Genetic parameters for reproductive traits in the Italian Mediterranean buffalo using milk yield as a correlated trait

Until now, the genetic evaluation of the Italian Mediterranean Buffalo has been mainly focused on production traits. However, female fertility affects the efficiency of the dairy industry as it is essential to maintain the profitability of dairy farms. Indeed, the estimation of its genetic component is crucial for its improvement. In this study, 3 measures of buffalo's fertility were analyzed: the age at first calving (AFC), the interval between first and second calving (CIV1), and the interval between second and successive calvings (CIV2_12). Milk yield at 270 d (MY270) was used as a correlated trait. First, genetic parameters were estimated using 7,915 buffalo cows with first calving from 1991 to 2018, then breeding values were calculated from 236,087 buffalo cows. Genetic parameters were estimated by Bayesian inference fitting a multiple-trait animal model using the GIBBS1F90 program, and BLUPF90 was used for estimation of breeding value. The heritability and repeatability estimates of fertility traits were low. The genetic correlations among fertility traits ranged from 0.10 (AFC-CIV1) to 0.92 (CIV1-CIV2_12). Genetic correlation between MY270 and fertility traits was unfavorable, ranging from 0.23 to 0.48. The results from this study can be used as a basis for the future genetic improvement of fertility traits in the Italian Mediterranean Buffaloes.

Center of Pressure Behavior in Response to Unexpected Base of Support Shifting: A New Objective Tool for Dynamic Balance Assessment

The translation of the base of support represents a promising approach for the objective assessment of dynamic balance control. Therefore, this study aimed to present a servo-controlled, electrically driven movable plate and a new set of parameters based on the center-of-pressure (CoP) trajectory. Twenty subjects were assessed on a force platform screwed over a movable plate that could combine the following settings: direction (forward (FW) and backward (BW)), displacement (25 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm), and ramp rate (100 mm/s and 200 mm/s). The subjects underwent two sets of 12 trials randomly combining the plate settings. From the CoP trajectory of the 2.5 s time window after the perturbation, the 95% confidence-interval ellipse (Area95) and the CoP mean velocity (Unit Path) were calculated. Within the same time window, the first peak (FP), the maximal oscillations (ΔCoPMax), and the standard deviation (PPV) of the CoP anterior-posterior trajectory were calculated. The plate direction (p < 0.01), ramp rate (p < 0.001), and displacement (p < 0.01) affected the Area95, FP, and ΔCoPMax, while the Unit Path and PPV were influenced only by the ramp rate (p < 0.001) and displacement (p < 0.001). The servo-controlled, electrically driven movable plate and the CoP-related parameters presented in this study represent a new promising objective tool for dynamic balance assessment.

An Innovative Compact System to Measure Skiing Ground Reaction Forces and Flexural Angles of Alpine and Touring Ski Boots

Skiing is a popular winter activity spanning various subdisciplines. Key hardware are ski boots, bindings, and skis, which are designed to withstand loads generated during skiing. Obtaining service forces and moments has always been challenging to researchers in the past. The goal of the present study is to develop and test a lightweight and compact measurement system to obtain the Ground Reaction Forces and the kinematics for ski touring and alpine ski. To do so, we adapted two six-axis load cells to fit into ski touring and alpine skis adding 20 mm height and 500 g weight to the original ski. To measure kinematics, we created custom angular sensors from rotary potentiometers. The system was tested indoors using a force platform and motion capture system before a first set of field tests in which the sensors were used to measure ski touring and alpine skis kinetics and kinematics. Validation trials showed maximum errors of 10% for kinetics and 5% for kinematics. Field tests showed data in agreement with previous findings on the topic. The results of this study show the possibility of using our system to study biomechanics and equipment performances for ski touring, alpine skiing, and possibly other disciplines.

A Novel Multi-Axial Pressure Sensor Probe for Measuring Triaxial Stress States Inside Soft Materials

This paper presents the concept, design, construction, and validation of a novel probe based on the hexadic disposition of six pressure sensors suitable for measuring triaxial stress states inside bulky soft materials. The measurement of triaxial stress states inside bulk materials such as brain tissue surrogates is a challenging task needed to investigate internal organs’ stress states and validate FE models. The purpose of the work was the development and validation of a 17 × 17 × 17 mm probe containing six pressure sensors. To do so, six piezoresistive pressure sensors of 6 mm diameter were arranged into an hexad at three cartesian axes and bisecting angles, based on the analytical solution of the stress tensor. The resulting probe was embedded in a soft silicone rubber of known characteristics, calibrated under cyclic compression and shear in three orientations, and statically validated with combined loads. A calibration matrix was computed, and validation tests allowed us to estimate Von Mises stress under combined stress with an error below 6%. Hence, the proposed probe design and method can give indications about the complex stress state developing internally to soft materials under triaxial high-strain fields, opening applications in the analysis of biological models or physical surrogates involving parenchyma organs.

142 Metabolomic analysis of fresh and frozen bovine seminal plasma: A preliminary study

Sperm cryopreservation is essential for assisted reproduction; however, freezing induces biochemical and physical damage to the sperm membrane structures, negatively affecting sperm fertilising ability (Castro et al. 2006 J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 5, 1-9). Metabolomics is the study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, which play essential roles in biological systems. Emerging research in the field of metabolomics showed a potential role in identifying male fertility biomarkers (Bieniek et al. 2016 Asian J. Androl. 18, 426-433). Metabolites present in the seminal plasma play several roles related to sperm motility, sperm membrane protection from oxidative stress, and regulation of metabolic activity (Therien et al. 1995 Biol. Reprod. 52, 1372-1379). However, the extent of metabolite changes in seminal plasma during cryopreservation is still not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the differences of the seminal plasma metabolites between fresh and frozen bovine sperm. Four ejaculates from eight Holstein (Bos taurus) bulls (4-6 years age) maintained at an authorised national semen collection center (Centro Tori Chiacchierini, Civitella D’Arna, Italy) under uniform management conditions were collected weekly using an artificial vagina (IMV Technologies). Each ejaculate was split into two aliquots (one fresh and one frozen) at −20°C for at least 2h. Seminal plasma from fresh (immediately) and frozen-thawed semen was separated from sperm by centrifugation (1600×g for 10min), and supernatants were then transferred to a 2-mL tube and stored at −80°C until use. After methanol extraction of metabolites, samples were centrifuged at 6400×g for 30min at 4°C, and supernatants were analysed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS; Agilent 1260 HPLC; Agilent Technologies) system with an autosampler and a binary pump coupled to an Agilent Q-TOF 6540 (Agilent Technologies). Univariate analyses of the data were performed using bioinformatics approaches. The differences between fresh and frozen seminal plasma samples were analysed using a paired Student's t-test. Twenty-three metabolites were found in both fresh and frozen seminal plasma samples, out of which eight were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) between the two groups; among these, hypotaurine, ceramide, and isoindoline were identified. In particular, hypotaurine and ceramide were downregulated, whereas isoindoline was upregulated in fresh samples compared with frozen samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify seminal plasma metabolites in fresh and frozen samples by using LC-MS. In order to ensure the reliability and accuracy of results, the validation of the method used in the analysis of biosamples is still in progress, as is the evaluation of the metabolic profile in sperm cells. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that LC-MS can be a promising screening tool to detect metabolites potentially associated with bull fertility.

26 Season affects cryotolerance of in vitro-produced buffalo embryos

Buffaloes are tendentially short-day breeders, and seasonality is one of the main factors affecting the feasibility of ovum pickup and in vitro embryo production technology in this species. An improvement of oocyte developmental competence during decreasing daylight months was previously reported in Italian Mediterranean buffalo (Di Francesco et al. 2011 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 123, 48-53). The aim of this work was to evaluate whether season also affects embryo quality and cryotolerance. Abattoir-derived buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected during the breeding season, characterised by decreasing daylight length (n=349 over 6 replicates), and the non-breeding season, characterised by increasing daylight length (n=770 over 12 replicates). Buffalo cumulus-oocyte complexes were in vitro matured, fertilized, and cultured according to standard procedures (Di Francesco et al. 2011 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 123, 48-53). The embryos obtained by the end of culture (i.e. on Day 7 post-IVF) were scored for quality and developmental stage, and the percentages of total transferable embryos (tight morulae and blastocysts) were recorded. Embryos (n=107 and 110 in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively) were vitrified by cryotop in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.5M sucrose (Boccia et al. 2013 Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 12, 492-496). Warming was carried out by plunging the cryotop strip into a 0.25M sucrose solution and transferring the embryos into 0.15M sucrose for 5min. Embryos were then washed and cultured in SOF for 24h to evaluate post-culture viability. The resistance to cryopreservation was evaluated by assessing the survival rate, on the basis of morphological criteria, and development rate (i.e. the percentage of embryos that resumed their development and reached a more advanced developmental stage) after 24h post-warming culture. Data were analysed by Student’s t-test. Both cleavage (82.8±4.3v. 73.1±1.7 in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively; P&lt;0.05) and blastocyst (32.9±3.5v. 18.3±1.7 in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively; P&lt;0.01) rates increased during the breeding season, confirming previous observations. Due to the different efficiency, a higher number of replicates was required during the non-breeding season to obtain an equal number of embryos. In addition, a seasonal effect was recorded on embryo quality, indicated by poorer cryotolerance of in vitro-produced buffalo embryos during the non-breeding season. Indeed, both survival (94.6±2.7% and 74.0±5.5% in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively; P&lt;0.01) and development (67.3±7.6% and 40.0±7.2% in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively; P&lt;0.01) rates of vitrified blastocysts decreased after 24h post-warming culture in the non-breeding season. These findings suggest that the reduced developmental competence of buffalo oocytes during the non-breeding season may also lead to lower blastocyst quality. This is in contrast to the evidence in cattle that embryo quality is mainly determined by culture conditions, whereas blastocyst production depends on oocyte quality.

160 Exposure to Cadmium Affects Oocyte and Embryo Competence in Cattle

There is a growing worldwide concern regarding the increased release of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the environment, due to several industrial processes, as it is known to affect health. Among other heavy metals, Cd is widely recognised to influence the reproductive system at different levels, interfering with both gametes and embryo functions in several species (Thompson and Bannigan, 2008 Reprod. Toxicol. 25, 304-315). The in vitro model can be used to mimic environmental conditions allowing us to evaluate their effect on oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different Cd concentrations on nuclear maturation, apoptosis in cumulus cells, and cleavage and blastocyst yields in cattle. For this purpose, abattoir-derived bovine oocytes were in vitro matured, fertilized, and cultured according to standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347-1355). In particular, oocytes were matured with 0 (control; n = 126), 0.1 μM (n = 139), 1 μM (n = 134), and 10 μM of Cd (n = 135), at 39°C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. For each replicate, after 22 h of maturation, a representative sample of oocytes (n = 10 per each group) was used to evaluate nuclear maturation by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and another sample (n = 10 per each group) to assess cumulus-cells complex apoptosis by TUNEL/Hoechst staining (Pocar et al. 2005 Reproduction 130, 857-868). The remaining oocytes were in vitro fertilized and cultured with 0 (n = 106), 0.1 μM (n = 119), 1 μM (n = 114), and 10 μM (n = 115) Cd. The experiment was repeated 3 times. On Day 8 post-IVF, the blastocyst yields were recorded. Differences among groups were analysed by ANOVA, with the least significant difference method used as a post hoc test. Data are presented as means ± SE. Unexpectedly, the exposure of oocytes to Cd during IVM did not affect the percentage of oocytes undergoing nuclear maturation (on average 96.3 ± 2.3). In contrast, concentrations of 1 and 10 μM Cd increased the percentage of apoptotic cumulus-cells in cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) compared with the control (3.4 ± 0.4, 10.6 ± 1.8, 15.0 ± 0.9, 16.7 ± 4.0, respectively, with 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM; P < 0.05). It is worth pointing out that with the highest concentration, cumulus expansion did not occur and cumulus cells appeared detached from the oocyte. Likewise, 1 and 10 μM Cd decreased cleavage rates compared with the control (68.7 ± 1.8, 54.3 ± 5.0, 58.5 ± 4.2 and 2.8 ± 2.6, respectively, with 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM Cd; P < 0.01). Finally, blastocyst yields decreased when oocytes were treated with 0.1 μM Cd and no development to blastocyst was observed at the 2 higher concentrations (35.1 ± 1.7, 26.2 ± 3.1, 0, 0, respectively, with 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM; P < 0.01). In conclusion, exposure to Cd during maturation negatively affects bovine COC, as indicated by the increased apoptotic index in cumulus cells, without influencing the nuclear maturation process. Furthermore, the presence of Cd during in vitro fertilization and culture severely impairs both the fertilization and post-fertilization embryo development.

164 CARNITINE IMPROVES POST-THAWING SPERM MOTILITY BY INCREASING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE CONTENT IN BUFFALO (Bubalus bubalis)

Semen cryopreservation plays a critical role for a wide application of both AI and in vitro embryo production in buffalo. In this species, spermatozoa are more susceptible to hazards during freezing and thawing than cattle spermatozoa, thus resulting in lower fertilizing potential (Andrabi et al. 2008 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 104, 427–433). Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound with antioxidant capacities, able to reduce the availability of lipids for peroxidation by transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy (Tanphaichitr and Leelahagul 1993 Nutrition 9, 246–54). It is known that cryopreservation processes decreases the intracellular concentration of carnitine in spermatozoa (Reyes-Moreno et al. 2000 J. Androl. 21, 876–86). In cattle, supplementation of semen extender with carnitine improves sperm motility and DNA integrity (Bucak et al. 2010 Cryobiology 61, 248–53). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether supplementation of semen extender with carnitine would increase ATP content in buffalo sperm and affect post-thawing motility. Eight ejaculates from 4 bulls were used for the trial. Each ejaculate was split into 3 equal aliquots and diluted at 37°C with BioXcell extender containing 0 (control), 2.5, and 7.5 mM carnitine to a final concentration of 30 × 106 spermatozoa/mL. After 4 h at 4°C, the straws were frozen in an automated system. At thawing, sperm motility was evaluated by phase contrast microscopy at 40× magnification (Gillan et al. 2008 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 103, 201–204). Adenosine triphosphate content was measured using a Colourimetric ATP Assay Kit (Biovision, Milpitas, CA, USA). Briefly, Percoll-separated spermatozoa were homogenised and then deproteinized using 10-kDa spin columns. Samples were incubated at RT for 30 min and absorbance was measured at 570 nM in a microplate reader. Differences in sperm motility and ATP content among groups were analysed by ANOVA. Both concentrations of carnitine increased post-thawing sperm motility compared with the control (44.4 ± 3.5, 53.1 ± 3.9, and 52.5 ± 3.6, respectively, with 0, 2.5, and 7.5 mM carnitine; P < 0.05). Interestingly, carnitine increased ATP content of buffalo frozen–thawed sperm in a dose-dependent manner (4.1 ± 0.1, 5.3 ± 0.1, and 8.2 ± 0.4 nM × 108 sperm, respectively, with 0, 2.5, and 7.5 mM carnitine; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the enrichment of semen extender with carnitine improved post-thawing motility of buffalo sperm by boosting mitochondrial ATP production, hence providing energy for use by spermatozoa.

51 CASPASE-3 INHIBITOR Z-VAD-FMK ENHANCES CRYOTOLERANCE OF IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE PRE-IMPLANTATION EMBRYOS

In vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos are still less viable and resistant to cryopreservation than their in vivo counterparts. Cryopreservation induces cell degeneration through the apoptotic pathway in bovine oocytes and embryos (Men et al. 2003 Cryobiology 47, 73–81). Apoptosis can be prevented by inhibition of caspase activity, leading to improved cryosurvival in mammalian cells (Stroh et al. 2002 FASEB J. 16, 1651–3). Interestingly, cryotolerance of porcine embryos was improved by inhibiting apoptosis using a caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-FMK) during vitrification and subsequent culture (Men et al. 2006 Theriogenology 66, 2008–16). Aim of this work was to evaluate whether cryotolerance of bovine IVP embryos may be improved by using Z-VAD-FMK during cryopreservation and post-warming in vitro culture. Abattoir-derived bovine oocytes (n = 753, over 4 replicates) were in vitro matured and fertilized according to standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–55). Twenty hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium at 39°C with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. On Day 7, embryo yields were assessed and blastocysts (except the hatched blastocysts) were randomly divided in 2 groups: vitrification and post-warming culture in presence (n = 60) or absence (n = 54) of 20 µM Z-VAD-FMK. Vitrification was carried out by Cryotop in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% DMSO, and 0.5 M sucrose (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–55). Blastocysts were warmed in decreasing sucrose solutions (0.25 M for 1 min and 0.15 M for 5 min) and cultured for 2 days. Resistance to cryopreservation was evaluated by assessing the survival rate, based on morphological criteria and hatching rate after 48 h culture. Furthermore, TUNEL staining was used to evaluate the total cell (TC) number and the apoptotic rate of vitrified blastocysts after 48-h post-warming culture. Differences between groups in survival and hatching rates after 48-h post-warming culture were analysed by Chi-squared test, whereas differences in TC number and in number and percentage of apoptotic cells were analysed by Student’s t-test. Inhibition of caspase activity induced by Z-VAD-FMK increased embryo cryotolerance, as indicated by higher survival (92.6 v. 55.0%; P < 0.01) and hatching rates (40.7 v. 23.3%; P < 0.05) after 48 h of post-warming culture. Furthermore, Z-VAD-FMK decreased both the average number (7.1 ± 0.6 v. 4.2 ± 0.3; P < 0.01) and the percentage (6.3 ± 0.6 v. 3.0 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) of apoptotic cells in blastocysts. No differences were recorded in TC number between groups (on average, 128.90 ± 1.6). These results suggest that addition of 20 µM Z-VAD-FMK during vitrification/warming and post-warming culture significantly inhibits apoptosis (DNA fragmentation) and improves the cryotolerance of IVP bovine embryos.

Crocetin improves the quality of in vitro-produced bovine embryos: Implications for blastocyst development, cryotolerance, and apoptosis

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of supplementation of bovine culture medium with the natural antioxidant crocetin on in vitro blastocyst development and quality. This was evaluated as cryotolerance, apoptosis index, and total cells number and allocation. Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro according to standard procedure. Twenty hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid medium, supplemented with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM crocetin (experiment 1) at 39 °C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. On Day 7, embryo yields were assessed and the blastocysts were vitrified by Cryotop method in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% DMSO, and 0.5 M sucrose. Finally, blastocysts produced on Day 8 in the absence (control) and presence of 1 μM crocetin were used for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling and differential staining to evaluate, respectively, the apoptotic rate and the allocation of cells into inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages (experiment 2). Embryo development was higher in the 1 μM crocetin group compared to the control, both in terms of total embryo output (37.7 ± 4.2%, 52.9 ± 6.3%, 40.9 ± 7.6%, and 42.4 ± 8.7%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM; P < 0.01) and grade 1 and 2 blastocysts (33.6 ± 4.9%, 46.1 ± 7.3%, 37.8 ± 7.9%, and 39.4 ± 7.9%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM; P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of fast-developing embryos increased in 1 μM crocetin group compared to the control (23.4 ± 4.7%, 32.7 ± 6.6%, 27.2 ± 6.6%, and 30.1 ± 7.2%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM; P < 0.05). In addition, the enrichment of culture medium with 1 μM crocetin improved embryo cryotolerance compared to the control, as indicated by higher hatching rates recorded after 48 hours postwarming culture (46.5% vs. 60.4%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, 1 μM crocetin decreased both the average number (9.9 ± 0.4 vs. 7.1 ± 0.3) and the percentage of apoptotic cells (7.1 ± 0.4 vs. 4.2 ± 0.2) in blastocysts compared to the control (P < 0.01). However, no differences were recorded in the average number of ICM, TE, and total cells between 1 μM crocetin and control groups. In conclusion, the enrichment of bovine culture medium with 1 μM crocetin increased both blastocyst yield and quality, as indicated by the improved chronology of embryo development, increased resistance to cryopreservation, and reduced incidence of apoptosis.

Effect of Relaxin on Fertility Parameters of Frozen-Thawed Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Sperm

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of relaxin on fertility parameters of buffalo frozen/thawed sperm. Sperm were incubated in the absence of capacitating agents (negative control), with a known capacitating agent such as heparin (positive control) and with 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin for 2 and 4 h. Sperm viability, motility, capacitation and the effect of relaxin on the fertilizing ability after heterologous IVF were evaluated. Although viability was not affected, relaxin increased (p < 0.05) sperm motility compared to the negative and positive controls both after 2 h (60.0 ± 2.0, 60.0 ± 3.1, 68.3 ± 1.7 and 69.4 ± 2.7, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (55.0 ± 2.5, 53.3 ± 3.0, 62.2 ± 3.0 and 65.0 ± 3.2, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) incubation. When sperm were incubated with both 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin, a decrease (p < 0.01) of pattern A, that is low capacitation level, was observed compared to the negative control both after 2 h (54.4, 34.3 and 36.4%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (51.9, 35.0 and 34.3%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Moreover, an increase (p < 0.01) of pattern EA, that is high capacitation level, was recorded with 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin compared to the negative control both after 2 h (44.1, 59.3 and 57.7%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and after 4 h (43.0, 54.4 and 56.0%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Finally, relaxin increased (p < 0.01) cleavage rate compared to the negative control (57.1 ± 4.4, 72.5 ± 6.0, 71.4 ± 5.5 and 73.6 ± 2.9, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin). In conclusion, relaxin has a beneficial effect on motility, capacitation and fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed buffalo sperm.

88 ENRICHMENT OF CULTURE MEDIUM WITH CROCETIN IMPROVES IN VITRO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN CATTLE

The high incidence of developmental failure of bovine in vitro-produced embryos is due to suboptimal culture conditions that induce oxidative stress. Indeed, increased oxidative stress is one of the main factors affecting in vitro mammalian embryo development, decreasing the viability of IVP embryos. It is known that saffron has a powerful antioxidant capacity, mainly due to its active components crocin and crocetin. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether enriching the in vitro culture medium with crocetin improves in vitro embryo production efficiency in cattle. The range of concentrations of crocetin was chosen after a preliminary dose response trial (322 total presumptive zygotes were cultured with 0, 1, 10, and 50 μM, over 2 replicates) that showed beneficial and deleterious effects, respectively, with the lowest and highest concentration compared with the control (36.6 ± 5.6, 57.4 ± 4.5, 46.4 ± 4.4, and 6.8 ± 3.7% blastocyst rates, respectively, with 0, 1, 10, and 50 μM; P < 0.01). Therefore, the range of concentrations to test was reduced. Abattoir-derived bovine oocytes (n = 832, over 4 replicates) were in vitro matured and fertilized according to standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Twenty hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium with 0 (control; n = 208), 1 μM (n = 208), 2.5 μM (n = 208), and 5 μM (n = 208), at 39°C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. The embryos obtained by the end of culture (i.e. on Day 7 post-IVF) were scored for quality, based on morphological criteria, and for developmental stage, as previously described (Robertson and Nelson 2010, Manual of the IETS, 86–105). The percentages of total transferable embryos and grade 1 and 2 blastocysts were recorded. As the chronology of development is a reliable parameter to assess quality, the percentage of fast-developing embryos (i.e. hatched and expanded blastocysts) was also compared among groups. Differences among groups were analysed by ANOVA, and Tukey method was used as a post-hoc test. Data are presented as means ± s.d. The supplementation of crocetin during culture did not affect cleavage rate (74.9 ± 6.3, 76.4 ± 8.4, 81.4 ± 4.3, and 76.4 ± 8.4%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM). However, post-fertilization embryo development improved with 1 µM crocetin compared with the control, both in terms of total embryo output (43.8 ± 4.4, 61.1 ± 5.2, 50.4 ± 6.7, and 53.3 ± 7.3%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM; P < 0.01) and grade 1 and 2 blastocysts (41.0 ± 3.6, 54.3 ± 5.4, 46.2 ± 6.7, and 49.4 ± 6.5%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM; P < 0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the other groups. Moreover, the percentage of fast developing embryos increased with 1 µM (P < 0.05) crocetin compared with the control, with no other differences recorded among groups (17.7 ± 5.8, 34.7 ± 5.7, 24.9 ± 5.1, and 28.7 ± 7.8%, respectively, with 0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM). In conclusion, these results demonstrated a beneficial effect of low concentrations of crocetin (1 μM) during culture both on blastocyst yield and quality, as indicated by the improved chronology of embryo development.

40 CHOLESTEROL SUPPLEMENTATION REDUCES CRYOCAPACITATION DAMAGES IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) SPERM

Buffalo sperm are more sensitive to cryopreservation and thawing-induced damages than cattle sperm, thus resulting in lower fertilizing ability. Cryopreservation induces considerable capacitation-like changes in buffalo sperm (Elkhawagah et al. 2014 J. Buffalo Sci. 3, 3–11). It is known that specific lipid mixtures, including cholesterol, stabilise and protect spermatozoa from freeze-thaw damage (Rajoriya et al. 2014 Vet. World. 7, 702–706). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cholesterol loaded cyclodextrins (CLC) before cryopreservation on the capacitation status of buffalo frozen sperm. Four ejaculates from 4 bulls were selected, split in 3 aliquots, and diluted at 37°C with BULLXcell extender, containing 0 (control), 1.5, and 3 mg mL–1 CLC, to a final concentration of 30 × 106 sperm mL–1. Cyclodextrin was loaded with cholesterol as described earlier (Purdy and Graham 2004 Cryobiology 48(1), 36–45). The aliquots were frozen according to standard procedures. At thawing, sperm motility was evaluated by phase contrast microscopy, and viability and capacitation status were evaluated by Hoechst 33258/CTC. Briefly, Percoll separated spermatozoa were incubated with 1% (wt/vol) Hoechst 33258 in a protein-free medium. After centrifugation (900 × g, 5 min), the pellet was resuspended in CTC staining solution (750 mM CTC, 5 mM cysteine in 130 mM NaCl, and 20 mM Tris acid, pH 7.8), fixed with glutaraldehyde (12.5% vol/vol), and placed on a slide. At least 100 sperm per slide were analysed and classified into 1 of 3 CTC staining patterns: pattern F, with fluorescence over the entire sperm head (noncapacitated); pattern B, with a fluorescence-free band in the postacrosomal region (capacitated); pattern AR, with no acrosome and a thin band of fluorescence along the equatorial segment (acrosome reacted). Data were analysed by ANOVA. No differences among control, 1.5, and 3 mg mL–1 CLC-treated groups were recorded in both sperm motility (66.5 ± 5.6, 68.8 ± 4.8, and 68.8 ± 4.8, respectively) and viability (86.5 ± 1.9, 87.6 ± 1.5, 88.4 ± 2.3, respectively). The most interesting result arising was the strong reduction of sperm cryocapacitation observed when the extender was supplemented with CLC, as shown by the increased percentage of sperm displaying pattern F (28.6 ± 3.3, 61.5 ± 1.7, and 47.6 ± 4.3 in control, 1.5, and 3 mg mL–1 CLC groups, respectively; P < 0.01) and the decreased percentage of sperm displaying pattern B (69.6 ± 3.4, 37.8 ± 1.5, and 51.3 ± 4.7 in control, 1.5, and 3 mg mL–1 CLC groups, respectively; P < 0.01) compared with the control. The maximum beneficial effect on semen cryopreservation was recorded with the dose of 1.5 mg mL–1 CLC. However, no differences were detected in pattern AR that remained low in all groups (1.8 ± 0.7, 0.8 ± 0.4, and 1.1 ± 0.6 in the control, 1.5, and 3 mg mL–1 CLC groups, respectively). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that treating buffalo sperm with cholesterol before cryopreservation strongly decreases cryocapacitation damages, likely by stabilising sperm membrane, hence improving sperm quality.

263 ADDING RESVERATROL TO THE EXTENDER AFFECTS PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION IN BUFFALO SPERM

Cryopreservation induces remarkable capacitation- like changes in buffalo sperm (Kadirvel et al. 2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639; Elkhawagah et al. 2014 J. Buffalo Sci. 3, 3–11). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin with antioxidant properties, on capacitation status of frozen-thawed buffalo sperm, assessed by protein tyrosine phosphorylation assay. Three ejaculates from four bulls were used for the trial. Each ejaculate was split into two equal aliquots and diluted at 37°C with BioXcell extender containing no supplement (control) or 50 µM resveratrol, to a final concentration of 30 × 106 spermatozoa per mL. After 4 h at 4°C, straws were frozen in an automated system. Immediately after thawing, sperm motility was evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy, sperm viability by Trypan Blue/Giemsa staining and localization of phosphotyrosine proteins by indirect immunofluorescence, as described Kadirvel et al. (2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639). Briefly, after thawing, semen was centrifuged (300 × g, 10 min), fixed in 2% formaldehyde for 1 h at 4°C, and sperm pellets were incubated overnight at 4°C in modified phosphate buffer saline containing 2% BSA. After centrifugation, sperm pellets were resuspended, diluted 1 : 10 in mPBS, smeared onto slides, air-dried, and permeabilized with absolute ethanol for 5 min. Then, spermatozoa were incubated with rabbit anti-phosphotyrosine primary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in a humid chamber. Slides were incubated with secondary antibody, FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, for 1 h in a dark humid chamber at room temperature and mounted with 90% glycerol. A total of 100 spermatozoa were screened per slide and classified as described (Luño et al. 2013 Reproduction 146, 315–324): pattern A: uniform fluorescence over the entire acrosome (low capacitation level); pattern E: signal in the equatorial segment (medium capacitation level); and pattern EA: fluorescence at both equatorial and acrosomal areas (high capacitation level). Data were analysed by chi-square. There were no significant differences between control and treated groups for sperm motility (50.0 and 55.0%, respectively) or viability (77.4 and 72.9%). The percentage of sperm cells that did not exhibit fluorescence was very low (2.4 and 4.3% in the control and resveratrol groups, respectively). In resveratrol-treated group, pattern E was higher than the control (4.9 and 2.0%; P < 0.01). More interestingly, in the resveratrol-treated group, an increased percentage of sperm with pattern A (79.6 and 52.5%) and a decreased percentage of sperm with pattern EA (12.2 and 43.1%) were recorded. Based on decreased sperm with a high capacitation level (EA pattern) and increased sperm with low capacitation level (A pattern) at thawing, we concluded that adding resveratrol to semen extender before cryopreservation of buffalo was beneficial.

264 EFFECT OF SEASON ON CRYOCAPACITATION OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) SEMEN

Buffalo are short-day breeders; at our latitudes, reproductive activity improves during autumn. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the female, seasonal variations were also reported on post-thaw motility and membrane integrity of buffalo sperm (Andrabi 2009 Reprod. Domest. Anim. 44, 552–569). It was reported that cryopreservation induces capacitation-like changes in buffalo spermatozoa, assessed by both chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescent and protein tyrosine phosphorylation assays (Kadirvel et al. 2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639; Elkhawagah et al. 2014 J. Buffalo Sci. 3, 3–11). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of season on cryocapacitation of buffalo semen. At least two ejaculates were collected from 4 bulls during 2 seasons with different daylength: spring (low season) and autumn (peak season). Each ejaculate was diluted at 37°C with BioXcell extender to a final concentration of 30 × 106 spermatozoa per mL. After 4 h at 4°C, straws were frozen in an automated system. Immediately after thawing, sperm motility was evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and viability, as well as capacitation status, were assessed by CTC fluorescent staining, as reported (Kadirvel et al. 2011 Theriogenology 75, 1630–1639). Briefly, sperm suspensions were first stained with 0.1 µg mL–1 Hoechst 33258 for 2 min. Then, equal volumes of sperm suspension and CTC solution (750 mM CTC, 5 mM cysteine in 130 mM NaCl, and 20 mM Tris-HCl) were mixed at room temperature, and glutaraldehyde (12.5%) was added. Sperm suspensions were mounted on slides and stored at 4°C overnight (in the dark). Each sample was assessed twice under a microscope equipped with phase contrast and epifluorescent optics. At least 100 spermatozoa per slide were evaluated and classified into 3 CTC staining patterns: 1) uniform bright fluorescence over the entire head (uncapacitated spermatozoa, pattern F); 2) fluorescence-free band in the post-acrosomal region (capacitated spermatozoa, pattern B); and 3) dull fluorescence over the entire head, except for a thin punctuate band of fluorescence along the equatorial segment (acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, pattern AR). Data were analysed by chi-square. There were no differences in sperm viability between seasons (78.4 and 76.4%, respectively, in autumn and spring). However, post-thaw motility increased (P < 0.05) in autumn (60.0%) compared with spring (50.0%). The percentage of sperm displaying CTC pattern F increased in autumn compared with spring (40.5 and 27.3%, respectively; P < 0.01), whereas the percentage of sperm with both pattern B (57.9 and 66.6%, respectively; P < 0.01) and AR (1.6 and 6.1%, respectively; P < 0.01) decreased. The number of bulls and ejaculates used in this study was too low to draw definitive conclusions. However, these findings suggested that capacitation-like changes after sperm cryopreservation may be reduced during the favourable season in buffalo.

135 EFFECT OF L-ERGOTHIONEINE SUPPLEMENTATION DURING CULTURE ON IN VITRO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)

It is known that in vitro mammalian embryo development is negatively affected by the increased oxidative stress occurring under culture conditions. The oxidative damage of cell components via reactive oxygen species interferes with proper cell function. Buffalo embryos are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress because of their high lipid content (Boni et al. 1992 Acta Med. Vet. 38, 153–161). l-Ergothioneine (LE) is a powerful scavenger of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and an inhibitor of iron or copper ion-dependent generation of OH from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether enriching the in vitro-culture medium with LE improves in vitro embryo production efficiency in buffalo. Abattoir-derived buffalo oocytes (n = 854, over 6 replicates) were in vitro matured and fertilized according to standard procedures (Gasparrini et al. 2006 Theriogenology 65, 275–287). Twenty hours after IVF presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOFaa supplemented by 8 mg mL–1 BSA in a controlled gas atmosphere consisting of 5% CO2, 7% O2, 88% N2, in humidified air, at 38.5°C with 0 (control; n = 214), 0.05 mM LE (n = 217), 0.1 mM LE (n = 204), and 1 mM LE (n = 219). Cleavage rate was assessed at the time of change of culture (Day 5) and the cleaved elements were cultured for a further 2 days. The embryos obtained by the end of culture, i.e. on Day 7 post-IVF, were scored for quality, based on morphological criteria, and for developmental stage, as previously described (Robertson, Nelson 2010 Manual of the International Embryo Transfer Society 86–105). The percentages of total transferable embryos and Grade 1 and 2 blastocysts in relation to cleaved oocytes were recorded. Because the chronology of development is known to be one of the most reliable parameters for assessing quality, the percentage of fast-developing embryos, i.e. hatched and expanded blastocysts, was also recorded. Data were analysed by Chi-squared test. Cleavage rate was not affected by the treatment (71.4, 66.8, 68.7, and 63.0%, respectively, with 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mM LE). The total embryo output increased in groups supplemented with 0.05 and 0.1 mM LE (31.3, 42.2, 43.8, and 21.7%, respectively, with 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mM LE; P < 0.05). However, the enrichment of in vitro culture with 0.1 mM LE also increased the percentage of Grade 1 and 2 blastocysts compared with the control and to 1 mM LE (21.6, 30.9, 33.9, and 21.7%, respectively, with 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mM LE; P < 0.05). Likewise, 0.1 mM LE gave higher percentages of fast developing embryos than the control and 1 mM LE groups. In conclusion, these results demonstrated a beneficial effect of LE during culture on buffalo in vitro embryo development. The dose response trial indicated that the optimal concentration is 0.1 mM that also influenced the chronology of development and hence embryo viability.

Effect of resveratrol supplementation during culture on the quality and cryotolerance of bovine in vitro produced embryos

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether resveratrol supplementation of bovine culture medium improves in vitro blastocyst development, embryo cryotolerance and cell numbers. Abattoir-derived oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro according to standard procedure. Twenty hours after IVF, zygotes were cultured in SOF medium, supplemented with 0 (control, n=439), 0.25μM (n=422), 0.5μM (n=447) and 1μM resveratrol (n=416). On Day 7 (IVF=Day 0) blastocysts were vitrified by cryotop in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.5M sucrose. Development rate, i.e. the percentage of embryos resuming development to reach a more advanced stage, and hatching rate were evaluated after 24 and 48h culture. Blastocysts cultured with (0.5μM) and without resveratrol underwent differential staining to count inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) cells. Resveratrol during culture did not increase blastocyst yields (57.1, 57.7, 59.2 and 46.6%, respectively in 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1μM resveratrol). However, 0.5μM resveratrol improved embryo cryotolerance compared to the control, as indicated by higher development rates (67.3% vs 50.3%, respectively; P<0.01) and hatching rates (58.9% vs 30.9%, respectively; P<0.01) recorded after 48h post-warming culture. Blastocysts produced in the control and in 0.5μM resveratrol groups had similar numbers of ICM (34.1 and 36.4, respectively), TE (88.1 and 85.3, respectively) and total (122.2 and 121.7, respectively) cells. In conclusion, low levels of resveratrol during in vitro culture improve the quality of IVP bovine embryos, as indicated by their increased resistance to cryopreservation.

145 EFFECT OF RELAXIN ON FERTILIZING ABILITY OF BUFFALO SPERM

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of relaxin, known to improve fertility parameters of frozen-thawed sperm in other species (Miah et al. 2006 J. Reprod. Dev. 52, 773–779; Miah et al. 2007 Anim. Sci. J. 78, 495–502), on buffalo sperm motility, capacitation, and fertilizing capability. Frozen-thawed sperm from 2 bulls (4 replicates each) were separated by Percoll, diluted to a 20 × 106 mL–1 concentration and incubated in TALP medium in the absence of capacitating agents (negative control), in the presence of 10 μg mL–1 of heparin (positive control) and 100 ng mL–1 of relaxin for 2 h. Following incubation, sperm were exposed for 15 min to 60 mg mL–1 of lysophosphatidylcholine, a fusogenic agent known to induce the acrosome reaction only on capacitated sperm. To evaluate acrosome-reacted (AR) live sperm, cells were fixed and stained with Trypan blue-Giemsa (Kovacs and Foote 1992 Biotech. Histochem. 67, 119–124) and evaluated (800 sperm counted/group). Sperm motility was examined by a phase contrast microscope, whereas the fertilizing capability was evaluated by heterologous IVF. Abattoir-derived bovine oocytes (n = 258, 86 per group) were in vitro matured and fertilized according to standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355) with buffalo sperm in the absence of capacitating agents and in the presence of 10 μg mL–1 of heparin and 100 ng mL–1 of relaxin. Twenty hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured in SOF for 24 h, when cleavage rate was evaluated and confirmed by fixation with absolute ethanol overnight and staining with 2.5 μg mL–1 of Hoechst 33342 after zona removal by pronase (2 mg mL–1) digestion. The differences in the percentages of AR sperm and cleavage among groups were analysed by a chi square test and those in sperm motility by Student's t-test. Acrosomal loss was observed in 10.8% of the sperm after thawing, which may indicate freezing-induced capacitation, and, hence, this value was detracted from the percentages of AR recorded following incubation. After 2 h of incubation, 100 ng mL–1 of relaxin significantly (P < 0.05) increased the percentages of live AR sperm (P < 0.05) compared with the negative control (31.3 ± 2.2 and 25.8 ± 2.8, respectively), with intermediate results in the positive control (27.0 ± 2.2). Motility was significantly improved (P < 0.05) when sperm were exposed to 100 ng mL–1 of relaxin compared with both the negative and positive control (73.7 ± 2.4, 60.0 ± 4.1, and 60.0 ± 7.1, respectively). A significant (P < 0.05) improvement of cleavage rate was recorded both in the positive control (71.5 ± 4.8) and in the group treated with 100 ng mL–1 of relaxin (70.7 ± 0.5) compared with negative control (52.1 ± 1.5). In conclusion, these preliminary results indicate that relaxin at the concentration of 100 ng mL–1 improves sperm motility, capacitation, and the IVF capability of buffalo sperm.

144 INFLUENCE OF REPEATED OVUM PICKUP ON BUFFALO WELFARE

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of repeated ovum pickup (OPU) on buffalo welfare. The OPU was carried out as previously described (Neglia et al. 2003 Theriogenology 59, 1123–1130) twice per week on 11 buffalo cows at 121 ± 15 days in milk for 2 months (end of October–end of December). Blood samples were collected before the beginning of the trial (time 0), after 1 month (time 1), and after 2 months (time 2) in animals that had undergone OPU and in control animals (n = 10) of the same herd. The following parameters of clinical immunology were evaluated on sera: haemolytic complement (Arya et al. 1992 Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 30, 411–418), lysozyme, bactericidal capacity (Amadori et al. 1997 J. Vet. Med. 44, 321–327), and haptoglobin (Phase Haptoglobin Colourimetric Assay kit, Tridelta Development Ltd., Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland). Data, here reported as means ± s.e.m., were analysed by ANOVA taking into account treatment, time, and the interaction. The number of aspirated follicles and collected oocytes per buffalo per session was 6.6 ± 0.2 and 3.6 ± 0.2, respectively. Interestingly, the OPU treatment did not affect haptoglobin (a reliable marker of acute stress), lysozyme, complement, and bactericidal capacity, whereas the time influenced (P < 0.05) only the complement. In animals that had undergone OPU, no differences among times 0, 1, and 2 in lysozyme (3.9 ± 0.3, 4.0 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.4 μg mL–1, respectively), bactericidal capacity (92.8 ± 0.8, 92.1 ± 0.8, and 92.2 ± 0.9%, respectively), and haptoglobin (1.8 ± 0.4, 1.4 ± 0.2, and 1.9 ± 0.6 mg mL–1, respectively) were found. Likewise, similar values were recorded at times 0, 1, and 2 in the control group in lysozyme (3.2 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.3, and 3.1 ± 0.8 μg mL–1, respectively), bactericidal capacity (94.2 ± 0.6, 93.0 ± 1.1, and 89.2 ± 3.2%, respectively), and haptoglobin (0.7 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.5, and 1.4 ± 0.4 mg mL–1, respectively). A significant decrease (P < 0.05) of complement (UE/150 mL) in OPU-treated animals was recorded at times 1 (33.6 ± 1.4) and 2 (35.9 ± 2.9) compared to time 0 (67.3 ± 3.3). However, the same pattern was observed in the control (62.8 ± 4.0, 31.3 ± 0.3, and 31.0 ± 0.8, respectively at times 0, 1, and 2; P < 0.05). Therefore, it is not possible to rule out that the decrease was due to other factors, such as the cold winter temperatures incoming, as previously reported. Furthermore, the values recorded at times 1 and 2 fall in the physiological ranges of the species (De Carlo et al. 2011 Joint Annual Meeting, Riccione, Italy). During the whole period of the experiment (and few weeks after), there were neither signs of behavioural modifications nor clinical signs of any disease. Furthermore, there were no differences in average daily milk production between treated and control buffaloes both at the start (9.1 ± 0.8 v. 9.4 ± 0.8) and at the end of the trial (7.6 ± 0.6 v. 6.5 ± 0.7), and all the animals that had undergone OPU conceived within 113.0 ± 25.4 days from the last OPU session. These preliminary results indicate that a regimen of OPU carried out twice per week for 2 months do not affect the welfare of buffaloes.

Plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor levels and neuropsychological aspects of depressed patients treated with paroxetine

AIM

Studies on major depressive disorders (MDD) pathophysiology show decreased blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that increase after antidepressant treatment. The link between BDNF levels and antidepressants is still controversial. In addiction, there is a relationship between MDD and concurrent cognitive function. Hippocampus is linked to memory and learning and BDNF is abundant in this area. For this reason we investigated the presence of any association between paroxetine treatment, BDNF levels and cognitive performances in depressed patients.

METHODS

Sixteen patients with MDD were compared with a control group of 18 randomly selected healthy individuals. Blood samples were taken and clinical and neuropsychological assessments were performed at baseline and after two months of treatment. Plasma and serum BDNF levels were measured with the Elisa method.

RESULTS

Plasma BDNF levels are lower in depressed patients and increased after treatment. No serum BDNF significant differences were found. Depressed patients showed a mild deficit in prose memory tests that reached normality after antidepressant treatment. No correlations were evidenced between patients plasma BDNF levels and cognitive results.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge this is one of the few studies on the effects of paroxetine treatment on plasma BDNF levels. We confirm literature data regarding the link between BDNF plasma levels, depression and antidepressant treatments. In addiction we found a specific cognitive deficit of depressed patients.

132 RESVERATROL DURING IN VITRO CULTURE IMPROVES CRYOTOLERANCE OF IN VITRO PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS

Despite the great improvement of in vitro embryo production (IVEP) efficiency recorded over the years in cattle, the in vitro produced (IVP) embryos are still less viable and resistant to cryopreservation than their in vivo counterparts. One of the major factor impairing in vitro embryo development is oxidative stress. Resveratrol is an important antioxidant polyphenolic compound found in several vegetal sources, that contributes to red wine’s beneficial effects on the prevention of human cardiovascular disease. Recently, the interest in resveratrol has increased exponentially following the major findings that this molecule has positive effects on cancer chemoprevention, cardioprotection, inflammatory processes, several aspects of metabolism, leading to increased lifespan of various organisms from yeasts to vertebrates (Pirola et al. 2008 IUBMB Life 60, 323–332). A positive effect of resveratrol on in vitro embryonic development was demonstrated in swine (Lee et al. 2010 J. Reprod. Dev. 56, 330–335). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether supplementation of culture medium with resveratrol improves in vitro blastocyst development and the embryo resistance to cryopreservation in cattle. A preliminary dose response trial indicated that the optimal concentration in the range tested (from 0.5 to 10 µM) was 0.5 µM, with evident toxic effects at concentration higher than 5 µM. Abattoir-derived oocytes (n = 581, over 5 replicates) were matured and fertilized in vitro according to our standard procedure (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Twenty hours after IVF, presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF medium, supplemented with 5% bovine serum, in the absence (control, n = 271) or presence of 0.5 µM resveratrol (n = 310) at 39°C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. On Day 7 (IVF = Day 0), embryo yields were assessed and the blastocysts (except the hatched blastocysts) were vitrified by cryotop in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 0.5M sucrose (Rubessa et al. 2011). The resistance to cryopreservation was evaluated by assessing the survival rate, on the basis of morphological criteria, and hatching rate after 48 h culture. Data were analyzed by chi-square test. Resveratrol supplementation during culture did not affect either cleavage (69.1 v. 72.0%, in the control and resveratrol groups, respectively) or blastocyst yields (38.3 v. 36.3%, in the control and resveratrol groups, respectively). However, treatment with resveratrol increased the cryotolerance of IVP embryos, as indicated by higher survival rates (74.7 v. 88.4%, in the control and resveratrol groups, respectively; P < 0.05) and hatching rates (35.1 v. 53.8%, in the control and resveratrol groups, respectively; P = 0.06) at 48 h. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that resveratrol supplementation during culture improves the quality, and hence the resistance to cryopreservation, of IVP bovine embryos.

133 L-CARNITINE DURING IN VITRO CULTURE ENHANCES THE CRYOTOLERANCE OF BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS) IN VITRO-DERIVED EMBRYOS

In buffalo, in vitro embryo production (IVEP) technology is the best tool to improve the genetic merit through the maternal lineage. A major limitation of IVEP technology in buffalo species is the poor cryotolerance of the embryos, likely due to their high lipid content (Gasparrini 2002 Theriogenology 57, 237–256). It was previously demonstrated that supplementing bovine culture media with L-carnitine, a cofactor of β-oxidation, improves in vitro embryo development (Sutton-McDowall et al. 2012 Theriogenology 77, 1632–1641). The aim of this work was to evaluate whether L-carnitine supplementation during in vitro culture (IVC) improves blastocyst development and cryotolerance of in vitro produced buffalo embryos. After a preliminary dose response trial, we selected the concentration of 0.25 mM for the experiment. Cumulus–oocytes complexes (n = 288, over 4 replicates), recovered from slaughtered animals, were matured and fertilized in vitro according to our standard procedures (Gasparrini et al. 2006 Theriogenology 65, 275–287). On Day 1 (Day 0 = IVF), zygotes were cultured in SOF supplemented with 8 mg mL–1 BSA, in the absence (control, n = 143) or presence of 0.25 mM L-carnitine (n = 145). In vitro culture was carried out at 38.5°C under 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2. Cleavage rate was evaluated on Day 5, when the cleaved embryos were transferred into fresh medium for further 2 days. On Day 7 after IVF, embryo outcome was assessed and all the embryos were vitrified by cryotop in 16.5% ethylene glycol, 16.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 0.5 M sucrose (De Rosa et al. 2007 Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6(Suppl 2), 747–750). The resistance to cryopreservation was evaluated by assessing the survival rate, on the basis of morphological criteria, after 24 h culture. Data were analyzed by chi-square test. No differences were found in cleavage rates between the control (81.5%) and the L-carnitine group (78.8%). The blastocyst yields (calculated in relation to the cleaved embryos) were not significantly influenced by the L-carnitine treatment (40.2 and 52.9%, in the control and the L-carnitine groups, respectively). However, buffalo embryos cultured in the presence of L-carnitine showed an increased resistance to cryopreservation, as indicated by the higher survival rates recorded after 24 h culture (78.7 and 96.4%, in the control and the L-carnitine groups, respectively; P < 0.01). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation of culture medium improves the resistance to cryopreservation of in vitro produced buffalo embryos. We speculate that the increased cryotolerance observed in the presence of L-carnitine may be due to a better utilization of the endogenous lipid stores, resulting in improved embryo quality.

128 CULTURE CONDITIONS AFFECT THE SEX RATIO OF IN VITRO PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS

Most systems for producing bovine embryos in vitro use glucose as an energy source despite putative toxic effects. Glucose has a selective embryotoxicity towards female embryos, due to the higher expression of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (Kimura et al. 2005 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 72, 201–207). Recently, the replacement of glucose with citrate and myo-inositol in SOF medium supplemented with 5% bovine serum (BS) increased the percentage of female embryos (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Serum also affects the sex ratio of in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos, favoring the male gender (Gutierrez-Adan et al. 2001 Theriogenology 55, 1117–1126). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of glucose replacement with myo-inositol during in vitro culture, in the presence of either BS or BSA, on bovine embryo sex ratio. Abattoir-derived oocytes (n = 1164, over 4 replicates) were matured and fertilized in vitro as previously described (Rubessa et al. 2011). After 20 to 22 h of gametes co-incubation, zygotes were denuded and cultured for 7 days in SOF with: group A) 0.34 mM trisodium citrate + 2.77 mM myo-inositol + 5% BS (n = 287); group B) 0.34 mM tri-sodium citrate + 2.77 mM myo-inositol + 8 mg mL–1 BSA(n = 290); group C) 1.5 mM glucose + 5% BS (n = 302) and group D) 1.5 mM glucose + 8 mg mL–1 BSA (n = 285). Representative samples of blastocysts produced in each group (n = 96, 58, 99, and 70, respectively in groups A, B, C, and D) were sexed by PCR as previously described (Rubessa et al. 2011). Differences among groups in blastocyst yields were analyzed by ANOVA. The percentages of female embryos were analyzed by chi-square test. Blastocyst rates in group C were lower (28.1%) than those recorded in groups A, B, and D (35.9, 41.0 and 36.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). A higher (P < 0.05) percentage of female embryos was observed in group A (61.5%) compared to group C (45.5%), with intermediate values in groups B (51.7%) and D (60.0%). Therefore, the replacement of glucose with citrate and myo-inositol favored the development of female embryos in the presence of BS but was ineffective in the presence of BSA. Furthermore, when glucose was the energy source, a tendency to greater incidence of female embryos was observed when the medium was supplemented with BSA rather than BS (P = 0.06). As a small amount of glucose is present in the BS, we hypothesize an additional glucose-dependent toxic effect on female embryos in group C. However, we cannot rule out that other factors present in the BS may interact with the energy source, playing a role in determining the sex ratio. Furthermore, the shift in sex ratio in favor of males or females embryo can be due to a better development of embryo of one sex, or to the delayed development or degeneration of embryos of the other sex. In conclusion, these results suggest that manipulating the metabolic profile of the embryos during culture may have an impact on both blastocyst production and sex ratio.

Chronic anorexia nervosa: enteral nutrition via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and liaison psychiatry

Anorexia nervosa is a complex mental disorder characterized by altered eating behaviour often resulting in life-threatening weight loss (<85% of expected body weight) associated with amenorrhea and a disturbance of body image. Although classified as mental health disorders, they may lead to serious medical consequences and have the highest rate of premature death of any mental health diagnosis. We report our experience with the use of enteral feeding via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a 39-year-old woman with chronic restricter anorexia nervosa treated in liaison psychiatry and psychotherapy. On admission to psychiatry unit, the patient presented seriously deteriorated general condition and a body mass index (BMI) of 10 (BMI = weight kg/height m(2)). She refused oral feeding, but eventually accepted nasogastric feeding. In preparation for her continuing long-term (>1 month) enteral feeding at home, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed and a home nutrition support regimen that met her energy-protein intake requirements was prescribed. During the follow-up period, an overall improvement in nutritional status, general condition, mood and cognitive functioning was observed. Patient compliance with refeeding is notoriously problematic; however, enteral feeding interventions may be feasible in the long-term treatment of selected anorexia nervosa patients when closely followed-up by a multidisciplinary medical team.

Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: a multiple regression analysis of risk factors

A seroprevalence survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was conducted using serum samples obtained from 5813 health care workers (HCWs) in five public hospitals in the Latium region of Italy, during the 1985 vaccination campaign against HBV. The seroprevalences of HBV, HCV and HIV were 23.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.3-24.4%], 2% (95% CI = 1.6-2.4%) and 0.07% (95% CI = 0.001-0.13%), respectively. In a logistic regression model, sex, increasing age, all job categories vs. physicians, dental treatment in the previous six months, and needlestick injury during the previous year were significantly associated with HBV. Conversely, no occupational and community risk factors, but only history of blood transfusion were significantly associated with HCV. Nevertheless, the documented risk of HCV as well as of HIV transmission through percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposure to blood and body fluids should lead to continued efforts to minimize risks of infection by enhancing the compliance of HCWs with vaccination against HBV and adherence to infection control measures, and by introducing safer devices and techniques.

Needlestick injury in hospital personnel: a multicenter survey from central Italy. The Latium Hepatitis B Prevention Group

OBJECTIVES

To assess the rate of needlestick injury in hospital personnel in an Italian region. To identify risk factors potentially amendable to correction.

DESIGN

Hospital workers undergoing hepatitis B prevaccination testing in 1985 through 1986 were interviewed regarding needlestick injury in the previous year, job category, area of work, years of employment, and other pertinent information.

SETTING

Of the 98 public hospitals of the Latium region, 68 participated in the survey: 32 of 55 with less than 200 beds, 20 of 25 with 200 to 300 beds, 11 of 13 with 400 to 900 beds, and all of the 5 with more than 1,000 beds.

PARTICIPANTS

All healthcare workers providing direct patient care or environmental services as well as student nurses were invited by the hospital directors to undergo hepatitis B prevaccination testing and vaccination, if eligible.

RESULTS

Of 30,226 hospital workers of the 68 participating hospitals, 20,055 were interviewed (66.3%): 47.7% of the 7,172 doctors, 71% of the 14,157 nurses, 55.9% of the 2,513 technicians, and 71.9% of the 6,384 ancillary workers. Needlestick injury was recalled by 29.3%; the rates were 54.9%, 35.3%, 33.8%, 26.5%, 18.7%, and 14.7% in surgeons, registered and unskilled nurses, physicians, ancillary workers, and technicians, respectively. The recalled injury rate was 39.7% and 34.0% in surgical and intensive care areas; in infectious diseases, it was 16.7%. Rates were lower in hospitals with 200 to 300 beds (25.6%). The needlestick injury rate declined from 32% in those with less than 5 years of employment to 28% in those with more than 20 years (p less than .01). Prevalence of HBV infection was higher in student nurses and young workers recalling a needlestick exposure (14.3% and 15.8%, respectively), versus 10.1% and 12.8% in those not exposed (p less than .01 and less than .05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Parenteral exposure to blood-borne infectious agents is a relevant risk among healthcare workers in our region, particularly in defined job categories and hospital areas (surgeons, nurses, surgical, and intensive care areas). Immunization and educational efforts should be made along with better designs of devices to reduce the risk of infection.

Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men

To assess whether echocardiographic and electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy could predict cardiovascular morbid events in patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, we followed 140 men for a mean of 4.8 years. Initial echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular mass were normal (less than 125 g/m2 body surface area) in 111 patients and revealed hypertrophy in 29 patients. Morbid events occurred in more patients with hypertrophy on echocardiography (7 of 29, 4.6/100 patient-years) than with normal ventricular mass (7 of 111, 1.4/100 patient-years; p less than 0.01). Electrocardiography showed hypertrophy in too few patients to be of predictive value. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that left ventricular mass index had the highest independent relative risk for future events and that systolic and diastolic pressures and age had slightly lower relative risks. In men with mild uncomplicated hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy detected by echocardiography identifies patients at high risk for cardiovascular morbid events and is a significant risk factor for future morbid events independent of age, blood pressure, or resting ventricular function.