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Brunet T, McWalter K, Mayerhanser K, Anbouba GM, Armstrong-Javors A, Bader I, Baugh E, Begtrup A, Bupp CP, Callewaert BL, Cereda A, Cousin MA, Del Rey Jimenez JC, Demmer L, Dsouza NR, Fleischer N, Gavrilova RH, Ghate S, Graf E, Green A, Green SR, Iascone M, Kdissa A, Klee D, Klee EW, Lancaster E, Lindstrom K, Mayr JA, McEntagart M, Meeks NJL, Mittag D, Moore H, Olsen AK, Ortiz D, Parsons G, Pena LDM, Person RE, Punj S, Ramos-Rivera GA, Sacoto MJG, Bradley Schaefer G, Schnur RE, Scott TM, Scott DA, Serbinski CR, Shashi V, Siu VM, Stadheim BF, Sullivan JA, Švantnerová J, Velsher L, Wargowski DS, Wentzensen IM, Wieczorek D, Winkelmann J, Yap P, Zech M, Zimmermann MT, Meitinger T, Distelmaier F, Wagner M. Defining the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of X-linked MSL3-related disorder. Genet Med 2020; 23:384-395. [PMID: 33173220 PMCID: PMC7862064 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-00993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to delineate the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of female and male individuals with X-linked, MSL3-related disorder (Basilicata–Akhtar syndrome). Methods Twenty-five individuals (15 males, 10 females) with causative variants in MSL3 were ascertained through exome or genome sequencing at ten different sequencing centers. Results We identified multiple variant types in MSL3 (ten nonsense, six frameshift, four splice site, three missense, one in-frame-deletion, one multi-exon deletion), most proven to be de novo, and clustering in the terminal eight exons suggesting that truncating variants in the first five exons might be compensated by an alternative MSL3 transcript. Three-dimensional modeling of missense and splice variants indicated that these have a deleterious effect. The main clinical findings comprised developmental delay and intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe. Autism spectrum disorder, muscle tone abnormalities, and macrocephaly were common as well as hearing impairment and gastrointestinal problems. Hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis emerged as a consistent magnetic resonance image (MRI) finding. Females and males were equally affected. Using facial analysis technology, a recognizable facial gestalt was determined. Conclusion Our aggregated data illustrate the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of X-linked, MSL3-related disorder (Basilicata–Akhtar syndrome). Our cohort improves the understanding of disease related morbidity and allows us to propose detailed surveillance guidelines for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | - Grace M Anbouba
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy Armstrong-Javors
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingrid Bader
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evan Baugh
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Caleb P Bupp
- Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health and Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bert L Callewaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Margot A Cousin
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Laurie Demmer
- Medical Genetics, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Nikita R Dsouza
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Ralitza H Gavrilova
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sumedha Ghate
- St Vincent Hospital Medical Genetics Clinic, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Green
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah R Green
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Springdale, AR, USA
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily Lancaster
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Lindstrom
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics, Salzburger Landeskliniken and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics, St George's University Hospitals NHS FT, London, UK
| | - Naomi J L Meeks
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Mittag
- Medical Genetics, Atrium Health Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Harrison Moore
- INTEGRIS Pediatric Specialties/Medical Genetics, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anne K Olsen
- Department of Pediatric, Soerlandet Sykehus Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Damara Ortiz
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen Parsons
- Medical Genetics, Spectrum Health and Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Loren D M Pena
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - G Bradley Schaefer
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Springdale, AR, USA
| | | | - Tiana M Scott
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carolyn R Serbinski
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Victoria M Siu
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer A Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jana Švantnerová
- Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lea Velsher
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S Wargowski
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,St Vincent Hospital Medical Genetics Clinic, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | | | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Neurogenetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Yap
- Genetic Health Service New Zealand (Northern Hub), Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Zech M, Jech R, Boesch S, Škorvánek M, Weber S, Wagner M, Zhao C, Jochim A, Necpál J, Dincer Y, Vill K, Distelmaier F, Stoklosa M, Krenn M, Grunwald S, Bock-Bierbaum T, Fečíková A, Havránková P, Roth J, Příhodová I, Adamovičová M, Ulmanová O, Bechyně K, Danhofer P, Veselý B, Haň V, Pavelekova P, Gdovinová Z, Mantel T, Meindl T, Sitzberger A, Schröder S, Blaschek A, Roser T, Bonfert MV, Haberlandt E, Plecko B, Leineweber B, Berweck S, Herberhold T, Langguth B, Švantnerová J, Minár M, Ramos-Rivera GA, Wojcik MH, Pajusalu S, Õunap K, Schatz UA, Pölsler L, Milenkovic I, Laccone F, Pilshofer V, Colombo R, Patzer S, Iuso A, Vera J, Troncoso M, Fang F, Prokisch H, Wilbert F, Eckenweiler M, Graf E, Westphal DS, Riedhammer KM, Brunet T, Alhaddad B, Berutti R, Strom TM, Hecht M, Baumann M, Wolf M, Telegrafi A, Person RE, Zamora FM, Henderson LB, Weise D, Musacchio T, Volkmann J, Szuto A, Becker J, Cremer K, Sycha T, Zimprich F, Kraus V, Makowski C, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Bardakjian TM, Ozelius LJ, Vetro A, Guerrini R, Maier E, Borggraefe I, Kuster A, Wortmann SB, Hackenberg A, Steinfeld R, Assmann B, Staufner C, Opladen T, Růžička E, Cohn RD, Dyment D, Chung WK, Engels H, Ceballos-Baumann A, Ploski R, Daumke O, Haslinger B, Mall V, Oexle K, Winkelmann J. Monogenic variants in dystonia: an exome-wide sequencing study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:908-918. [PMID: 33098801 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition that occurs in isolation (isolated dystonia), in combination with other movement disorders (combined dystonia), or in the context of multisymptomatic phenotypes (isolated or combined dystonia with other neurological involvement). However, our understanding of its aetiology is still incomplete. We aimed to elucidate the monogenic causes for the major clinical categories of dystonia. METHODS For this exome-wide sequencing study, study participants were identified at 33 movement-disorder and neuropaediatric specialty centres in Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Switzerland. Each individual with dystonia was diagnosed in accordance with the dystonia consensus definition. Index cases were eligible for this study if they had no previous genetic diagnosis and no indication of an acquired cause of their illness. The second criterion was not applied to a subset of participants with a working clinical diagnosis of dystonic cerebral palsy. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood of participants and whole-exome sequenced. To find causative variants in known disorder-associated genes, all variants were filtered, and unreported variants were classified according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. All considered variants were reviewed in expert round-table sessions to validate their clinical significance. Variants that survived filtering and interpretation procedures were defined as diagnostic variants. In the cases that went undiagnosed, candidate dystonia-causing genes were prioritised in a stepwise workflow. FINDINGS We sequenced the exomes of 764 individuals with dystonia and 346 healthy parents who were recruited between June 1, 2015, and July 31, 2019. We identified causative or probable causative variants in 135 (19%) of 728 families, involving 78 distinct monogenic disorders. We observed a larger proportion of individuals with diagnostic variants in those with dystonia (either isolated or combined) with coexisting non-movement disorder-related neurological symptoms (100 [45%] of 222; excepting cases with evidence of perinatal brain injury) than in those with combined (19 [19%] of 98) or isolated (16 [4%] of 388) dystonia. Across all categories of dystonia, 104 (65%) of the 160 detected variants affected genes which are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We found diagnostic variants in 11 genes not previously linked to dystonia, and propose a predictive clinical score that could guide the implementation of exome sequencing in routine diagnostics. In cases without perinatal sentinel events, genomic alterations contributed substantively to the diagnosis of dystonic cerebral palsy. In 15 families, we delineated 12 candidate genes. These include IMPDH2, encoding a key purine biosynthetic enzyme, for which robust evidence existed for its involvement in a neurodevelopmental disorder with dystonia. We identified six variants in IMPDH2, collected from four independent cohorts, that were predicted to be deleterious de-novo variants and expected to result in deregulation of purine metabolism. INTERPRETATION In this study, we have determined the role of monogenic variants across the range of dystonic disorders, providing guidance for the introduction of personalised care strategies and fostering follow-up pathophysiological explorations. FUNDING Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Charles University in Prague, Czech Ministry of Education, the Slovak Grant and Development Agency, the Slovak Research and Grant Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matej Škorvánek
- Department of Neurology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Louis Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Sandrina Weber
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Jochim
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ján Necpál
- Department of Neurology, Zvolen Hospital, Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Yasemin Dincer
- Lehrstuhl für Sozialpädiatrie, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Zentrum für Humangenetik und Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Distelmaier
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krenn
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Grunwald
- Crystallography, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Bock-Bierbaum
- Crystallography, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Fečíková
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Havránková
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Roth
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Příhodová
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Adamovičová
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Ulmanová
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bechyně
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Písek, Pisek, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Danhofer
- Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University Brno and University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Veselý
- Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Haň
- Department of Neurology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Louis Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Petra Pavelekova
- Department of Neurology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Louis Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Gdovinová
- Department of Neurology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Louis Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tobias Mantel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Meindl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sitzberger
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schröder
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Roser
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela V Bonfert
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Edda Haberlandt
- Clinic for Pediatrics, Krankenhaus Stadt Dornbirn, Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Leineweber
- Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Berweck
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Centre of Epilepsy for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Herberhold
- Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Centre of Epilepsy for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Berthold Langguth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Švantnerová
- Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Minár
- Second Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Monica H Wojcik
- Divisions of Newborn Medicine and Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulrich A Schatz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Pölsler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franco Laccone
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Roberto Colombo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Steffi Patzer
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin St Elisabeth und St Barbara, Halle, Germany
| | - Arcangela Iuso
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Vera
- Child Neurology Service, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Monica Troncoso
- Child Neurology Service, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital and Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Wilbert
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckenweiler
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik S Westphal
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian M Riedhammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hecht
- Neurologische Klinik am Klinikum Kaufbeuren, Bezirkskliniken Schwaben, Kaufbeuren, Germany
| | - Matthias Baumann
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Wolf
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - David Weise
- Klinik für Neurologie, Asklepios Fachklinikum Stadtroda, Stadtroda, Germany
| | - Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Szuto
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Sycha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Kraus
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Makowski
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanya M Bardakjian
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Esther Maier
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alice Kuster
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Steinfeld
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Staufner
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald D Cohn
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliver Daumke
- Crystallography, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haslinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Mall
- Lehrstuhl für Sozialpädiatrie, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; kbo-Kinderzentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany.
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