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Delgado M, Zúñiga-Feest A, Reyes-Díaz M, Barra PJ, Ruiz S, Bertin-Benavides A, Valle S, Pereira M, Lambers H. Ecophysiological Performance of Proteaceae Species From Southern South America Growing on Substrates Derived From Young Volcanic Materials. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:636056. [PMID: 33679850 PMCID: PMC7933449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Southern South American Proteaceae thrive on young volcanic substrates, which are extremely low in plant-available phosphorus (P). Most Proteaceae exhibit a nutrient-acquisition strategy based on the release of carboxylates from specialized roots, named cluster roots (CR). Some Proteaceae colonize young volcanic substrates which has been related to CR functioning. However, physiological functioning of other Proteaceae on recent volcanic substrates is unknown. We conducted an experiment with seedlings of five Proteaceae (Gevuina avellana, Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia hirsuta, L. ferruginea, and L. dentata) grown in three volcanic materials. Two of them are substrates with very low nutrient concentrations, collected from the most recent deposits of the volcanoes Choshuenco and Calbuco (Chile). The other volcanic material corresponds to a developed soil that exhibits a high nutrient availability. We assessed morphological responses (i.e., height, biomass, and CR formation), seed and leaf macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations and carboxylates exuded by roots. The results show that G. avellana was less affected by nutrient availability of the volcanic substrate, probably because it had a greater nutrient content in its seeds and produced large CR exuding carboxylates that supported their initial growth. Embothrium coccineum exhibited greater total plant height and leaf P concentration than Lomatia species. In general, in all species leaf macronutrient concentrations were reduced on nutrient-poor volcanic substrates, while leaf micronutrient concentrations were highly variable depending on species and volcanic material. We conclude that Proteaceae from temperate rainforests differ in their capacity to grow and acquire nutrients from young and nutrient-poor volcanic substrates. The greater seed nutrient content, low nutrient requirements (only for G. avellana) and ability to mobilize nutrients help explain why G. avellana and E. coccineum are better colonizers of recent volcanic substrates than Lomatia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Delgado
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - A. Zúñiga-Feest
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Valdivia, Chile
| | - M. Reyes-Díaz
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - P. J. Barra
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - S. Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A. Bertin-Benavides
- Laboratorio de Epigenética Vegetal, Departamento de Silvicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - S. Valle
- Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos (CISVo), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Ingeniería Agraria y Suelos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M. Pereira
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - H. Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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de Tombeur F, Turner BL, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Mahy G, Faucon MP, Zemunik G, Cornelis JT. Plants sustain the terrestrial silicon cycle during ecosystem retrogression. Science 2020; 369:1245-1248. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. de Tombeur
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - B. L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - E. Laliberté
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - H. Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - G. Mahy
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - G. Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - J.-T. Cornelis
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Nobile C, Houben D, Michel E, Firmin S, Lambers H, Kandeler E, Faucon MP. Phosphorus-acquisition strategies of canola, wheat and barley in soil amended with sewage sludges. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14878. [PMID: 31619720 PMCID: PMC6795825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crops have different strategies to acquire poorly-available soil phosphorus (P) which are dependent on their architectural, morphological, and physiological root traits, but their capacity to enhance P acquisition varies with the type of fertilizer applied. The objective of this study was to examine how P-acquisition strategies of three main crops are affected by the application of sewage sludges, compared with a mineral P fertilizer. We carried out a 3-months greenhouse pot experiment and compared the response of P-acquisition traits among wheat, barley and canola in a soil amended with three sludges or a mineral P fertilizer. Results showed that the P-acquisition strategy differed among crops. Compared with canola, wheat and barley had a higher specific root length and a greater root carboxylate release and they acquired as much P from sludge as from mineral P. By contrast, canola shoot P content was greater with sludge than with mineral P. This was attributed to a higher root-released acid phosphatase activity which promoted the mineralization of sludge-derived P-organic. This study showed that contrasted P-acquisition strategies of crops allows increased use of renewable P resources by optimizing combinations of crop and the type of P fertilizer applied within the cropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nobile
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UniLaSalle, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France.
| | - D Houben
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UniLaSalle, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - E Michel
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UniLaSalle, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - S Firmin
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UniLaSalle, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - H Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), W A, 6009, Australia
| | - E Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Sciences and Land Evaluation, Soil Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff Str., 27, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M-P Faucon
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, UniLaSalle, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, 60026, Beauvais, France
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A S, Gordon IJ, Groves RH, Lambers H, Phinn SR. Catalysing transdisciplinary synthesis in ecosystem science and management. Sci Total Environ 2015; 534:1-3. [PMID: 26123996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Specht A
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Centre for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, Australia
| | - I J Gordon
- James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - R H Groves
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - H Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - S R Phinn
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072, Australia; Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, Goddard Building, University of Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Proteaceae in southwestern Australia have evolved on some of the most phosphorus-impoverished soils in the world. They exhibit a range of traits that allow them to both acquire and utilize phosphorus highly efficiently. This is in stark contrast with many model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and crop species, which evolved on soils where nitrogen is the major limiting nutrient. When exposed to low phosphorus availability, these plants typically exhibit phosphorus-starvation responses, whereas Proteaceae do not. This Review explores the traits that account for the very high efficiency of acquisition and use of phosphorus in Proteaceae, and explores which of these traits are promising for improving the phosphorus efficiency of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lambers
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - P M Finnegan
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - R Jost
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - W C Plaxton
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - M W Shane
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - M Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Ryan MH, Tibbett M, Edmonds-Tibbett T, Suriyagoda LDB, Lambers H, Cawthray GR, Pang J. Carbon trading for phosphorus gain: the balance between rhizosphere carboxylates and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant phosphorus acquisition. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:2170-80. [PMID: 22632405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Two key plant adaptations for phosphorus (P) acquisition are carboxylate exudation into the rhizosphere and mycorrhizal symbioses. These target different soil P resources, presumably with different plant carbon costs. We examined the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on amount of rhizosphere carboxylates and plant P uptake for 10 species of low-P adapted Kennedia grown for 23 weeks in low-P sand. Inoculation decreased carboxylates in some species (up to 50%), decreased plant dry weight (21%) and increased plant P content (23%). There was a positive logarithmic relationship between plant P content and the amount of rhizosphere citric acid for inoculated and uninoculated plants. Causality was indicated by experiments using sand where little citric acid was lost from the soil solution over 2 h and citric acid at low concentrations desorbed P into the soil solution. Senesced leaf P concentration was often low and P-resorption efficiencies reached >90%. In conclusion, we propose that mycorrhizally mediated resource partitioning occurred because inoculation reduced rhizosphere carboxylates, but increased plant P uptake. Hence, presumably, the proportion of plant P acquired from strongly sorbed sources decreased with inoculation, while the proportion from labile inorganic P increased. Implications for plant fitness under field conditions now require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Ryan
- Schools of Plant Biology, Institute of Agriculture, Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009.
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Abstract
Variable skin pH values are being reported in literature, all in the acidic range but with a broad range from pH 4.0 to 7.0. In a multicentre study (N = 330), we have assessed the skin surface pH of the volar forearm before and after refraining from showering and cosmetic product application for 24 h. The average pH dropped from 5.12 +/- 0.56 to 4.93 +/- 0.45. On the basis of this pH drop, it is estimated that the 'natural' skin surface pH is on average 4.7, i.e. below 5. This is in line with existing literature, where a relatively large number of reports (c. 50%) actually describes pH values below 5.0; this is in contrast to the general assumption, that skin surface pH is on average between 5.0 and 6.0. Not only prior use of cosmetic products, especially soaps, have profound influence on skin surface pH, but the use of plain tap water, in Europe with a pH value generally around 8.0, will increase skin pH up to 6 h after application before returning to its 'natural' value of on average below 5.0. It is demonstrated that skin with pH values below 5.0 is in a better condition than skin with pH values above 5.0, as shown by measuring the biophysical parameters of barrier function, moisturization and scaling. The effect of pH on adhesion of resident skin microflora was also assessed; an acid skin pH (4-4.5) keeps the resident bacterial flora attached to the skin, whereas an alkaline pH (8-9) promotes the dispersal from the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lambers
- Sara Lee Household and Body Care Research, Fruitweg, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Heliyanto B, Krauss SL, Lambers H, Cawthray GR, Veneklaas EJ. Increased ecological amplitude through heterosis following wide outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia R.Br. (Proteaceae). J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1327-38. [PMID: 16780533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess whether wide outcrossing (over 30 km) in the naturally fragmented Banksia ilicifolia R.Br. increases the ecological amplitude of offspring, we performed a comparative greenhouse growth study involving seedlings of three hand-pollinated progeny classes (self, local outcross, wide outcross) and a range of substrates and stress conditions. Outcrossed seedlings outperformed selfed seedlings, with the magnitude of inbreeding depression as high as 62% for seed germination and 37% for leaf area. Wide outcrossed seedlings outperformed local outcrossed seedlings, especially in non-native soils, facilitated in part by an improved capacity to overcome soil constraints through greater root carboxylate exudation. Soil type significantly affected seedling growth, and waterlogging and water deficit decreased growth, production of cluster roots, root exudation and total plant P uptake. Our results suggest that the interaction of narrow ecological amplitude and the genetic consequences of small fragmented populations may in part explain the narrow range of local endemics, but that wide outcrossing may provide opportunities for increased genetic variation, increased ecological amplitude and range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heliyanto
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Wouterlood M, Lambers H, Veneklaas EJ. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentrations of chickpea are affected by soil bulk density. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2006; 8:198-203. [PMID: 16547864 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether carboxylate exudation by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was affected by soil bulk density and if this effect was local or systemic. We hypothesised that concentrations of carboxylates would increase with distance from the root apex due to continuous and constitutive accumulation of carboxylates, and that exudate accumulation would be greater in a compacted soil than in a loose soil. Plants were grown in split-root or single cylinders containing loose (1400 kg m (-3)) or compacted (1800 kg m (-3)) soil. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentrations were measured of whole root systems as well as of sections along the root. The root diameter was greatest of plants grown in the compacted soil; however, root diameters were the same for both root halves in the split-root design, whether they grew in loose soil or in compacted soil. Similarly, carboxylate concentrations tended to be lower for the whole root system in the compacted soil, but were the same for both root halves in the split-root design, irrespective of whether the roots were in loose soil or in compacted soil. These results indicate that both root diameter and carboxylate exudation by roots in chickpea is regulated systemically via a signal from the shoot rather than by local signals in the roots. There was no accumulation of carboxylates with increasing distance from the apex, probably because microbial degradation occurred at similar rates as carboxylate exudation. Malonate, previously suggested as deterrent to microorganisms, is likely only a selective deterrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wouterlood
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
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Scheurwater I, Koren M, Lambers H, Atkin OK. The contribution of roots and shoots to whole plant nitrate reduction in fast- and slow-growing grass species. J Exp Bot 2002; 53:1635-1642. [PMID: 12096102 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erf008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that slow-growing grass species perform a greater proportion of total plant NO3- reduction in their roots than do fast-growing grasses. Eight grass species were selected that differed in maximum relative growth rate (RGR) and net NO3- uptake rate (NNUR). Plants were grown with free access to nutrients in hydroponics under controlled-environment conditions. The site of in vivo NO3- reduction was assessed by combining in vivo NO3- reductase activity (NRA) assays with biomass allocation data, and by analysing the NO3- to amino acid ratio of xylem sap. In vivo NRA of roots and shoots increased significantly with increasing NNUR and RGR. The proportion of total plant NO3- reduction that occurs in roots was found to be independent of RGR and NNUR, with the shoot being the predominant site of NO3- reduction in all species. The theoretical maximum proportion of whole plant nitrogen assimilation that could take place in the roots was calculated using information on root respiration rates, RGR, NNUR, and specific respiratory costs associated with growth, maintenance and ion uptake. The calculated maximum proportion that the roots can contribute to total plant NO3- reduction was 0.37 and 0.23 for the fast-growing Dactylis glomerata L. and the slow-growing Festuca ovina L., respectively. These results indicate that slow-growing grass species perform a similar proportion of total plant NO3- reduction in their roots to that exhibited by fast-growing grasses. Shoots appear to be the predominant site of whole plant NO3- reduction in both fast- and slow-growing grasses when plants are grown with free access to nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scheurwater
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Millenaar FF, Gonzàlez-Meler MA, Fiorani F, Welschen R, Ribas-Carbo M, Siedow JN, Wagner AM, Lambers H. Regulation of alternative oxidase activity in six wild monocotyledonous species. An in vivo study at the whole root level. Plant Physiol 2001; 126:376-87. [PMID: 11351100 PMCID: PMC102311 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2000] [Revised: 10/20/2000] [Accepted: 01/23/2001] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the alternative pathway is affected by a number of factors, including the level and reduction state of the alternative oxidase (AOX) protein, and the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. To investigate the significance of these factors for the rate of alternative respiration in vivo, we studied root respiration of six wild monocotyledonous grass species that were grown under identical controlled conditions. The activity of the alternative pathway was determined using the oxygen isotope fractionation technique. In all species, the AOX protein was invariably in its reduced (high activity) state. There was no correlation between AOX activity and AOX protein concentration, ubiquinone (total, reduced, or oxidized) concentration, or the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. However, when some of these factors are combined in a linear regression model, a good fit to AOX activity is obtained. The function of the AOX is still not fully understood. It is interesting that we found a positive correlation between the activity of the alternative pathway and relative growth rate; a possible explanation for this correlation is discussed. Inhibition of the AOX (with salicylhydroxamic acid) decreases respiration rates less than the activity present before inhibition (i.e. measured with the 18O-fractionation technique).
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Millenaar
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fiorani F, Beemster GT, Bultynck L, Lambers H. Can meristematic activity determine variation in leaf size and elongation rate among four Poa species? A kinematic study. Plant Physiol 2000; 124:845-56. [PMID: 11027732 PMCID: PMC59188 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.2.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/1999] [Accepted: 06/26/2000] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We studied inherent variation in final leaf size among four Poa spp. that live at different elevations. The average final length of leaf 7 of the main stem of the smallest species (Poa alpina) was only one-half that of the largest species (Poa trivialis); it was correlated with leaf elongation rate, but not with the duration of leaf elongation. A faster rate of leaf elongation rate was associated with (a) larger size of the zone of cell expansion, and (b) faster rates of cell production (per cell file) in the meristem, which in turn were due to greater numbers of dividing cells, whereas average cell division rates were very similar for all species (except Poa annua). Also we found that the proliferative fraction equaled 1 throughout the meristem in all species. It was remarkable that rates of cell expansion tended to be somewhat higher in the species with slower growing leaves. We discuss the results by comparing the spatial and material viewpoints, which lead to different interpretations of the role of cell division. Although the presented data do not strictly prove it, they strongly suggest a regulatory role for cell division in determining differences in growth rate among the present four Poa spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fiorani
- Plant Ecophysiology, Sorbonnelaan 16, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Millenaar FF, Roelofs R, Gonzàlez-Meler MA, Siedow JN, Wagner AM, Lambers H. The alternative oxidase in roots of poa annua after transfer from high-light to low-light conditions. Plant J 2000; 23:623-632. [PMID: 10972888 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the alternative pathway can be affected by a number of factors, including the amount and reduction state of the alternative oxidase protein, and the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. To investigate the importance of these factors in vivo, we manipulated the rate of root respiration by transferring the annual grass Poa annua L. from high-light to low-light conditions, and at the same time from long-day to short-day conditions for four days. As a result of the low-light treatment, the total respiration rate of the roots decreased by 45%, in vitro cytochrome c oxidase capacity decreased by 49%, sugar concentration decreased by 90% and the ubiquinone concentration increased by 31%, relative to control values. The absolute rate of oxygen uptake via the alternative pathway, as determined using the 18O-isotope fractionation technique, did not change. Conversely, the cytochrome pathway activity decreased during the low-light treatment; its activity increased upon addition of exogenous sugars to the roots. Interestingly, no change was observed in the concentration of the alternative oxidase protein or in the reduction state of the protein. Also, there was no change in the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool. In conclusion, the concentration and activity of the alternative oxidase were not changed, even under severe light deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Millenaar
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Scheurwater I, Dünnebacke M, Eising R, Lambers H. Respiratory costs and rate of protein turnover in the roots of a fast-growing (Dactylis glomerata L.) and a slow-growing (Festuca ovina L.) grass species. J Exp Bot 2000; 51:1089-1097. [PMID: 10948236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein turnover is generally regarded as one of the most important maintenance processes in plants in terms of energy requirements. In this study, the contribution of protein turnover to the respiratory costs for maintenance in the roots of two grass species, the fast-growing D. actylis glomerata L. and the slow-growing F. estuca ovina L., is evaluated. Plants were grown under controlled-environment conditions in a nutrient solution to which NO(3)- was added at a relative addition rate of 0.2 and 0.1 mol N mol(-1) N already present in the plant d(-1) for D. glomerata and F. ovina, respectively, so as to obtain a steady exponential growth rate close to the plants' maximum relative growth rate. Pulse-chase labelling with (14)C-leucine was used to determine the rate of protein turnover in the grass roots. The rate of turnover of the total protein pool did not differ significantly between the two species. The protein degradation constant in D. glomerata and F. ovina was 0.156 and 0.116 g protein g(-1) protein d(-1), respectively, which corresponds with a total protein half-life of 4 d and 6 d. Assuming specific respiratory costs for protein turnover of 148 mmol ATP g(-1) protein, the estimated respiratory costs for protein turnover in the roots were 2.8 and 2.4 mmol ATP g(-1) root DM d(-1) in D. glomerata and F. ovina, respectively. Both the fast- and the slow-growing grass spent between 22-30% of their daily ATP production for maintenance on protein turnover, which corresponds to 11-15% of the total root ATP production per day. Note that the data presented in this abstract are based on the assumption that 50% recycling of the (14)C-labelled leucine took place in the roots of both grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scheurwater
- Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, NL-3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Atkin OK, Evans JR, Ball MC, Lambers H, Pons TL. Leaf respiration of snow gum in the light and dark. Interactions between temperature and irradiance. Plant Physiol 2000; 122:915-23. [PMID: 10712556 PMCID: PMC58928 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of temperature and irradiance on leaf respiration (R, non-photorespiratory mitochondrial CO(2) release) of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng). Seedlings were hydroponically grown under constant 20 degrees C, controlled-environment conditions. Measurements of R (using the Laisk method) and photosynthesis (at 37 Pa CO(2)) were made at several irradiances (0-2,000 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and temperatures (6 degrees C-30 degrees C). At 15 degrees C to 30 degrees C, substantial inhibition of R occurred at 12 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1), with maximum inhibition occurring at 100 to 200 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1). Higher irradiance had little additional effect on R at these moderate temperatures. The irradiance necessary to maximally inhibit R at 6 degrees C to 10 degrees C was lower than that at 15 degrees C to 30 degrees C. Moreover, although R was inhibited by low irradiance at 6 degrees C to 10 degrees C, it recovered with progressive increases in irradiance. The temperature sensitivity of R was greater in darkness than under bright light. At 30 degrees C and high irradiance, light-inhibited rates of R represented 2% of gross CO(2) uptake (v(c)), whereas photorespiratory CO(2) release was approximately 20% of v(c). If light had not inhibited leaf respiration at 30 degrees C and high irradiance, R would have represented 11% of v(c). Variations in light inhibition of R can therefore have a substantial impact on the proportion of photosynthesis that is respired. We conclude that the rate of R in the light is highly variable, being dependent on irradiance and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Atkin
- Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200 Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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17
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Chaerle L, Van Caeneghem W, Messens E, Lambers H, Van Montagu M, Van Der Straeten D. Presymptomatic visualization of plant-virus interactions by thermography. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:813-6. [PMID: 10429250 DOI: 10.1038/11765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), produced by plants as a signal in defense against pathogens, induces metabolic heating mediated by alternative respiration in flowers of thermogenic plants, and, when exogenously applied, increases leaf temperature in nonthermogenic plants. We have postulated that the latter phenomenon would be detectable when SA is synthesized locally in plant leaves. Here, resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was monitored thermographically before any disease symptoms became visible on tobacco leaves. Spots of elevated temperature that were confined to the place of infection increased in intensity from 8 h before the onset of visible cell death, and remained detectable as a halo around the ongoing necrosis. Salicylic acid accumulates during the prenecrotic phase in TMV-infected tobacco and is known to induce stomatal closure in certain species. We show that the time course of SA accumulation correlates with the evolution of both localized thermal effect and stomatal closure. Since the contribution of leaf respiration is marginal, we concluded that the thermal effect results predominantly from localized, SA-induced stomatal closure. The presymptomatic temperature increase could be of general significance in incompatible plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chaerle
- Laboratorium voor Genetica, Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Universiteit Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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18
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Simons BH, Millenaar FF, Mulder L, Van Loon LC, Lambers H. Enhanced expression and activation of the alternative oxidase during infection of Arabidopsis with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Plant Physiol 1999; 120:529-38. [PMID: 10364404 PMCID: PMC59291 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1998] [Accepted: 02/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide-resistant ("alternative") respiration was studied in Arabidopsis during incompatible and compatible infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. Total leaf respiration increased as the leaves became necrotic, as did the cyanide-resistant component that was sensitive to salicylhydroxamic acid. Infiltration of leaves with an avirulent strain rapidly induced alternative oxidase (AOX) mRNA, whereas the increase was delayed in the compatible combination. The increase in mRNA correlated with the increase in AOX protein. Increased expression was confined to the infected leaves, in contrast to the pathogenesis-related protein-1, which was induced systemically. Virtually all of the AOX protein was in the reduced (high-activity) form. Using transgenic NahG and mutant npr1-1 and etr1-1 plants, we established that the rapid induction of the AOX was associated with necrosis and that ethylene, but not salicylic acid, was required for its induction. Increased pyruvate levels in the infected leaves suggested that increased substrate levels were respired through the alternative pathway; however, in the control leaves and the infected leaves, respiration was not inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid alone. Increased respiration appeared to be associated primarily with symptom expression rather than resistance reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Simons
- Graduate School of Functional Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Section of Plant Pathology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Millenaar FF, Benschop JJ, Wagner AM, Lambers H. The role of the alternative oxidase in stabilizing the in vivo reduction state of the ubiquinone pool and the activation state of the alternative oxidase. Plant Physiol 1998; 118:599-607. [PMID: 9765546 PMCID: PMC34836 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.2.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A possible function for the alternative (nonphosphorylating) pathway is to stabilize the reduction state of the ubiquinone pool (Qr/Qt), thereby avoiding an increase in free radical production. If the Qr/Qt were stabilized by the alternative pathway, then Qr/Qt should be less stable when the alternative pathway is blocked. Qr/Qt increased when we exposed roots of Poa annua (L.) to increasing concentrations of KCN (an inhibitor of the cytochrome pathway). However, when salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of the alternative pathway, was added at the same time, Qr/Qt increased significantly more. Therefore, we conclude that the alternative pathway stabilizes Qr/Qt. Salicylhydroxamic acid increasingly inhibited respiration with increasing concentrations of KCN. In the experiments described here the alternative oxidase protein was invariably in its reduced (high-activity) state. Therefore, changes in the reduction state of the alternative oxidase cannot account for an increase in activity of the alternative pathway upon titration with KCN. The pyruvate concentration in intact roots increased only after the alternative pathway was blocked or the cytochrome pathway was severely inhibited. The significance of the pyruvate concentration and Qr/Qt on the activity of the alternative pathway in intact roots is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- FF Millenaar
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University Graduate School of Experimental Plant Science, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands (F.F.M., J.J.B., H. L.)
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Gilbert SM, Clarkson DT, Cambridge M, Lambers H, Hawkesford MJ. SO42- Deprivation Has an Early Effect on the Content of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and Photosynthesis in Young Leaves of Wheat. Plant Physiol 1997; 115:1231-1239. [PMID: 12223869 PMCID: PMC158588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.3.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring) supplied with 0.45 mM SO42- for 14 d with relative growth rates (RGR) of 0.22 to 0.24 d-1 was deprived of S for 7 to 8 d. There was no significant effect on RGR or leaf development (leaf 2 length was constant; leaf 3 expanded for 2-4 d; leaf 4 emerged and elongated throughout the experiment) during the S deprivation. In controls the net assimilation rate (A) closely reflected leaf ontogeny. S deprivation affected A in all leaves, particularly leaf 4, in which A remained at 8 to 10 [mu]mol CO2 m-2 s-1, whereas in controls A rose steadily to >20 [mu]mol CO2 m-2 s-1. In leaf 2, with a fully assembled photosynthetic system, A decreased in S-deprived plants relative to controls only at the end of the experiment. Effects on A were not due to altered stomatal conductance or leaf internal [CO2] ([C]i); decreases in the initial slope of A/[C]i curves indicated an effect of S deprivation on the carboxylase efficiency. Measurement of Rubisco activity and large subunit protein abundance paralleled effects on A and A/[C]i in S-deprived leaves. Negative effects on photosynthesis in S-deprived plants are discussed in relation to mobilization of S reserves, including Rubisco, emphasizing the need for continuous S supply during vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Gilbert
- IACR Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, United Kingdom (S.M.G., D.T.C., M.J.H.)
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Atkin OK, Westbeek MHM, Cambridge ML, Lambers H, Pons TL. Leaf Respiration in Light and Darkness (A Comparison of Slow- and Fast-Growing Poa Species). Plant Physiol 1997; 113:961-965. [PMID: 12223656 PMCID: PMC158216 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.3.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether leaf dark respiration (nonphotorespiratory mitochondrial CO2 release) is inhibited by light in several Poa species, and whether differences in light inhibition between the species are related to differences in the rate of leaf net photosynthesis. Four lowland (Poa annua L., Poa compressa L., Poa pratensis L., and Poa trivialis L.), one subalpine (Poa alpina L.), and two alpine (Poa costiniana Vick. and Poa fawcettiae Vick.) Poa species differing in whole plant relative growth rates were grown under identical controlled conditions. Nonphotorespiratory mitochondrial CO2 release in the light (Rd) was estimated according to the Laisk method. Photosynthesis was measured at ambient CO2 partial pressure (35 Pa) and 500 [mu]mol photons m-2 s-1. The rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf mass was positively correlated with the relative growth rate, with the slow-growing alpine Poa species exhibiting the lowest photosynthetic rates. Rates of both Rd and respiration in darkness were also substantially lower in the alpine species. Nonphotorespiratory CO2 release in darkness was higher than Rd in all species. However, despite some variation between the species in the level of light inhibition of respiration, no relationship was observed between the level of inhibition and the rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, the level of inhibition was not correlated with the relative growth rate. Our results support the suggestion that rates of leaf respiration in the light are closely associated with rates in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. K. Atkin
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Atkin OK, Botman B, Lambers H. The Causes of Inherently Slow Growth in Alpine Plants: An Analysis Based on the Underlying Carbon Economies of Alpine and Lowland Poa Species. Funct Ecol 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/2390504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Day DA, Krab K, Lambers H, Moore AL, Siedow JN, Wagner AM, Wiskich JT. The Cyanide-Resistant Oxidase: To Inhibit or Not to Inhibit, That Is the Question. Plant Physiol 1996; 110:1-2. [PMID: 12226168 PMCID: PMC157687 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Day
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia (D.A.D.)
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24
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Atkin OK, Villar R, Lambers H. Partitioning of Electrons between the Cytochrome and Alternative Pathways in Intact Roots. Plant Physiol 1995; 108:1179-1183. [PMID: 12228536 PMCID: PMC157471 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.3.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the cytochrome pathway is not invariably saturated when the alternative pathway is engaged, we titrated root respiration of several species with KCN (an inhibitor of the cytochrome pathway), both in the absence and presence of an inhibitor of the alternative pathway (salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM). The slopes of the resultant KCN [rho] plots ([rho]cyt) were then used to determine whether the cytochrome pathway was saturated in each species. The species used were Festuca ovina ssp. ovina L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and six Poa species (Poa pratensis L., Poa compressa L., Poa trivialis L., Poa alpina L., Poa costiniana Vick., and Poa fawcettiae Vick.). Although the cytochrome pathway was saturated in a number of species (i.e. [rho]cyt values were 1.0), several others exhibited [rho]cyt values of less than 0.5. Alternative pathway capacity correlated negatively with [rho]cyt, with [rho]cyt values of less than 1.0 occurring in tissues in which the alternative pathway capacity was greater than 25 to 30% of total respiration. The species that did not show full engagement of the cytochrome pathway rarely exhibited SHAM inhibition in the absence of KCN. We conclude that this lack of SHAM inhibition is not due to a lack of alternative pathway engagement but rather to the diversion of electrons from the alternative pathway to the unsaturated cytochrome path following the addition of SHAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. K. Atkin
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Van de Vijver CADM, Boot RGA, Poorter H, Lambers H. Phenotypic plasticity in response to nitrate supply of an inherently fast-growing species from a fertile habitat and an inherently slow-growing species from an infertile habitat. Oecologia 1993; 96:548-554. [PMID: 28312461 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1993] [Accepted: 09/30/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A D M Van de Vijver
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnclaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R G A Boot
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnclaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Poorter
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnclaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Lambers
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, Sorbonnclaan 16, 3584 CA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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van der Werf A, Visser AJ, Schieving F, Lambers H. Erratum: Evidence for Optimal Partitioning of Biomass and Nitrogen at a Range of Nitrogen Availabilities for a Fast- and Slow-Growing Species. Funct Ecol 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/2390221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hertog J, Stulen I, Lambers H. Assimilation, respiration and allocation of carbon inPlantago major as affected by atmospheric CO2 levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00048166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van der Werf A, Visser AJ, Schieving F, Lambers H. Evidence for Optimal Partitioning of Biomass and Nitrogen at a Range of Nitrogen Availabilities for a Fast- and Slow-Growing Species. Funct Ecol 1993. [DOI: 10.2307/2389868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Griffiths BS, Welschen R, van Arendonk JJCM, Lambers H. The effect of nitrate-nitrogen supply on bacteria and bacterial-feeding fauna in the rhizosphere of different grass species. Oecologia 1992; 91:253-259. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1991] [Accepted: 03/22/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van der Werf A, Raaimakers D, Poot P, Lambers H. Evidence for a significant contribution by peroxidase-mediated O2 uptake to root respiration of Brachypodium pinnatum. Planta 1991; 183:347-352. [PMID: 24193744 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1990] [Accepted: 08/17/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the O2 uptake characteristics of intact roots of Brachypodium pinnatum. In the presence of 25 mM salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), concentrations of KCN below 3.5 νM had no effect on the rate of root respiration, whereas in the absence of 25 mM SHAM a significant inhibition of approx. 18% was observed. This indicates that an O2-consuming reaction, not associated with the cytochrome pathway, the alternative pathway or the "residual component", operates in the absence of any inhibitors in roots of B. pinnatum. We demonstrate here that this fourth O2-consuming reaction is mediated by a peroxidase. A peroxidase which catalyzed O2 reduction in the presence of NADH was readily washed from the roots of B. pinnatum. This peroxidase was stimulated by 5 mM SHAM, whereas ascorbic acid, catalase, catechol, gentisic acid, low concentrations potassium cyanide (3.5 μM), sodium azide, sodium sulfide, superoxide dismutase and high concentrations SHAM (25 mM) inhibited this reaction. Except for high concentrations of SHAM and concentrations of KCN higher than approx. 3.5 μM, these effectors could not be used to inhibit the peroxidase-mediated O2 uptake in intact roots of B. pinnatum. Concentrations of SHAM below 10 mM stimulated O2 uptake up to 15% of the control rate, depending on concentration, whereas 25 mM SHAM inhibited O2 uptake by 35%. The stimulation at low concentrations resulted from a SHAM-stimulated peroxidase activity, whereas 25 mM SHAM completely inhibited both the peroxidase-mediated O2 uptake and the activity of the alternative pathway. A method is presented for determining the relative contributions of each of the four O2-consuming reactions, i.e. the cytochrome pathway, the alternative pathway, the "residual component" and the peroxidase-mediated O2 uptake. The peroxidase-mediated O2 uptake contributed 21% to the total rate of oxygen uptake in roots of B. pinnatum, the cytochrome pathway contributed 41%, the alternative pathway 14% and the "residual component" 24%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Werf
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Utrecht, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, NL-3512, PN Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The relation between interspecific variation in relative growth rate and carbon and nitrogen economy was investigated. Twentyfour wild species were grown in a growth chamber with a nonlimiting nutrient supply and growth, whole plant photosynthesis, shoot respiration, and root respiration were determined. No correlation was found between the relative growth rate of these species and their rate of photosynthesis expressed on a leaf area basis. There was a positive correlation, however, with the rate of photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf dry weight. Also the rates of shoot and root respiration per unit dry weight correlated positively with relative growth rate. Due to a higher ratio between leaf area and plant weight (leaf area ratio) fast growing species were able to fix relatively more carbon per unit plant weight and used proportionally less of the total amount of assimilates in respiration. Fast growing species had a higher total organic nitrogen concentration per unit plant weight, allocated more nitrogen to the leaves and had a higher photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, i.e. a higher rate of photosynthesis per unit organic nitrogen in the leaves. Consequently, their nitrogen productivity, the growth rate per unit organic nitrogen in the plant and per day, was higher compared with that of slow growing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Poorter
- Department Plant Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, 3512 PN Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Baas R, van der Werf A, Lambers H. Root Respiration and Growth in Plantago major as Affected by Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection. Plant Physiol 1989; 91:227-32. [PMID: 16667001 PMCID: PMC1061979 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection and P on root respiration and dry matter allocation were studied in Plantago major L. ssp. pleiosperma (Pilger). By applying P, the relative growth rate of non-VAM controls and plants colonized by Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt. sensu Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe was increased to a similar extent (55-67%). However, leaf area ratio was increased more and net assimilation rate per unit leaf area was increased less by VAM infection than by P addition. The lower net assimilation rate could be related to a 20 to 30% higher root respiration rate per unit leaf area of VAM plants. Root respiration per unit dry matter and specific net uptake rates of N and P were increased more by VAM infection than by P addition. Neither the contribution of the alternative respiratory path nor the relative growth rate could account for the differences in root respiration rate between VAM and non-VAM plants. It was estimated that increased fungal respiration (87%) and ion uptake rate (13%) contributed to the higher respiratory activity of VAM roots of P. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baas
- Institute for Ecological Research, P. O. Box 371, 3233 ZG Oostvoorne, The Netherlands
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Hirose T, Lambers H, Konings H, Werf AVD. Modelling of Respiration: Effect of Variation in Respiration on Plant Growth in Two Carex Species. Funct Ecol 1989. [DOI: 10.2307/2389497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
The basis of variation in growth rate and production between and within species is discussed. Examples taken from a wide range of literature and species are used to investigate the role of NAR and the pattern of photosynthate investment in such variation. Variation in photosynthesis is considered in terms of RuBP-carboxylase and N compound concn and leaf anatomy and morphology. Patterns of N distribution within the leaf canopy are briefly discussed together with the potential for improving crop performance by altering plant photosynthetic characteristics. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Pannekoek H, Veerman H, Lambers H, Diergaarde P, Verweij CL, van Zonneveld AJ, van Mourik JA. Endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI): a new member of the Serpin gene family. EMBO J 1986; 5:2539-44. [PMID: 2430793 PMCID: PMC1167150 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A human endothelial cDNA expression library, based on the Escherichia coli plasmid pUC9, was screened with a heterologous antibody raised against purified bovine aortic endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). A synthetic oligonucleotide, derived from a partial PAI cDNA expression clone, was used to select a full-length PAI cDNA, the size of which coincides with the length of PAI mRNA (approximately 2350 nucleotides) as determined by Northern blot analysis. The authenticity of full-length PAI cDNA is demonstrated by the expression of biologically active PAI both in lysates of transformed E. coli cells and in conditioned media of mouse Ltk- cells, transfected with PAI cDNA inserted into vector pSV2. Analysis of the de novo synthesized anti-plasminogen activator activity, employing reverse fibrin autography, shows that transfected mouse Ltk- cells synthesize a polypeptide with a mol. wt identical to that of the native PAI glycoprotein (Mr 52,000), whereas in E. coli an unglycosylated, active product with a mol. wt of 43,000 is made. The amino acid sequence, derived from the determined nucleotide sequence, shows that pre-PAI consists of 402 amino acids. It is proposed that the mature PAI is preceded by a signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of mature PAI includes three potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites and lacks cysteine residues. The predicted amino acid sequence reveals significant homology with members of the serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) family, e.g. alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and antithrombin III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Brouwer KS, van Valen T, Day DA, Lambers H. Hydroxamate-Stimulated O(2) Uptake in Roots of Pisum sativum and Zea mays, Mediated by a Peroxidase : Its Consequences for Respiration Measurements. Plant Physiol 1986; 82:236-40. [PMID: 16664999 PMCID: PMC1056096 DOI: 10.1104/pp.82.1.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid (<5 millimolar) stimulate O(2) uptake in intact roots of Pisum sativum. We demonstrate that the hydroxamate-stimulated O(2) uptake does not reside in the mitochondria. We also show that the hydroxamate-stimulated O(2) uptake is due to the activation of a peroxidase catalyzing reduction of O(2). This peroxidase, which can use both NADH and NADPH as a substrate, is stimulated by low concentrations of monophenols, e.g. salicylhydroxamic acid and 2-methoxyphenol. It is inhibited by high (20 millimolar) concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid, cyanide, and scavengers of the superoxide free radical ion, e.g. ascorbate, gentisic acid, and catechol. In the presence of gentisic acid, O(2) uptake by intact pea roots was no longer stimulated by low concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid. The consequence of the present finding for in vivo respiration measurements is that the use of low concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid and uncoupler is reliable only in the presence of a suitable superoxide free radical scavenger which prevents activation of the peroxidase. It also confirms that high concentrations of salicylhydroxamic acid (20-25 millimolar) can be safely used in short-term experiments to assess the activity of the alternative path in intact roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Brouwer
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gr), The Netherlands
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Pannekoek H, Veerman H, Lambers H, Diergaarde P, Verweij C, van Zonneveld AJ, van Mourik J. Endothelial plasminogen activator inhibitor: A new member of the serpin gene family. Thromb Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(86)91386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Day DA, De Vos OC, Wilson D, Lambers H. Regulation of Respiration in the Leaves and Roots of Two Lolium perenne Populations with Contrasting Mature Leaf Respiration Rates and Crop Yields. Plant Physiol 1985; 78:678-83. [PMID: 16664307 PMCID: PMC1064803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.78.4.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of O(2) uptake were made on leaves and roots of two populations of Lolium perenne L. cv S23 (GL66 and GL72), previously shown to have contrasting rates of CO(2) evolution and yields of dry matter. O(2) uptake was faster in the mature leaves of GL66 than those of GL72, but no difference was observed in the respiratory rates of meristematic leaf bases or mature roots. The growth rate of GL72 was faster than that of GL66. Cyanide resistance was substantial in mature leaves but the alternative path did not contribute to O(2) uptake in the dark. In both populations, adding malate and glycine stimulated O(2) uptake, but exogenous sucrose only stimulated when uncoupler was also present. The difference between the respiratory rates of the two populations was maintained under all investigated conditions. We conclude that the rate of mature leaf respiration in the dark in L. perenne is limited by adenylate control of glycolysis. The difference between the fast (GL66) and slow (GL72) respiring populations reflected a greater respiratory capacity and higher turnover of ATP in GL66. Alternative path capacity was also high in the roots of both and contributed substantially to O(2) uptake, as indicated by inhibition by salicylhydroxamic acid in the absence of KCN. The alternative path capacity of meristematic leaf bases was considerably less than that in mature leaves.Transverse and cross-sections were made of mature leaves of both populations to study anatomical features which might explain the differences in ATP turnover, suggested by the biochemical experiments. Leaves of GL72 were thicker but did not show a different anatomy when compared with GL66. The increased thickness was not due to more or larger cells but entirely to a larger intercellular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Day
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren (Gn), The Netherlands
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Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the functional equilibrium between aboveground and belowground organs of higher plants are discussed with reference to maize, potatoes, wheat, cucumber and Plantago lanceolata. Evidence is presented that the alternative path contributes to a significant extent in root respiration and as this path is only engaged when the supply of carbohydrates to a sink exceeds its demand, it is suggested that root growth is not limited by the supply of carbohydrates. The close correlation between carbohydrate supply to the roots and root growth cannot be explained by a limitation of root growth by carbohydrates but a satisfactory alternative explanation is not provided. Translocation of N from the leaves to the roots of wheat at both opt. and limiting nitrate supply is described. The proportion of N translocated to the leaves and then retranslocated to the roots was highest with limiting N. It is suggested that leaves are unable to incorporate all imported N under N-limiting conditions and that the excess N is then translocated back to the roots. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Azcón-Bieto J, Lambers H, Day DA. Effect of photosynthesis and carbohydrate status on respiratory rates and the involvement of the alternative pathway in leaf respiration. Plant Physiol 1983; 72:598-603. [PMID: 16663051 PMCID: PMC1066286 DOI: 10.1104/pp.72.3.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In spinach (Spinacia oleracea Hybrid 102 [New World seeds]) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gabo) leaves, O(2) uptake rates in the dark were faster after the plants had been allowed to photosynthesize for a period of several hours. Alternative path activity also increased following a period of photosynthesis in these leaves. No such effects were observed with isolated mitochondria. In spinach and wheat leaves, the level of fructose plus glucose decreased during a period of darkness. In pea (Pisum sativum cv Alaska) leaves, the level of these sugars did not vary significantly during the day, and respiratory rates were also constant. In slices cut from wheat leaves harvested at the end of the night, addition of sugars increased the rate of respiration and engaged the previously latent alternative oxidase. In pea leaves, O(2) uptake in the first few minutes following illumination was faster than that observed before illumination, but declined during the next 15 to 20 minutes. Adding the alternative oxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid, or imposing high bicarbonate concentrations during the period of photosynthesis, prevented the rise in O(2) uptake rate during the immediate post illumination period.We conclude that the level of respiratory substrate in leaves determines their rate of O(2) uptake, and the degree to which the alternative path contributes to that O(2) uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Azcón-Bieto
- Department of Environmental Biology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 2601 Australia
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Simpson RJ, Lambers H, Dalling MJ. Nitrogen Redistribution during Grain Growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) : IV. Development of a Quantitative Model of the Translocation of Nitrogen to the Grain. Plant Physiol 1983; 71:7-14. [PMID: 16662801 PMCID: PMC1065976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.71.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Translocation of nitrogen was measured in wheat (Triticum aestivium L. cv SUN 9E) plants grown without an exogenous supply of nitrogen from the time that the flagleaf began to emerge, and a model of nitrogen translocation was constructed to describe translocation on one day during the linear period of grain growth. Nitrogen for grain development was derived entirely by the redistribution of nitrogen from vegetative organs. Leaves contributed 40%, glumes 23%, stem 23%, and roots 16% of the nitrogen incorporated by the grains on the fifteenth day after anthesis. Less than 50% of the nitrogen exported from leaves was translocated directly to the grain via the phloem, the rest was translocated to the roots and was cycled in the roots and exported to the shoot in the transpiration stream. Nitrogen imported by leaves and glumes via the xylem was not accumulated in these organs but was transferred to the phloem for reexport from the organs. A large proportion (60%) of the nitrogen in the transpiration stream was cycled in the glumes. The glumes were also a major source of nitrogen for grain development. It was considered likely that this organ always plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Simpson
- Plant Sciences Section, School of Agriculture and Forestery, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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