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Wu X, Karlin A, Beilin V, Shter GE, Grader GS, Ivry Y, Lin S, Tan DQ. Chain-Like Semiconductive Fillers for Dielectric Enhancement and Loss Reduction of Polymer Composites. Adv Mater 2024:e2401597. [PMID: 38511907 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric loss is a crucial factor in determining the long-term endurance for security and energy loss of dielectric composites. Here, chain-like semiconductive fibers of titanium oxide, indium, and niobium-doped titanium oxide are used for enhancing the complex dielectric properties of a polymer through composite construction, which involves significant interface enhancements. The chain-like fibers significantly enhance the dielectric constant owing to the special morphology of the fillers and their interfacial polarization, especially at higher temperatures. The dielectric loss and electrical conductivity of the composites are substantially reduced across the entire investigated temperature range, achieved by passivating the fiber surface with an alumina shell using atomic layer deposition. The as-deposited alumina shell transformed from an amorphous to a crystalline phase through thermal annealing results in a porous shell and more effective suppression of the loss tangent and electrical conductivity. A plausible mechanism for loss suppression is associated with carrier movement along the surface of the fibers and bulk, leading to a higher loss tangent. The alumina shell blocks the carrier transport path, particularly at the interfaces, resulting in a reduced interfacial polarization contribution and energy storage loss. This study provides a method for inhibiting dielectric loss by fabricating fillers with special surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Solid-State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Anat Karlin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yachin Ivry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Solid-State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shuheng Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Daniel Q Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
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2
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Sakajio M, Shter GE, Mann-Lahav M, Beilin V, Zamir S, Grader GS. Carbon Contamination Prevention during Spark Plasma Sintering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:38080-38089. [PMID: 37505904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon contamination from graphite molds during spark plasma sintering (SPS) considerably affects the properties of the sintered materials, especially transparent ceramics. Herein, transparent Y3Al5O12 (YAG) ceramics were prepared via SPS using Mo and Ta foils, separately and in tandem, as protective barriers against carbon contamination. The effects of Ta and Mo foils on the transparency and microstructure of the ceramics, and their protection mechanisms were studied. Experimental results show that a reaction layer formed at the Ta-YAG interface with a YTaO4-Al2O3 eutectic composition suppresses carbon penetration into the ceramic, increasing its transparency. By contrast, Mo foils, when used as protective barriers, allow carbon diffusion into the ceramic, resulting in the formation of nonuniform microstructural features. However, it does not form a reactive layer and, hence, is removed easily from the YAG surface. Multilayered Ta-Mo barrier exhibits improved outcomes if the Ta thickness is more than ∼100 μm. This behavior is attributed to the interior diffusion-blocking mechanism of Ta. Similar optical performance was demonstrated by both approaches. The results prove that carbon contamination in SPS-derived samples can be effectively prevented. Additionally, this study reports on a novel strategy of bonding oxide ceramics to metals by adding a Ta layer at the joint interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sakajio
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shai Zamir
- RAFAEL, POB 2250, Haifa, 3102102, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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3
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Maor II, Heyte S, Elishav O, Mann-Lahav M, Thuriot-Roukos J, Paul S, Grader GS. Performance of Cu/ZnO Nanosheets on Electrospun Al 2O 3 Nanofibers in CO 2 Catalytic Hydrogenation to Methanol and Dimethyl Ether. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:635. [PMID: 36839003 PMCID: PMC9967565 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and green hydrogen (H2) offers a sustainable pathway to convert CO2 emissions into value-added products. This heterogeneous catalytic reaction often uses copper (Cu) catalysts due to their low cost compared with their noble metal analogs. Nevertheless, improving the activity and selectivity of these Cu catalysts for these products is highly desirable. In the present study, a new architecture of Cu- and Cu/Zn-based catalysts supported on electrospun alumina nanofibers were synthesized. The catalysts were tested under various reaction conditions using high-throughput equipment to highlight the role of the hierarchical fibrous structure on the reaction activity and selectivity. The Cu or Cu/ZnO formed a unique structure of nanosheets, covering the alumina fiber surface. This exceptional morphology provides a large surface area, up to ~300 m2/g, accessible for reaction. Maximal production of methanol (~1106 gmethanolKgCu-1∙h-1) and DME (760 gDMEKgCu-1∙h-1) were obtained for catalysts containing 7% wt. Cu/Zn with a weight ratio of 2.3 Zn to Cu (at 300 °C, 50 bar). The promising results in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and DME obtained here point out the significant advantage of nanofiber-based catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak I. Maor
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Svetlana Heyte
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Joelle Thuriot-Roukos
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Paul
- Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, UMR 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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4
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Sakajio M, Beilin V, Mann-Lahav M, Zamir S, Shter GE, Grader GS. Highly Transparent Polycrystalline MgO via Spark Plasma Sintering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:52108-52116. [PMID: 36331381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optically transparent ceramics and MgO in particular are promising materials for a wide range of optical applications. This study introduces exceptionally highly transparent MgO ceramics produced via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at relatively low temperature and pressure by optimal incorporation of LiF as a sintering additive. The effect of LiF content on the microstructural and optical properties is presented with emphasis on its function as a densification aid and an agent for minimizing residual carbon contamination. Fully dense MgO discs, 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, with ∼80% in-line transmission at 800 nm and >85% transmission in the infrared range (2-6 μm), are attained. These results demonstrate outstanding transparency in SPS polycrystalline MgO in the 800 nm range, only 7% below the theoretical value. In addition, this work strengthens our understanding of the LiF action mechanism during MgO sintering and its influence on texture development in the SPS-pressing direction. These findings pave the way for fabrication of large, fully dense samples with nearly theoretical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sakajio
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Shai Zamir
- RAFAEL, P.O.Box 2250, Haifa3102102, Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3200003, Israel
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5
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Elishav O, Stone D, Tsyganok A, Jayanthi S, Ellis DS, Yeshurun T, Maor II, Levi A, Beilin V, Shter GE, Yerushalmi R, Rothschild A, Banin U, Grader GS. Composite Indium Tin Oxide Nanofibers with Embedded Hematite Nanoparticles for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41851-41860. [PMID: 36094823 PMCID: PMC9501920 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hematite is a classical photoanode material for photoelectrochemical water splitting due to its stability, performance, and low cost. However, the effect of particle size is still a question due to the charge transfer to the electrodes. In this work, we addressed this subject by the fabrication of a photoelectrode with hematite nanoparticles embedded in close contact with the electrode substrate. The nanoparticles were synthesized by a solvothermal method and colloidal stabilization with charged hydroxide molecules, and we were able to further use them to prepare electrodes for water photo-oxidation. Hematite nanoparticles were embedded within electrospun tin-doped indium oxide nanofibers. The fibrous layer acted as a current collector scaffold for the nanoparticles, supporting the effective transport of charge carriers. This method allows better contact of the nanoparticles with the substrate, and also, the fibrous scaffold increases the optical density of the photoelectrode. Electrodes based on nanofibers with embedded nanoparticles display significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical performance compared to their flat nanoparticle-based layer counterparts. This nanofiber architecture increases the photocurrent density and photon-to-current internal conversion efficiency by factors of 2 and 10, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The
Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - David Stone
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anton Tsyganok
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Swetha Jayanthi
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David S. Ellis
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Tamir Yeshurun
- Faculty
of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Itzhak I. Maor
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Adar Levi
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Roie Yerushalmi
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avner Rothschild
- The
Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion−Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The
Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003 Israel
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6
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Pinsky D, Ralbag N, Singh RK, Mann-Lahav M, Shter GE, Dekel DR, Grader GS, Avnir D. Metal nanoparticles entrapped in metal matrices. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:4597-4612. [PMID: 36133476 PMCID: PMC9419212 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed synthetic methods for the doping of metals (M) with metallic nanoparticles (NPs). To the best of our knowledge - unlike oxides, polymers and carbon-based supports - metals were not used so far as supporting matrices for metallic NPs. The composites (denoted M1-NPs@M2) comprise two separate phases: the metallic NPs (the dopant) and the entrapping 3D porous metallic matrix, within which the NPs are intimately held and well dispersed. Two different general synthetic strategies were developed, each resulting in a group of materials with characteristic structure and properties. The first strategy uses pre-prepared NPs and these are entrapped during reductive formation of the metallic matrix from its cation. The second strategy is in situ growth of the doped metallic NPs within the pre-prepared entrapping metallic matrix. These two methods were developed for two types of entrapping metallic matrices with different morphologies: porous aggregated metallic matrices and metallic foams. The leading case in this study was the use of Pt as the NP dopant and Ag as the entrapping matrix, using all of the four combinations - entrapment or growth within aggregated Ag or Ag foam matrices. Full physical and chemical properties analysis of these novel types of materials was carried out, using a wide variety of analytical methods. The generality of the methods developed for these bi-metallic composites was investigated and demonstrated on additional metallic pairs: Au NPs within Ag matrices, Pd NPs within Ni matrices and Ir-NPs within a Rh matrix. As the main application of metallic NPs is in catalysis, the catalytic activity of M1-NPs@M2 is demonstrated successfully for entrapped Pt within Ag for reductive catalytic reactions, and for Pd within Ni for the electrocatalytic hydrogen oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Pinsky
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Noam Ralbag
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Ramesh Kumar Singh
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion -Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion -Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion -Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - David Avnir
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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7
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Elishav O, Shener Y, Beilin V, Shter GE, Ng B, Mustain WE, Landau MV, Herskowitz M, Grader GS. Electrospun nanofibers with surface oriented lamellar patterns and their potential applications. Nanoscale 2020; 12:12993-13000. [PMID: 32530021 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work shows conclusively that lamellar surface patterns can be obtained with diverse ceramic compositions during electrospinning. The lamellar structure formation is governed by the creation of an outer shell during the thermal treatment of initially uniform cylindrical fibers, consisting of polymer and pre-ceramic compounds. By changing the polymer to pre-ceramic ratio in the electrospinning solution, we demonstrate for the first time a facile way to control the obtained surface structure and the orientation of the lamellas. Furthermore, the lamellar morphology was illustrated in seven different compositions. This report provides a new pathway to obtain unique surface patterns in metal-oxide nanofibers and demonstrates their utilization in different applications. Specifically, we demonstrate the prospect of utilizing Ni-Al-O fibers with lamellar structures as alternative Li-ion battery anodes. In addition, we show the potential of Fe-Al-O fibers as an effective catalyst material.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Y Shener
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - V Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - G E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - B Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swearingen Engineering Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - W E Mustain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swearingen Engineering Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Miron V Landau
- Chemical Engineering Department, Blechner Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Moti Herskowitz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Blechner Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - G S Grader
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel and The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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8
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Elishav O, Mosevitzky Lis B, Miller EM, Arent DJ, Valera-Medina A, Grinberg Dana A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5352-5436. [PMID: 32501681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Bar Mosevitzky Lis
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Douglas J Arent
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Agustin Valera-Medina
- College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alon Grinberg Dana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.,The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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9
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Elishav O, Shener Y, Beilin V, Landau MV, Herskowitz M, Shter GE, Grader GS. Electrospun Fe-Al-O Nanobelts for Selective CO 2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24855-24867. [PMID: 32383847 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic nanobelt catalysts consisting of Fe-Al-O spinel modified with potassium were synthesized for CO2 hydrogenation into hydrocarbons. Nanobelts and hollow nanofibers were produced utilizing the internal heat released by oxidation of the organic component within the fibers. This extremely fast and short heating facilitated crystallization of the desired phase, while maintaining small grains and a large surface area. We investigated the effects of mat thickness, composition, and heating rate on the final morphology. A general transformation mechanism for electrospun nanofibers that correlates for the first time the mat's thickness and the rate of oxidation during thermal treatment was proposed. The catalytic performance of carburized ceramic K/Fe-Al-O nanobelts was compared to the K/Fe-Al-O spinel powder. The electrospun catalyst showed a superior carbon dioxide conversion of 48% and a selectivity of 52% to light C2-C5 olefins, while the powder catalyst produced mainly C6+ hydrocarbons. Characterization of steady state catalytic materials by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and N2-adsorption methods revealed that high olefin selectivity of the electrospun materials is related to a high extent of reduction of surface iron atoms because of more efficient interaction with the potassium promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Shener
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Miron V Landau
- Chemical Engineering Department, Blechner Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Moti Herskowitz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Blechner Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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10
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Halabi M, Mann-Lahav M, Beilin V, Shter GE, Elishav O, Grader GS, Dekel DR. Electrospun Anion-Conducting Ionomer Fibers-Effect of Humidity on Final Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1020. [PMID: 32369925 PMCID: PMC7284427 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion-conducting ionomer-based nanofibers mats are prepared by electrospinning (ES) technique. Depending on the relative humidity (RH) during the ES process (RHES), ionomer nanofibers with different morphologies are obtained. The effect of relative humidity on the ionomer nanofibers morphology, ionic conductivity, and water uptake (WU) is studied. A branching effect in the ES fibers found to occur mostly at RHES < 30% is discussed. The anion conductivity and WU of the ionomer electrospun mats prepared at the lowest RHES are found to be higher than in those prepared at higher RHES. This effect can be ascribed to the large diameter of the ionomer fibers, which have a higher WU. Understanding the effect of RH during the ES process on ionomer-based fibers' properties is critical for the preparation of electrospun fiber mats for specific applications, such as electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Halabi
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Kutteri D, Mosevitzky B, Epstein M, Shter GE, Grader GS. Pollutant Abatement of Nitrogen-Based Fuel Effluents over Mono- and Bimetallic Pt/Ru Catalysts. ACS Omega 2017; 2:8273-8281. [PMID: 31457367 PMCID: PMC6645125 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and bimetallic alloy Pt and Ru catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3 have been investigated for the reduction of pollutants (NO x , NH3, and CO) generated during the continuous combustion of an aqueous urea ammonium nitrate fuel. A Pt/Ru alloy with a Pt25/Ru75 atomic ratio has been found to have higher activity and selectivity than those of a 50/50 alloy and monometallic catalysts. Among monometallic catalysts, Ru was more selective toward N2 formation, whereas Pt showed a higher selectivity toward NH3 formation. For Ru, it was observed that the oxidizing atmosphere of NO x pollutants caused the formation of RuO2, whereas Ru in the Pt/Ru alloy was stable under these conditions. Temperature (250-500 °C) and pressure (1-8 MPa) studies over Ru and 25/75 Pt/Ru have concluded that the alloy catalyst at 400 °C and 5 MPa reduced the pollutants to a minimum level with high yields of N2 (99.7%) and CO2 (99.9%). It was also observed that the 25/75 Pt/Ru catalyst remained stable up to 100 h of thermal treatment at 400 °C. Minimal pollutants were obtained at a weight hourly space velocity = 11 822 h-1. Characterization studies of the spent catalyst showed that metal particles were sintered over a period of time (8 h) and the γ-Al2O3 support was transformed into θ- and α-phases under the hydrothermal reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Vadim Beilin
- Chemical Engineering Department; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Ofer Rozent
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
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Landman A, Dotan H, Shter GE, Wullenkord M, Houaijia A, Maljusch A, Grader GS, Rothschild A. Photoelectrochemical water splitting in separate oxygen and hydrogen cells. Nat Mater 2017; 16:646-651. [PMID: 28272504 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solar water splitting provides a promising path for sustainable hydrogen production and solar energy storage. One of the greatest challenges towards large-scale utilization of this technology is reducing the hydrogen production cost. The conventional electrolyser architecture, where hydrogen and oxygen are co-produced in the same cell, gives rise to critical challenges in photoelectrochemical water splitting cells that directly convert solar energy and water to hydrogen. Here we overcome these challenges by separating the hydrogen and oxygen cells. The ion exchange in our cells is mediated by auxiliary electrodes, and the cells are connected to each other only by metal wires, enabling centralized hydrogen production. We demonstrate hydrogen generation in separate cells with solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 7.5%, which can readily surpass 10% using standard commercial components. A basic cost comparison shows that our approach is competitive with conventional photoelectrochemical systems, enabling safe and potentially affordable solar hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Landman
- The Nancy &Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Hen Dotan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Gennady E Shter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Michael Wullenkord
- Institute of Solar Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne 51147, Germany
| | - Anis Houaijia
- Institute of Solar Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne 51147, Germany
| | | | - Gideon S Grader
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Avner Rothschild
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Grinberg Dana A, Elishav O, Bardow A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Nitrogen-Based Fuels: A Power-to-Fuel-to-Power Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8798-805. [PMID: 27286557 PMCID: PMC5089635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
What are the fuels of the future? Seven representative carbon- and nitrogen-based fuels are evaluated on an energy basis in a power-to-fuel-to-power analysis as possible future chemical hydrogen-storage media. It is intriguing to consider that a nitrogen economy, where hydrogen obtained from water splitting is chemically stored on abundant nitrogen in the form of a nontoxic and safe nitrogen-based alternative fuel, is energetically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - André Bardow
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, RWTH Aachen, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gennady E Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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Grinberg Dana A, Elishav O, Bardow A, Shter GE, Grader GS. Stickstoffbasierte Kraftstoffe: eine “Power-to-Fuel-to-Power”-Analyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - André Bardow
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik; RWTH Aachen; 52062 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion; Haifa 3200003 Israel
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Abstract
We report here on a continuous combustion of a low carbon nitrogen-based alternative fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Abstract
TGA/DTA/MS and DSC under high pressure of aqueous urea ammonium nitrate alternative fuel is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Grinberg Dana
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Binyamin Y, Shter GE, Gelman V, Avnir D, Grader GS. Activated organically doped silver: enhanced catalysis of methanol oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cy00384d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dubinsky S, Lumelsky Y, Grader GS, Shter GE, Silverstein MS. Thermal degradation of poly(acrylic acid) containing metal nitrates and the formation of YBa2Cu3O7?x. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Silverstein MS, Najary Y, Grader GS, Shter GE. Complex formation and degradation in poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) containing copper nitrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Grader GS, Gyorgy EM, Gallagher PK, O'Bryan HM, Johnson DW, Sunshine S, Zahurak SM, Jin S, Sherwood RC. Crystallographic, thermodynamic, and transport properties of the Bi2Sr3-xCaxCu2O8+ delta superconductor. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:757-760. [PMID: 9945247 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Grader GS, Gallagher PK, Fiory AT. Hall coefficient and oxygen stoichiometry in YBa2Cu3O7- delta ceramics at elevated temperatures. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1988; 38:844-847. [PMID: 9945274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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