eyes open. CONCLUSION Following multiple sclerosis, transcutaneous spinal stimulation improved postural stability during standing with eyes closed, presumably by catalyzing proprioceptive function. Future work should confirm underlying mechanisms and explore the clinical value of transcutaneous spinal stimulation for individuals with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad W R Roberts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Darryn A Atkinson
- College of Rehabilitative Sciences, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, 5401 La Crosse Avenue, Austin, TX, 78739, United States.
| | - Gerome A Manson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Rachel Markley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Teresa Kaldis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6560 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Gavin W Britz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Philip J Horner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| | - Albert H Vette
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, 10230 111 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T5G 0B7, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue & 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Dimitry G Sayenko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6550 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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Manson GA, Calvert JS, Ling J, Tychhon B, Ali A, Sayenko DG. The relationship between maximum tolerance and motor activation during transcutaneous spinal stimulation is unaffected by the carrier frequency or vibration. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14397. [PMID: 32170844 PMCID: PMC7070156 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS) is a useful tool to modulate spinal sensorimotor circuits and has emerged as a potential treatment for motor disorders in neurologically impaired populations. One major limitation of TSS is the discomfort associated with high levels of stimulation during the experimental procedure. The objective of this study was to examine if the discomfort caused by TSS can be alleviated using different stimulation paradigms in a neurologically intact population. Tolerance to TSS delivered using conventional biphasic balanced rectangular pulses was compared to two alternative stimulation paradigms: a 5 kHz carrier frequency and biphasic balanced rectangular pulses combined with vibrotactile stimulation. In ten healthy participants, tolerance to TSS was examined using both single-pulse (0.2 Hz) and continuous (30 Hz) stimulation protocols. In both the single-pulse and continuous stimulation protocols, participants tolerated significantly higher levels of stimulation with the carrier frequency paradigm compared to the other stimulation paradigms. However, when the maximum tolerable stimulation intensity of each stimulation paradigm was normalized to the intensity required to evoke a lower limb muscle response, there were no statistical differences between the stimulation paradigms. Our results suggest that, when considering the intensity of stimulation required to obtain spinally evoked motor potentials, neither alternative stimulation paradigm is more effective at reducing discomfort than the conventional, unmodulated pulse configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerome A Manson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan S Calvert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeremiah Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boranai Tychhon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amir Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitry G Sayenko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Goodman R, Manson GA, Tremblay L. Age-related Differences in Sensorimotor Transformations for Visual and/or Somatosensory Targets: Planning or Execution? Exp Aging Res 2020; 46:128-138. [DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2020.1716153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goodman
- Perceptual-Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerome A. Manson
- Perceptual-Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Perceptual-Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Blouin J, Saradjian AH, Pialasse JP, Manson GA, Mouchnino L, Simoneau M. Two Neural Circuits to Point Towards Home Position After Passive Body Displacements. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 31736717 PMCID: PMC6831616 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in motor control research is to understand the mechanisms underlying the transformation of sensory information into arm motor commands. Here, we investigated these transformation mechanisms for movements whose targets were defined by information issued from body rotations in the dark (i.e., idiothetic information). Immediately after being rotated, participants reproduced the amplitude of their perceived rotation using their arm (Experiment 1). The cortical activation during movement planning was analyzed using electroencephalography and source analyses. Task-related activities were found in regions of interest (ROIs) located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal premotor cortex, dorsal region of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the sensorimotor cortex. Importantly, critical regions for the cognitive encoding of space did not show significant task-related activities. These results suggest that arm movements were planned using a sensorimotor-type of spatial representation. However, when a 8 s delay was introduced between body rotation and the arm movement (Experiment 2), we found that areas involved in the cognitive encoding of space [e.g., ventral premotor cortex (vPM), rostral ACC, inferior and superior posterior parietal cortex (PPC)] showed task-related activities. Overall, our results suggest that the use of a cognitive-type of representation for planning arm movement after body motion is necessary when relevant spatial information must be stored before triggering the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Blouin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Anahid H Saradjian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | | | - Gerome A Manson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France.,Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, QC, Canada
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Calvert JS, Manson GA, Grahn PJ, Sayenko DG. Preferential activation of spinal sensorimotor networks via lateralized transcutaneous spinal stimulation in neurologically intact humans. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2111-2118. [PMID: 31553681 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00454.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS), a noninvasive technique to modulate sensorimotor circuitry within the spinal cord, has been shown to enable a wide range of functions that were thought to be permanently impaired in humans with spinal cord injury. However, the extent to which TSS can be used to target specific mediolateral spinal cord circuitry remains undefined. We tested the hypothesis that TSS applied unilaterally to the skin ~2 cm lateral to the midline of the lumbosacral spine selectively activates ipsilateral spinal sensorimotor circuitry, resulting in ipsilateral activation of downstream lower extremity neuromusculature. TSS cathodes and anodes were positioned lateral from the midline of the spine in 15 healthy subjects while supine, and the timing of TSS pulses was synchronized to recordings of lower extremity muscle activity and force. At motor threshold, left and right TSS-evoked muscle activity was significantly higher in the ipsilateral leg compared with contralateral recordings from the same muscles. Similarly, we observed a significant increase in force production in the ipsilateral leg compared with the contralateral leg. Delivery of paired TSS pulses, during which an initial stimulus was applied to one side of the spinal cord and 50 ms later a second stimulus was applied to the contralateral side, revealed that ipsilateral leg muscle responses decreased following the initial stimulus, whereas contralateral muscle responses did not decrease, indicating side-specific activation of lateral spinal sensorimotor circuitry. Our results indicate TSS can selectively engage ipsilateral neuromusculature via lumbosacral sensorimotor networks responsible for lower extremity function in healthy humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the selectivity of transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS), which has been shown to enable function in humans with chronic paralysis. Specifically, we demonstrate that TSS applied to locations lateral to the spinal cord can selectively activate ipsilateral spinal sensorimotor networks. We quantified lumbosacral spinal network activity by recording lower extremity muscle electromyography and force. Our results suggest lumbosacral TSS engages side-specific spinal sensorimotor networks associated with ipsilateral lower extremity function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Calvert
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gerome A Manson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter J Grahn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dimitry G Sayenko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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Manson GA, Tremblay L, Lebar N, de Grosbois J, Mouchnino L, Blouin J. Auditory cues for somatosensory targets invoke visuomotor transformations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215518. [PMID: 31048853 PMCID: PMC6497427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to goal-directed actions, somatosensory target positions can be localized using either an exteroceptive or an interoceptive body representation. The goal of the present study was to investigate if the body representation selected to plan reaches to somatosensory targets is influenced by the sensory modality of the cue indicating the target’s location. In the first experiment, participants reached to somatosensory targets prompted by either an auditory or a vibrotactile cue. As a baseline condition, participants also performed reaches to visual targets prompted by an auditory cue. Gaze-dependent reaching errors were measured to determine the contribution of the exteroceptive representation to motor planning processes. The results showed that reaches to both auditory-cued somatosensory targets and auditory-cued visual targets exhibited larger gaze-dependent reaching errors than reaches to vibrotactile-cued somatosensory targets. Thus, an exteroceptive body representation was likely used to plan reaches to auditory-cued somatosensory targets but not to vibrotactile-cued somatosensory targets. The second experiment examined the influence of using an exteroceptive body representation to plan movements to somatosensory targets on pre-movement neural activations. Cortical responses to a task-irrelevant visual flash were measured as participants planned movements to either auditory-cued somatosensory or auditory-cued visual targets. Larger responses (i.e., visual-evoked potentials) were found when participants planned movements to somatosensory vs. visual targets, and source analyses revealed that these activities were localized to the left occipital and left posterior parietal areas. These results suggest that visual and visuomotor processing networks were more engaged when using the exteroceptive body representation to plan movements to somatosensory targets, than when planning movements to external visual targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerome A. Manson
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Luc Tremblay
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Lebar
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - John de Grosbois
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean Blouin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
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Manson GA, Manzone D, de Grosbois J, Goodman R, Wong J, Reid C, Bhattacharjee A, Crainic V, Tremblay L. Let Us Not Play It by Ear: Auditory Gating and Audiovisual Perception During Rapid Goal-Directed Action. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2017.2773423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Manson GA, Alekhina M, Srubiski SL, Williams CK, Bhattacharjee A, Tremblay L. Effects of robotic guidance on sensorimotor control: Planning vs. online control? NeuroRehabilitation 2014; 35:689-700. [PMID: 25318780 DOI: 10.3233/nre-141168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Manson GA, Sayenko DG, Masani K, Goodman R, Wong L, Popovic MR, Tremblay L, Welsh TN. Action possibility judgments of people with varying motor abilities due to spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110250. [PMID: 25360601 PMCID: PMC4215910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictions about one's own action capabilities as well as the action capabilities of others are thought to be based on a simulation process involving linked perceptual and motor networks. Given the central role of motor experience in the formation of these networks, one's present motor capabilities are thought to be the basis of their perceptual judgments about actions. However, it remains unknown whether the ability to form these action possibility judgments is affected by performance related changes in the motor system. To determine if judgments of action capabilities are affected by long-term changes in one's own motor capabilities, participants with different degrees of upper-limb function due to their level (cervical vs. below cervical) of spinal cord injury (SCI) were tested on a perceptual-motor judgment task. Participants observed apparent motion videos of reciprocal aiming movements with varying levels of difficulty. For each movement, participants determined the shortest movement time (MT) at which they themselves and a young adult could perform the task while maintaining accuracy. Participants also performed the task. Analyses of MTs revealed that perceptual judgments for participant's own movement capabilities were consistent with their actual performance- people with cervical SCI had longer judged and actual MTs than people with below cervical SCI. However, there were no between-group differences in judged MTs for the young adult. Although it is unclear how the judgments were adjusted (altered simulation vs. threshold modification), the data reveal that people with different motor capabilities due to SCI are not completely biased by their present capabilities and can effectively adjust their judgments to estimate the actions of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerome A. Manson
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitry G. Sayenko
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kei Masani
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lokman Wong
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milos R. Popovic
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy N. Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lynch
- Department of Information Studies, University of Sheffield, U.K
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Abstract
A general description of a system consisting of a hysteretic enzyme and a series of coupling enzymes is presented. The chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase and a sequence of three coupling enzymes is used as an example. An analysis using first-order rate equations for the coupling enzymes shows that the observed relaxation time of the system is the sum of the relaxation times of the coupling enzymes and that of the hysteretic enzyme. The behaviour of a system with relatively low concentrations of coupling enzymes, where the first-order assumption is not valid, is analysed by computer stimulation. Several methods for the accurate determination of the relaxation time of the hysteretic enzyme are discussed.
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