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Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, García-Sánchez E, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Individual values predict desiring more economic inequality: The moderator role of social mobility. Int J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38293817 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Attitudes towards economic inequality are crucial to uphold structural economic inequality in democratic societies. Previous research has shown that socioeconomic status, political ideology, and the objective level of economic inequality associated with individuals' attitudes towards economic inequality. However, some have suggested that people are aware of the individual and social features that are more functional according to the level of economic inequality. Therefore, individual predispositions such as cultural values could also predict these attitudes. In the current research, we expand previous results testing whether cultural variables at the individual level predict attitudes towards economic inequality. After analysing survey data including samples from 52 countries (N = 89,565), we found that self-enhancement values predict positively, and self-transcendence negatively, attitudes towards economic inequality as the ideal economic inequality measures. This result remained significant even after controlling by socioeconomic status, political ideology, and objective economic inequality. However, this effect is only true in high and middle social mobility countries, but not in countries with low social mobility. The present research highlights how cultural values and country social mobility are crucial factors to addressing attitudes towards economic inequality.
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Matamoros-Lima J, Willis GB, Moya M. Rising and falling on the social ladder: The bidimensional social mobility beliefs scale. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294676. [PMID: 38051711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent works in the field of Social Psychology have shown the importance of studying subjective social mobility from different perspectives. In the literature about subjective societal mobility, most of the research is focused on the mobility-immobility framing. However, several authors suggested studying social mobility beliefs effects differentiating according to mobility's trajectory, that is, upward (i.e., improving status over time) and downward (i.e., getting worse in status over time). The present research was motivated by the lack of measures that discriminate between beliefs in upward and downward societal mobility. Across two studies using different samples of the Spanish adult population, we examined both dimensions of social mobility beliefs and tested their predictive validity on other related constructs. In Study 1 (N = 164), with an EFA, we corroborated the independence between the two types of mobility. The internal structure was confirmed by a CFA in Study 2 (N = 400). Furthermore, it was shown that upward and downward mobility beliefs are differently related to other related constructs. The results from Studies 1-2 showed good convergent validity. In all correlations with the different constructs (attitudes towards inequality, meritocratic beliefs, justification of the economic system, and status anxiety) we found opposite direction effects for both types of societal mobility (upward and downward). The development of this new instrument can help to deepen our understanding of the psychosocial consequences of subjective social mobility, as well as to differentiate two processes that may have different consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Matamoros-Lima
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo B Willis
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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3
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Montoya-Lozano M, Moreno-Bella E, García-Castro JD, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Spanish Adaptation of the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (S-SEIS). Psicothema 2023; 35:310-318. [PMID: 37493154 DOI: 10.7334/psicothema2022.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the adaptation and evidence of the validity of the Spanish version of the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (S-SEIS). This measure evaluates people’s tendency to have positive attitudes toward economic inequality. METHOD Two correlational studies were conducted, one exploratory ( N = 619) and one confirmatory ( N = 562). RESULTS S-SEIS showed good reliability in both studies. The factorial analysis showed a one-factor structure in Study 1 that was confirmed in Study 2. We also found a relationship between S-SEIS and other extensively used measures of attitudes toward inequality, such as intolerance toward inequality. S-SEIS positively correlates with belief in a just world, social dominance orientation (SDO), economic system justification (ESJ), institutional trust, and perceived democracy; it correlates negatively with intolerance toward inequality, perceived inequality, perceived warmth/competence of people in poverty and support for redistribution. CONCLUSIONS The current research findings suggest that S-SEIS is a valuable instrument for evaluating the support of economic inequality in Spanish samples.
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Moreno-Bella E, Kulich C, Willis GB, Moya M. Wage (in)equality matters: the effect of organizational economic inequality on others' and self-ascriptions. J Soc Psychol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37094182 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2192398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Economic inequality has consequences at the social-psychological level, such as in the way people make inferences about their environment and other people. In the present two preregistered studies, we used a paradigm of an organizational setting to manipulate economic inequality and measured ascriptions of agentic versus communal traits to employees and the self. In Study 1 (N = 187), participants attributed more agency than communion to a middle-status employee, and more communion than agency when economic equality was salient. In Study 2 (N = 198) this finding was replicated. Further, this inequality-agency association was explained by perceptions of competitive employee relationships. Results, moreover, suggested that participants mainly attributed more communion than agency to themselves in the equality condition. We conclude that agency and communion ascriptions may be functional and thus inform about the expectations people have on the nature of social relationships in the face of economic inequality.
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Melita D, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. Does income inequality increase status anxiety? Not directly, the role of perceived upward and downward mobility. Br J Soc Psychol 2023. [PMID: 36929602 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Status anxiety theory posits that higher income inequality leads people to attribute more importance to their socioeconomic status and to worry about the position they occupy on the social ladder. We investigated through two experimental studies (N = 1117) the causal effect of economic inequality on status anxiety and whether expected upward and downward mobility mediates this effect. In Study 1, perceived economic inequality indirectly increased status anxiety through lesser expected upward mobility. In Study 2, perceived economic inequality decreased both expected upward and downward mobility, with opposite indirect effects on status anxiety. This suggests that the relationship between inequality and status anxiety is not straightforward, and could implicate the presence of multiple processes working at the same time-whereas lower expected downward mobility could suppress the effect of inequality, lower expected upward mobility could exacerbate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melita
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo B Willis
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Mind, Brain, and Behaviour Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
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Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. The economic inequality as normative information model (EINIM). European Review of Social Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2022.2160555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillermo B. Willis
- Centro de Investigación Mente Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
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7
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García-Castro JD, García-Sánchez E, Willis GB, Castillo JC, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Perceived Economic Inequality Measures and Their Association With Objective Inequality and Redistributive Preferences. Social Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Perceptions of economic inequality (PEI) play a central role in people’s responses to inequality. We aim to examine the consistency between different PEI measures (income gaps, diagrammatic figures, experienced downward and upward disparities), their relationship with objective inequality, and their association with redistributive preferences. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme 2019 ( N = 34,387, 22 countries), we performed multilevel regression analyses and found that PEI indicators were weakly and positively correlated, suggesting that they represent different dimensions of the same construct. Furthermore, objective inequality was not related to PEI measures. Finally, all PEI measures were positively associated with support for redistribution, except for experienced upward inequality. We discuss the multidimensional nature of PEI and its implications on redistributive preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego García-Castro
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede de Occidente, San Ramón, Costa Rica
- Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Efraín García-Sánchez
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo B. Willis
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Castillo
- Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES), Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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8
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Moreno-Bella E, Kulich C, Willis GB, Moya M. What about diversity? The effect of organizational economic inequality on the perceived presence of women and ethnic minority groups. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271356. [PMID: 35976867 PMCID: PMC9384987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic inequality shapes the degree to which people and different social groups are perceived in stereotypical ways. Our research sought to investigate the impact of the perception of economic inequality in an organizational setting on expectations of social diversity in the organization’s workforce, across the dimensions of gender and ethnicity. Combining data from previous experiments, we first explored in one set of studies (Studies 1a and 1b; N = 378) whether the degree of economic inequality in a fictitious organization affected participants’ expectations of the representation of minority vs. majority group employees. We found that when we presented an organization with unequal (vs. equal) distribution of economic wealth amongst its employees to study participants, they expected the presence of men and White majority individuals to be larger than the presence of women and ethnic minorities. Second, we tested our hypotheses and replicated these initial effects in a pre-registered study (Study 2: N = 449). Moreover, we explored the potential mediating role of perceived diversity climate, that is, the perception that the organization promotes and deals well with demographic diversity. Findings revealed that an organizational setting that distributed resources unequally (vs. equally) was associated with a more adverse diversity climate, which, in turn, correlated with expectations of a lower presence of minority group employees in the organization. We concluded that economic inequality creates a context that modulates perceptions of a climate of social exclusion which likely affects the possibilities for members of disadvantaged groups to participate and develop in organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Moreno-Bella
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Clara Kulich
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillermo B. Willis
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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9
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del Fresno‐Díaz Á, Estevan‐Reina L, Sánchez‐Rodríguez Á, Willis GB, de Lemus S. Fighting inequalities in times of pandemic: The role of politicized identities and interdependent self-construal in coping with economic threat. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2022; 33:CASP2632. [PMID: 35942156 PMCID: PMC9349427 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, institutions encouraged social isolation and non-interaction with other people to prevent contagion. Still, the response to an impending economic crisis must be through the collective organization. In this set of pre-registered studies, we analyse two possible mechanisms of coping with collective economic threats: shared social identity and interdependent self-construction. We conducted three correlational studies during the pandemic in May-October 2020 (Study 1, N = 363; Study 2, N = 250; Study 3, N = 416). Results show that shared identity at two levels of politicization (i.e., working-class and 99% identities) and interdependent self-construal mediated the relationship between collective economic threat, intolerance towards economic inequality and collective actions to reduce it. The results highlight that the collective economic threat can reinforce the sense of community-either through the activation of a politicized collective identity, such as the working class or the 99% or through the activation of an interdependent self-which in turn can trigger greater involvement in the fight against economic inequality. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Estevan‐Reina
- Department of Social PsychologyUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Institute of PsychologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | | | | | - Soledad de Lemus
- Department of Social PsychologyUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
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10
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Moreno-Bella E, Willis GB, Quiroga-Garza A, Moya M. Economic inequality shapes the agency–communion content of gender stereotypes. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221095338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Economic inequality is a main issue in current societies, and it affects people’s psychological processes. In this research, we propose that perceived economic inequality might affect how people perceive men and women. In two experiments carried out in Spain ( N = 170) and Mexico ( N = 215), we tested whether high (vs. low) economic inequality leads to changes in the perceived agency and communion of both men and women. Our findings suggest that when economic inequality is high (vs. low), the communal content in social perceptions of both men and women decreases. Specifically, under high (vs. low) inequality, the difference in agency and communion ascribed to a man becomes greater (i.e., men are perceived as even more agentic than communal), whereas this difference becomes smaller for women (i.e., women are still perceived as more communal than agentic, but this difference is smaller). We discuss these findings’ implications regarding the psychosocial effects of economic inequality.
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11
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García-Sánchez E, Castillo JC, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. The Two Faces of Support for Redistribution in Colombia: Taxing the Wealthy or Assisting People in Need. Front Sociol 2022; 7:773378. [PMID: 35573121 PMCID: PMC9092524 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.773378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Support for redistribution is crucial for reducing economic inequality. Despite people's desire for reducing extreme inequalities, they still have mixed opinions regarding how to do so. The aim of the article is to examine the underlying latent dimensions of support for redistribution and test its correlates to perceptions of and attitudes toward inequality. In two studies, we found that support for redistribution can be modeled as a latent construct depicting two different dimensions: one focused on taxing the wealthy and changing the income distribution schema, and other focused on assisting people in need and providing opportunities. We also found that the dimension related to taxing the wealthy (vs. assisting people in need) displayed higher internal reliability and correlated consistently with perceptions and attitudes toward inequality: the higher the support for taxing the wealthy, the higher the perceptions and concerns of inequality, and the lower the inequality-justifying ideologies. This research unveils distinct underlying dimensions of support for redistribution that shed light on different motivations that drive people's redistributive preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín García-Sánchez
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Castillo
- Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies, Department of Sociology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo B. Willis
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC-UGR), Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Melita D, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Economic Inequality Increases Status Anxiety Through Perceived Contextual Competitiveness. Front Psychol 2021; 12:637365. [PMID: 34108908 PMCID: PMC8182636 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Status anxiety, the constant concern about individuals’ position on the social ladder, negatively affects social cohesion, health, and wellbeing (e.g., chronic stress). Given previous findings showing that status anxiety is associated with economic inequality, we aimed in this research to test this association experimentally. A cross-sectional study (Study 1) was run in order to discard confounding effects of the relationship between perceived economic inequality (PEI) and status anxiety, and to explore the mediating role of a competitive climate (N = 297). Then we predicted that people assigned to a condition of high inequality would perceive more status anxiety in their social context, and they would themselves report higher status anxiety. Thus, in an experimental study (Study 2) PEI was manipulated (N = 200). In Study 1, PEI uniquely predicted status anxiety, and perceived competitiveness mediated the relationship. In Study 2 PEI increased perceived contextual status anxiety, a specific form of perceived competitiveness based on socioeconomic status (SES). Moreover, preliminary evidence of an indirect effect was found from PEI to personal status anxiety, through (higher) perceived contextual status anxiety. These preliminary findings provide experimental evidence for the effects of economic inequality on status anxiety and the mechanism involved. Economic inequality makes people feel that they live in a society where they are constantly concerned and competing with each other for their SES. These results could have important implications as health and wellbeing could be promoted by reducing economic inequalities and the competitive and materialistic environments of our societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melita
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo B Willis
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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García-Sánchez E, Correia I, Pereira CR, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Vala J. How Fair is Economic Inequality? Belief in a Just World and the Legitimation of Economic Disparities in 27 European Countries. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2021; 48:382-395. [PMID: 33858260 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211002366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to examine the role of Belief in a Just World (BJW) in the legitimation of economic inequality. Using data from 27 European countries (N=47,086), we conducted multilevel analyses and found that BJW positively predicted the legitimation of economic inequality, measured by three indicators: the perceived fairness of the overall wealth inequality, and the fairness of the earnings made by the Top 10% and the Bottom 10% of society. These results persisted after controlling for individual- and country-level variables. Moreover, the BJW effect was stronger on the legitimation of the Bottom 10% incomes, compared to the legitimation of the Top 10%. We also found that economic inequality at the country-level reduced the BJW effect on legitimation of inequality. Finally, BJW displayed a negative indirect effect on support for redistribution, via the legitimation of economic inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraín García-Sánchez
- Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV-USP), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,University of Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Correia
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cícero R Pereira
- Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jorge Vala
- Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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McCarthy R, Gervais W, Aczel B, Al-Kire RL, Aveyard M, Marcella Baraldo S, Baruh L, Basch C, Baumert A, Behler A, Bettencourt A, Bitar A, Bouxom H, Buck A, Cemalcilar Z, Chekroun P, Chen JM, del Fresno- Díaz Á, Ducham A, Edlund JE, ElBassiouny A, Evans TR, Ewell PJ, Forscher PS, Fuglestad PT, Hauck L, Hawk CE, Hermann AD, Hines B, Irumva M, Jordan LN, Joy-Gaba JA, Haley C, Kačmár P, Kezer M, Körner R, Kosaka M, Kovacs M, Lair EC, Légal JB, Leighton DC, Magee MW, Markman K, Martončik M, Müller M, Norman JB, Olsen J, Oyler D, Phills CE, Ribeiro G, Rohain A, Sakaluk J, Schütz A, Toribio-Flórez D, Tsang JA, Vezzoli M, Williams C, Willis GB, Young J, Zogmaister C. A Multi-Site Collaborative Study of the Hostile Priming Effect. Collabra: Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.18738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a now-classic study by Srull and Wyer (1979), people who were exposed to phrases with hostile content subsequently judged a man as being more hostile. And this “hostile priming effect” has had a significant influence on the field of social cognition over the subsequent decades. However, a recent multi-lab collaborative study (McCarthy et al., 2018) that closely followed the methods described by Srull and Wyer (1979) found a hostile priming effect that was nearly zero, which casts doubt on whether these methods reliably produce an effect. To address some limitations with McCarthy et al. (2018), the current multi-site collaborative study included data collected from 29 labs. Each lab conducted a close replication (total N = 2,123) and a conceptual replication (total N = 2,579) of Srull and Wyer’s methods. The hostile priming effect for both the close replication (d = 0.09, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.22], z = 1.34, p = .16) and the conceptual replication (d = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.15], z = 1.15, p = .58) were not significantly different from zero and, if the true effects are non-zero, were smaller than what most labs could feasibly and routinely detect. Despite our best efforts to produce favorable conditions for the effect to emerge, we did not detect a hostile priming effect. We suggest that researchers should not invest more resources into trying to detect a hostile priming effect using methods like those described in Srull and Wyer (1979).
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, US
| | - Will Gervais
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, UK
| | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Mark Aveyard
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah
| | | | - Lemi Baruh
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Charlotte Basch
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, US
| | - Anna Baumert
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods and School of Education, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Behler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, US
| | - Ann Bettencourt
- Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, US
| | - Adam Bitar
- Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, US
| | | | - Ashley Buck
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, US
| | | | | | | | | | - Alec Ducham
- Department of Psychology, Bradley University, Peoria, US
| | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, US
| | - Amanda ElBassiouny
- Department of Psychology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, US
| | - Thomas Rhys Evans
- School of Psychological, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Coventry University, UK
| | | | | | - Paul T. Fuglestad
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, US
| | - Lauren Hauck
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, US
| | - Christopher E. Hawk
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, DigiPen Institute of Technology, Redmond, US
| | | | - Bryon Hines
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, US
| | - Mukunzi Irumva
- Psychology Department, Texas A&M University—Texarkana, US
| | | | | | | | - Pavol Kačmár
- Department of Psychology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
| | - Murat Kezer
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Muriel Kosaka
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, US
| | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. Magee
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph’s College-New York, New York, US
| | - Keith Markman
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, US
| | | | - Martin Müller
- Department of Occupational, Economic and Social Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jerome Olsen
- Department of Occupational, Economic and Social Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods and School of Education, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Danielle Oyler
- Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, US
| | - Curtis E. Phills
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, US
| | - Gianni Ribeiro
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, AU
| | - Alia Rohain
- Department of Psychology, Saint Joseph’s College-New York, New York, US
| | - John Sakaluk
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Toribio-Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods and School of Education, and School of Education, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jo-Ann Tsang
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, US
| | | | - Caitlin Williams
- Department of Psychology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, US
| | | | - Jason Young
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, US
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Abstract
The degree of economic inequality may lead to different environments where people develop motives and behaviours that lend them higher chances of survival. However, the specific features attributed to an environment with a particular level of economic inequality have received little research attention. In this research, we explored how perceived economic inequality may influence the values inferred as normative in society. Results from three studies, one correlational and two experimental, showed that perceived normative values change according to the degree of perceived economic inequality in a given context: higher levels of perceived economic inequality are related to normative self-enhancement values, whereas lower levels of perceived economic inequality are related to normative self-transcendence values. These results are discussed in terms of how information on economic inequality is used to build a general perception of the normative climate in society and, accordingly, of the values that would best guide behaviours.
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Moya M, Willis GB. Social Psychology and COVID-19: Monographic issue of the International Journal of Social Psychology ( La Psicología Social ante el COVID-19: Número monográfico del International Journal of Social Psychology) (( La PsicologÃa Social ante el COVID-19: Número monográfico del International Journal of Social Psychology)). International Journal of Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2020.1786792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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García-Castro JD, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. Perceiving economic inequality in everyday life decreases tolerance to inequality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Melita D, Velandia-Morales A, Iruela-Toros D, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Spanish version of the Status Anxiety Scale (Versión española de la Escala de Ansiedad por el Estatus). International Journal of Social Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2020.1721050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Bailón R, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, García-Sánchez E, Petkanopoulou K, Willis GB. Inequality is in the air: contextual psychosocial effects of power and social class. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:120-125. [PMID: 31430712 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Social class and power inequalities are defining features of current societies and tend to influence several social psychological processes. Two types of consequences of social class and power inequalities can be differentiated: mechanical and contextual. Mechanical effects occur when inequality strengthens the relation between social class or power and a given outcome; conversely, contextual effects occur when inequality creates a social context that changes the relationship between social class or power and a given outcome. We exemplify these two different types of effects, focusing on the contextual ones, by analyzing the consequences of social class and power on a) status anxiety, b) the perception of society: social norms and mobility, and c) cohesion and social distance. Finally, we argue that perceived inequality and ideologies of inequality (e.g. economic system justification or social dominance orientation) might moderate these two described effects.
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Moreno-Bella E, Willis GB, Moya M. Economic Inequality and Masculinity-Femininity: The Prevailing Perceived Traits in Higher Unequal Contexts Are Masculine. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1590. [PMID: 31428004 PMCID: PMC6688552 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that economic inequality influences psychological processes. In this article, we argue that economic inequality also makes masculine attributes more prototypical. In Study 1 (N = 106), using an experimental design, we showed that individuals belonging to a society characterized by a higher level of economic inequality are perceived as more masculine than feminine. Study 2 (N = 75) shows, also experimentally, that the upper social class is perceived mostly in terms of masculine traits, and that this effect is greater when economic inequality is relatively high. Conversely, the lower social class is more clearly perceived in terms of feminine traits. These results inform our understanding of the impact of economic inequality on social perception.
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García‐Sánchez E, Osborne D, Willis GB, Rodríguez‐Bailón R. Attitudes towards redistribution and the interplay between perceptions and beliefs about inequality. Br J Soc Psychol 2019; 59:111-136. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bukowski M, Lemus S, Rodríguez‐Bailón R, Willis GB, Alburquerque A. When lack of control enhances closeness to others: The case of unemployment and economic threat. Eur J Soc Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Sánchez‐Rodríguez Á, Willis GB, Jetten J, Rodríguez‐Bailón R. Economic inequality enhances inferences that the normative climate is individualistic and competitive. Eur J Soc Psychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- University of Queensland St. Lucia Brisbane Queensland Australia
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24
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García-Sánchez E, Van der Toorn J, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. The Vicious Cycle of Economic Inequality: The Role of Ideology in Shaping the Relationship Between “What Is” and “What Ought to Be” in 41 Countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550618811500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
People’s desired levels of inequality are informed by the levels of inequality they perceive to exist. Perceived economic inequality is used as a reference point in determining people’s ideal level of inequality. However, recent research has suggested that the strength of this relationship depends on people’s endorsement of system-justifying beliefs. The current article extends this body of research by replicating these findings across 41 countries ( N = 42,078), showing the impact of system-justifying beliefs at both the individual and the societal levels. We conducted a multilevel analysis and found that the higher the endorsement of equality of opportunity beliefs—both at the individual and the societal levels—and meritocratic beliefs—at the individual level—the stronger the relationship between perceived and ideal economic inequality. These findings are in support of a motivated account of the perceived legitimacy of economic inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jojanneke Van der Toorn
- Department of Social, Health and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Urbiola A, Willis GB, Ruiz-Romero J, Moya M. Does a multicultural perspective shape unbiased minds? The moderating role of outgroup threat. J Appl Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Urbiola
- Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC); Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - Josefa Ruiz-Romero
- Departamento de Psicología Social; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Moya
- Departamento de Psicología Social; Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
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García-Sánchez E, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R, García-Castro JD, Palacio-Sañudo J, Polo J, Rentería-Pérez E. Perceptions of Economic Inequality in Colombian Daily Life: More Than Unequal Distribution of Economic Resources. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1660. [PMID: 30237779 PMCID: PMC6135891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on perceptions of economic inequality focuses on estimations of the distribution of financial resources, such as perceived income gaps or wealth distribution. However, we argue that perceiving inequality is not limited to an economic idea but also includes other dimensions related to people’s daily life. We explored this idea by conducting an online survey (N = 601) in Colombia, where participants responded to an open-ended question regarding how they perceived economic inequality. We performed a content analysis of 1,624 responses to identify relevant topics and used network analysis tools to explore how such topics were interrelated. We found that perceived economic inequality is mainly represented by identifying social classes (e.g., the elites vs. the poor), intergroup relations based on discrimination and social exclusion, public spaces (e.g., beggars on streets, spatial segregation), and some dynamics about the distribution of economic resources and the quality of work (e.g., income inequality, precarious jobs). We discuss how different perceptions of economic inequality may frame how people understand and respond to inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Palacio-Sañudo
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Humano, Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jean Polo
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Humano, Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Petkanopoulou K, Rodríguez‐Bailón R, Willis GB, van Kleef GA. Powerless people don't yell but tell: The effects of social power on direct and indirect expression of anger. Eur J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Petkanopoulou
- University of Granada Granada Spain
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences Athens Greece
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28
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Petkanopoulou K, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Willis GB, Chryssochoou X, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Two Countries in Crisis: Economic Inequality in the EU and Disidentification With Europe in Spain and Greece. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117751201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
European identity is currently facing important challenges. From the beginning, European identity has been related to the national identities of Member States with different economic strengths. The recent economic recession made these disparities salient across countries. In this research conducted in two countries with relative low status in the European Union (EU), we explored whether the perceived disparities in wealth between the countries of the EU—perceived economic inequality—predicted disidentification with Europe. We also examined the mediators of this relationship. Study 1, conducted in Spain, revealed that perceived economic inequality positively predicted disidentification with Europe; importantly, this effect remained when controlling for individuals’ subjective socioeconomic status and the perceived status of the country. The experience of fear of economic inequality in the EU mediated this relationship. The results of Study 1 were replicated comparing a Spanish sample (Study 2a) and a Greek sample (Study 2b). These studies delved deeper into the specific appraisals of fear that mediate the relationship between economic inequality and disidentification with Europe. Four categories of fear appraisals obtained in a preliminary qualitative study were measured as potential mediators: losing national sovereignty, worsening of living conditions, being negatively stereotyped, and Europe losing fundamental values. The relationship between economic inequality in the EU and disidentification with Europe was mediated by fear of losing national sovereignty and fear of Europe losing fundamental values.
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29
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O'Donnell M, Nelson LD, Ackermann E, Aczel B, Akhtar A, Aldrovandi S, Alshaif N, Andringa R, Aveyard M, Babincak P, Balatekin N, Baldwin SA, Banik G, Baskin E, Bell R, Białobrzeska O, Birt AR, Boot WR, Braithwaite SR, Briggs JC, Buchner A, Budd D, Budzik K, Bullens L, Bulley RL, Cannon PR, Cantarero K, Cesario J, Chambers S, Chartier CR, Chekroun P, Chong C, Cleeremans A, Coary SP, Coulthard J, Cramwinckel FM, Denson TF, Díaz-Lago M, DiDonato TE, Drummond A, Eberlen J, Ebersbach T, Edlund JE, Finnigan KM, Fisher J, Frankowska N, García-Sánchez E, Golom FD, Graves AJ, Greenberg K, Hanioti M, Hansen HA, Harder JA, Harrell ER, Hartanto A, Inzlicht M, Johnson DJ, Karpinski A, Keller VN, Klein O, Koppel L, Krahmer E, Lantian A, Larson MJ, Légal JB, Lucas RE, Lynott D, Magaldino CM, Massar K, McBee MT, McLatchie N, Melia N, Mensink MC, Mieth L, Moore-Berg S, Neeser G, Newell BR, Noordewier MK, Ali Özdoğru A, Pantazi M, Parzuchowski M, Peters K, Philipp MC, Pollmann MMH, Rentzelas P, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Philipp Röer J, Ropovik I, Roque NA, Rueda C, Rutjens BT, Sackett K, Salamon J, Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Saunders B, Schaafsma J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck M, Shanks DR, Sherman MF, Steele KM, Steffens NK, Sun J, Susa KJ, Szaszi B, Szollosi A, Tamayo RM, Tinghög G, Tong YY, Tweten C, Vadillo MA, Valcarcel D, Van der Linden N, van Elk M, van Harreveld F, Västfjäll D, Vazire S, Verduyn P, Williams MN, Willis GB, Wood SE, Yang C, Zerhouni O, Zheng R, Zrubka M. Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998). Perspect Psychol Sci 2018; 13:268-294. [PMID: 29463182 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618755704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence ("professor") subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence ("soccer hooligans"). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%-3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the "professor" category and those primed with the "hooligan" category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.
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Urbiola A, Willis GB, Ruiz-Romero J, Moya M. When implicit prejudice does not predict explicit prejudice: Spanish version of the Concern with Acting Prejudiced scale / Cuando el prejuicio implícito no predice el explícito: versión española de la escala Concern with Acting Prejudiced. Revista de Psicología Social 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2017.1385239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Willis GB, Moya M. A more transparent science: recommendations to increase the informative value of articles submitted to the Revista de Psicología Social / Una ciencia más transparente: recomendaciones para aumentar el valor informativo de los artículos enviados a la Revista de Psicología Social. Revista de Psicología Social 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2017.1352140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Moya
- Universidad de Granada
- Revista de Psicología Social
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Sánchez-Rodríguez Á, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Economic and social distance: Perceived income inequality negatively predicts an interdependent self-construal. Int J Psychol 2017; 54:117-125. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Mente Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Guillermo B. Willis
- Centro de Investigación Mente Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón
- Centro de Investigación Mente Cerebro y Comportamiento (CIMCYC); University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Quiroga A, López-Rodríguez L, Willis GB. Parental Support Buffering the Effect of Violence on Adolescents' Depression: Gender Differences. J Interpers Violence 2017; 32:1068-1086. [PMID: 26002877 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico violence across the country has increased in recent years and has become a social problem of great importance. The continuous exposure to all types of interpersonal violence leads adolescents to cope with experiences and challenges of great risk of development deviations. Trying to find a more comprehensive understanding of violence outcomes on Mexican adolescents and its moderators, the present quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional correlation study was performed. Parental support ( vs. other sort of social support) was proposed to be a relevant moderator factor for decreasing the negative outcomes of violence exposure on depression, and gender was predicted to play a role in this process. A two-way interaction between violence exposure and parental support was only significant in the case of adolescent girls, whereas there was no evidence of such moderation for adolescent boys. The effect of exposure to violence on girls' depression was stronger when their parental support was relatively low than when their parental support was relatively high. Parental support may serve as a protective factor of depression after violence exposure especially for girls, whereas more research should be conducted in order to detect an efficient protective mechanism for boys who are exposed to violence.
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Argüello Gutiérrez C, Carretero-Dios H, Willis GB, Moya M. Joking about ourselves: Effects of disparaging humor on ingroup stereotyping. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430216674339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In three studies, we examined whether ingroup disparaging humor leads to greater stereotyping of the ingroup. First, in Study 1, ( N = 101) university students were exposed to (a) ingroup disparaging humor, (b) neutral humor, or (c) ingroup disparaging nonhumorous text. Participants exposed to disparaging humor reported more stereotypic evaluations than those in the neutral humor or disparaging text condition. Study 2 ( N = 167) replicated these findings with humor conditions (disparaging vs. neutral) and showed that ingroup identification moderated the effects of the type of humor. Low identifiers exposed to ingroup disparaging humor (vs. those in the control condition) reported a greater frequency of stereotypic evaluations, whereas the manipulation did not affect high identifiers. Finally, Study 3 ( N = 153) also manipulated the source of the jokes. As in Study 2, we found an interaction effect showing that high identifiers were not affected by the manipulation, whereas for low identifiers disparaging humor increased stereotyping and led to more negative emotions toward the ingroup. No significant effects were found for source of the jokes. We discuss findings in terms of how the traditional pattern of humor facilitating outgroup stereotyping also seems to apply to ingroup stereotyping.
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Willis GB, Carretero-Dios H, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Petkanopoulou K. Spanish version of the Generalized Sense of Power Scale /Versión española de la Escala de Sensación de Poder General. Revista de Psicología Social 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2016.1190131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Bukowski M, de Lemus S, Rodriguez-Bailón R, Willis GB. Who’s to blame? Causal attributions of the economic crisis and personal control. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430216638529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we examined how people cope with threats to personal control related to the global economic crisis. Three studies (one correlational and two experimental) tested the prediction that blaming social outgroups could serve as a means to restore a threatened sense of personal control. We found that outgroup blaming attributions are related to higher levels of personal control over the effects of the economic crisis (Study 1). Further, blaming outgroups helps to restore a sense of personal control (Study 2) only when blaming attributions are related to specific versus global causes (i.e., outgroups but not the economic system; Studies 2 and 3). We discuss individual and social implications of outgroup blaming as a form of coping with lack of control in the context of economic crises.
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Quiroga A, Willis GB, López-Rodríguez L, Moreno A. Psychological consequences of collective violence in childhood: the case of Monterrey, Mexico / Consecuencias psicológicas de la violencia colectiva en la niñez: el caso de Monterrey, México. Estudios de Psicología 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2015.1026122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Petkanopoulou K, Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Controlling others and controlling oneself: Social power and emotion suppression. Revista de Psicología Social 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021347412802845586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R. El estudio experimental del poder social: consecuencias cognitivas, afectivas y comportamentales. Estudios de Psicología 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021093910793154402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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41
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42
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Argüello C, Willis GB, Carretero-Dios H. The effects of social power and disparagement humor on the evaluations of subordinates. Revista de Psicología Social 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021347412802845504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Willis GB, Tapia-V A, Martínez R. I Control therefore I am: Effects of Mortality Salience on Control Attributions. Span j psychol 2013; 14:765-72. [DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Terror Management Theory posits that when individuals are faced with their own mortality, they use several defense mechanisms to reduce the existential anxiety caused by the thought of their own death. In this paper, we examined one such mechanism: Control attributions. To do so, we ran an experiment (n = 140) in which we manipulated mortality salience and type of failure (relevant vs. irrelevant consequences) with which participants were faced. Participants were then instructed to evaluate the possible causes of their failure. The results indicated that participants assigned to the mortality salience condition, compared to those assigned to the control group, were more prone to making controllable attributions. That is, even in situations in which individuals are motivated to avoid responsibility (i.e., a relevant failure), mortality salience increased perceived controllability. These results suggest that attributions might serve as a control mechanism to compensate for the sheer uncontrollability of death.
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López-Rodríguez L, Willis GB, Brambilla M, Rodríguez-Bailón R. Percepción de justicia y actitudes hacia inmigrantes. Revista de Psicología Social 2013. [DOI: 10.1174/021347413804756041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Lupiáñez J. The Boss is Paying Attention: Power Affects the Functioning of the Attentional Networks. Social Cognition 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2011.29.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Willis GB, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Moya M, Morales-Marente E. Actitud hacia los futbolistas nacionalizados: el rol de la ideología y la conveniencia. Revista de Psicología Social 2010. [DOI: 10.1174/021347410792675642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
It has become increasingly important to identify torture survivors among subgroups of the American population and to assess the continuing health effects of torture experience. To determine whether survey questionnaires can be effectively used to make such assessments, we reviewed the recent literature on refugee health, on the measurement and treatment of trauma, and in the related areas of survey methodology and cognitive psychology. We conclude that, if properly conducted, the survey approach represents an effective method, and we propose specific recommendations concerning procedures that may be used in surveys of torture survivors to maximize study validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Willis
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA
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Willis GB. The use of the psychological laboratory to study sensitive survey topics. NIDA Res Monogr 1997; 167:416-38. [PMID: 9243572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the tendency of the survey respondent to answer truthfully when sensitive questions are presented is critical issue in survey methodology. A recent development devoted generally to the reduction of response error in survey data is the use of cognitive laboratory techniques during the survey development phase. The chapter categorizes and describes the various cognitive techniques that have been applied, by Federal agencies and other researchers, to the study of sensitive questions. Based on this analysis and review, a number of recommendations are made concerning specific aspects of survey design, when sensitive questions are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Willis
- Office of Research and Methodology, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA
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