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Cvetanovic M, Ingram M, Orr H, Opal P. Early activation of microglia and astrocytes in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Neuroscience 2015; 289:289-99. [PMID: 25595967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an incurable, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease of the cerebellum caused by a polyglutamine-repeat expansion in the protein ataxin-1 (ATXN1). While analysis of human autopsy material indicates significant glial pathology in SCA1, previous research has focused on characterizing neuronal dysfunction. In this study, we characterized astrocytic and microglial response in SCA1 using a comprehensive array of mouse models. We have discovered that astrocytes and microglia are activated very early in SCA1 pathogenesis even when mutant ATXN1 expression was limited to Purkinje neurons. Glial activation occurred in the absence of neuronal death, suggesting that glial activation results from signals emanating from dysfunctional neurons. Finally, in all different models examined glial activation closely correlated with disease progression, supporting the development of glial-based biomarkers to follow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - M Ingram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - H Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - P Opal
- Neurology and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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2
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Wilby RL, Orr H, Watts G, Battarbee RW, Berry PM, Chadd R, Dugdale SJ, Dunbar MJ, Elliott JA, Extence C, Hannah DM, Holmes N, Johnson AC, Knights B, Milner NJ, Ormerod SJ, Solomon D, Timlett R, Whitehead PJ, Wood PJ. Evidence needed to manage freshwater ecosystems in a changing climate: turning adaptation principles into practice. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:4150-64. [PMID: 20538318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that climate change poses severe threats to freshwater ecosystems. Here we examine the scientific basis for adaptively managing vulnerable habitats and species. Our views are shaped by a literature survey of adaptation in practice, and by expert opinion. We assert that adaptation planning is constrained by uncertainty about evolving climatic and non-climatic pressures, by difficulties in predicting species- and ecosystem-level responses to these forces, and by the plasticity of management goals. This implies that adaptation measures will have greatest acceptance when they deliver multiple benefits, including, but not limited to, the amelioration of climate impacts. We suggest that many principles for biodiversity management under climate change are intuitively correct but hard to apply in practice. This view is tested using two commonly assumed doctrines: "increase shading of vulnerable reaches through tree planting" (to reduce water temperatures); and "set hands off flows" (to halt potentially harmful abstractions during low flow episodes). We show that the value of riparian trees for shading, water cooling and other functions is partially understood, but extension of this knowledge to water temperature management is so far lacking. Likewise, there is a long history of environmental flow assessment for allocating water to competing uses, but more research is needed into the effectiveness of ecological objectives based on target flows. We therefore advocate more multi-disciplinary field and model experimentation to test the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of adaptation measures applied at different scales. In particular, there is a need for a major collaborative programme to: examine natural adaptation to climatic variation in freshwater species; identify where existing environmental practice may be insufficient; review the fitness of monitoring networks to detect change; translate existing knowledge into guidance; and implement best practice within existing regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Wilby
- Department of Geography, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK.
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3
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Boccia D, Oliver CI, Charlett A, Bennett S, Orr H, Sarangi J, Stuart J. Outbreak of a new Salmonella phage type in South West England: alternative epidemiological investigations are needed. Commun Dis Public Health 2004; 7:339-43. [PMID: 15779803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT193a occurred in South West England in April-May 2003. Preliminary investigation suggested an association with the consumption of ham. A matched case-control study was implemented, together with an environmental investigation and a geographic information system (GIS) analysis. Thirty-seven cases and 38 controls were enrolled in the study. Matched analysis was based only on 23 cases, as the other cases did not nominate controls. Eighty per cent of cases and 51% of controls had eaten ham (odds ratio = 3.5, p = 0.03). Cases did not differ from controls in terms of distance from outlets providing ham. All environmental samples collected were negative. The epidemiological evidence indicated an association between this outbreak and consumption of ham, but the environmental investigation was inconclusive. Alternative methods should be considered in support of traditional epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boccia
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, Health Protection Agency, Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ.
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4
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Bahner C, Brotherton D, Chapman, Jr. W, Longmire W, Orr H, Rives L, Senter E, Yee W. Additions and Corrections - Hydroxy-, Nitro-, Amino-, and Methoxy-4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-quinolines. J Med Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jm00330a605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Davison KL, Crowcroft NS, Ramsay ME, Begg NT, Kaczmarski EB, Stuart JM, White JM, Orr H. Enhanced surveillance scheme for suspected meningococcal disease in five regional health authorities in England: 1998. Commun Dis Public Health 2002; 5:205-12. [PMID: 12434690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced surveillance of meningococcal disease (ESMD) began in five English regions on 1st January 1998. The aims of the scheme were to obtain accurate incidence data and develop a robust surveillance system with which to monitor the impact of a new meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine. During 1998, 2,314 suspected cases of meningococcal disease were identified. The majority (84%) was classified as invasive meningococcal disease, with infection of N. meningitidis confirmed in 66%. Sixteen per cent of suspected cases were subsequently given an alternative diagnosis. Age differences between those classified as meningococcal disease and those not, implied a higher index of suspicion of meningococcal disease in younger children. Regions with high rates of meningococcal disease were due to a higher rate of serogroup C. ESMD increased ascertainment of meningococcal disease and deaths. Cases were 34% greater than identified through statutory notifications, an additional 6.8% confirmed infections were identified than were reported to the PHLS Meningococcal Reference Unit (MRU) and deaths were 24% greater than death registrations. These data were used to inform the national meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination programme in England and Wales. In 1999 ESMD was extended to all regions of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Davison
- Immunisation Division, PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ.
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6
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Orr H, Kaczmarski E, Sarangi J, Pankhania B, Stuart J. Cluster of meningococcal disease in rugby match spectators. Commun Dis Public Health 2001; 4:316-8. [PMID: 12109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Four adults among three unconnected groups of spectators at a rugby match developed invasive meningococcal disease four to five days after the match. Two died. All four cases were caused by serogroup C serotype 2a strains, genotype P1.5, P1.2. Although the route of transmission remains uncertain, the most likely explanation is that an asymptomatic carrier disseminated meningococci to at least four others in the course of an afternoon. Clusters among spectators at an event without other links between cases are very unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orr
- Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (South West), Public Health Laboratory, Gloucester.
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Abstract
The characteristics of two techniques of face-mask induction of desflurane anaesthesia (rapid or slow) were compared with the effects of slow isoflurane induction in five New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Slow induction used stepwise increments in vapour setting of 2% for desflurane and 0.5% for isoflurane at 30 s intervals. All animals were anaesthetized using each technique according to a randomized block design with one week between treatments. Observations were made of the quality of induction (any struggling or periods of apnoea) and the latency to, and the duration of loss of the righting and toe pinch reflexes recorded. Changes in respiratory rate, arterial blood gas and cardiovascular parameters were also recorded. Induction and recovery times were shorter with rapid desflurane induction in comparison to isoflurane (loss of righting reflex: 139+/-27 s cf. 205+/-48 s), but both techniques were associated with struggling and long periods of apnoea (> 1 min) during the first 4 min after administration. During this period a significant degree of bradycardia, hypercapnia and hypoxaemia occurred with both techniques, but these and the subsequent effects of rapid desflurane administration were less severe than with isoflurane. Slow induction with desflurane was tolerated best, with little or no deleterious behavioural or physiological effects, however excessively prolonged induction times (loss of righting reflex 337+/-160 s) limits the application of this method. Desflurane, administered rapidly, appears to be a more suitable agent than isoflurane. However, as with isoflurane, anaesthesia should only be induced following oxygen supplementation.
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Poorkaj P, Sharma V, Anderson L, Nemens E, Alonso ME, Orr H, White J, Heston L, Bird TD, Schellenberg GD. Missense mutations in the chromosome 14 familial Alzheimer's disease presenilin 1 gene. Hum Mutat 2000; 11:216-21. [PMID: 9521423 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1998)11:3<216::aid-humu6>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes (PS-1 and PS-2) cause early onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD). Eight early-onset, autopsy-documented familial AD kindreds were screened for mutations in PS-1, and seven different mutations were identified. Three of these were new mutations (G209V, A426P, and E120D), two were previously reported mutations in new families, and three mutations were confirmed in previously published families. Two of these new mutations are found within predicted transmembrane domains (TMDs 4, 7, and 8). The A426P mutation is the most C-terminal PS-1 mutation identified to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Poorkaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Sudarshan C, Orr H, Clark S, Roughan J, Flecknell P, Dark J. Donor pre-treatment with inhaled nitric oxide attenuates acute lung injury following single lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(99)80188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Abstract
The level of contamination of stethoscopes used in a neonatal intensive care unit was studied, along with the practices used for cleaning these items. A policy of alcohol cleaning was introduced and the effect of this change on the level of bacterial growth was observed after a six-week period. It was found that 71% of stethoscopes had a significant bacterial growth and that this was reduced to 30% after the cleaning procedure change (P < 0.05). Stethoscopes and other equipment are a potential source of nosocomial infection on the neonatal intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wright
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Leeds General Infirmary, UK
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11
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Shimizu Y, Koller B, Geraghty D, Orr H, Shaw S, Kavathas P, DeMars R. Transfer of cloned human class I major histocompatibility complex genes into HLA mutant human lymphoblastoid cells. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:1074-87. [PMID: 3023867 PMCID: PMC367617 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.4.1074-1087.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new kinds of recombinant DNA constructs were used to transfer cloned human class I HLA genes (A2 and B8) into unique HLA mutant lymphoblastoid cells: pHeBo(x): a class I gene, "x," in plasmid vector pHeBo, which contains a hygromycin resistance gene and Epstein-Barr virus oriP element that sustains extrachromosomal replication; pHPT(x): gene x in a vector with a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene; pHPTe(x): gene x in a vector with the HPRT gene and oriP element. Cell surface class I antigen expression was strong in transferents made with class I-deficient lymphoblastoid cell line mutants .144 (A-null), .53 (B-null), and .184 (A-null, B-null). Transferents expressing HLA-A2 were recognized specifically by HLA-A2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. When introduced on either of the vectors with the Epstein-Barr virus oriP element, the class I gene replicated extrachromosomally and was lost at rates of 0.2 to 0.3 per cell division. When introduced with vector pHPT (lacking Epstein-Barr virus oriP), the B8 gene was inserted at different chromosomal locations. Introduction of the HLA-B8 gene failed to restore antigen expression by HLA-B-null mutant .174, providing evidence that, unlike mutants exemplified by .53, .144, and .184, some HLA antigen loss mutants are deficient in a trans-acting function needed for class I antigen expression. Of more general interest, the results obtained with HLA class I genes in vectors that replicate extrachromosomally suggest ways of relating genic expression to chromatin structure and function and of attempting to clone functional human centromeres.
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12
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Polanska AI, Orr H, Woodhead S, Kemp H, Nix B, Rowlands J. External Quality Assessment of Serum Alphafetoprotein Assays. Ann Clin Biochem 1982. [DOI: 10.1177/000456328201900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Strominger JL, Kabat EA, Bilofsky H, Mann D, Orr H, Parham P, Ploegh H, Robb R, Terhorst C, Wu TT. Structural and sequence homologies between HLA-A and HLA-B antigens and immunoglobulins. Transplant Proc 1979; 11:1303. [PMID: 473356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Mann DL, Kaufman J, Orr H, Robb R, Strominger J. Serologic and structural studies of DR-related antigens. Transplant Proc 1979; 11:668-73. [PMID: 88094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Johnston DI, Mowat AP, Orr H, Kohn J. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in extrahepatic biliary atresia, idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ). Acta Paediatr 1976; 65:623-9. [PMID: 60872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were measured using a sensitive radioimmunoassay in 77 infants presenting with persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. A breed range of alpha-fetoprotein concentrations occurred in both the 23 infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia and the 35 with idiopathic neonatal hepatitis but the 13 with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency had uniformly low levels. High alpha-fetoprotein concentrations (above 10 000 mug/1) favoured the diagnosis of neonatal hepatitis especially in the first ten weeks of life, but the overlap between neonatal hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary atresia was large and alpha-fetoprotein determination cannot be recommended as a reliable method for distinguishing the two conditions. Serial alpha-fetoprotein values showed no consistent relationship with standard liver function tests and gave no guide to prognosis. There was an association between alpha-fetoprotein production and needle biopsy evidence of hepatic giant cell transformation. The uniformly low alpha-fetoprotein levels in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient infants with neonatal hepatitis is a new observation and possible mechanisms for disordered glycoprotein release are discussed.
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16
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Cohen AI, McDaniel M, Orr H. Absolute levels of some free amino acids in normal and biologically fractionated retinas. Invest Ophthalmol 1973; 12:686-93. [PMID: 4742064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Orr H. THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF ACQUIRED SYPHILIS. Can Med Assoc J 1940; 42:316-320. [PMID: 20321661 PMCID: PMC537849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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18
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Orr H. URTICARIA. Can Med Assoc J 1938; 38:159-162. [PMID: 20320863 PMCID: PMC538353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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19
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Orr H. SULFANILAMIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF GONORRHOEA. Can Med Assoc J 1937; 37:364-366. [PMID: 20320754 PMCID: PMC536150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Orr
- Director, Division of Social Hygiene, Alberta Provincial Department of Public Health, Edmonton
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20
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Orr H. Psoriasis. Can Med Assoc J 1937; 36:165-168. [PMID: 20320528 PMCID: PMC1561985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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21
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Orr H. Eczema. Can Med Assoc J 1935; 33:173-176. [PMID: 20319968 PMCID: PMC1561293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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22
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Orr H. THE REACTIONS ATTENDING THE INTRAVENOUS USE OF THE ARSPHENAMINES. Can Med Assoc J 1935; 32:19-23. [PMID: 20319748 PMCID: PMC1560970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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23
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Orr H. Lymphogranuloma Inguinale and Granuloma Inguinale. Can Med Assoc J 1935; 32:92-93. [PMID: 20319770 PMCID: PMC1560945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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24
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Orr H. Eczema. Can Med Assoc J 1928; 19:339-341. [PMID: 20317003 PMCID: PMC1709866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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25
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Orr H. Case of "Multiple Symmetrical Cutaneous Cysts" or "Steatocystomata". Proc R Soc Med 1924; 17:11-12. [PMID: 19983543 PMCID: PMC2202255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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26
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McPhedran F, Orr H. A CASE OF HAEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE WITH SPLENOMEGALY. Can Med Assoc J 1913; 3:14-20. [PMID: 20310353 PMCID: PMC1579617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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