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Wagner K, Fox P, Gordon E, Hahn W, Olsen K, Markham A, Buglewicz D, Selemenakis P, Lessard A, Goldstein D, Threatt A, Davis L, Miller-Dawson J, Stockett H, Sanders H, Rugh K, Turner H, Remias M, Williams M, Chavez J, Galindo G, Cialek C, Koch A, Fout A, Fosdick B, Broeckling B, Zabel MD. Author Correction: A multiplexed, paired-pooled droplet digital PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3155. [PMID: 38326320 PMCID: PMC10850219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Wagner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Phil Fox
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Westen Hahn
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kenzie Olsen
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Markham
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dylan Buglewicz
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Platon Selemenakis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Avery Lessard
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniella Goldstein
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alissa Threatt
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Luke Davis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jake Miller-Dawson
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Halie Stockett
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Kristin Rugh
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Houston Turner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michelle Remias
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Maggie Williams
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jorge Chavez
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gabriel Galindo
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Charlotte Cialek
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Amanda Koch
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Fout
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bailey Fosdick
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Bettina Broeckling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark D Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Wagner K, Fox P, Gordon E, Hahn W, Olsen K, Markham A, Buglewicz D, Selemenakis P, Lessard A, Goldstein D, Threatt A, Davis L, Miller-Dawson J, Stockett H, Sanders H, Rugh K, Turner H, Remias M, Williams M, Chavez J, Galindo G, Cialek C, Koch A, Fout A, Fosdick B, Broeckling B, Zabel MD. A multiplexed, paired-pooled droplet digital PCR assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3075. [PMID: 36813822 PMCID: PMC9944410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we developed a multiplexed, paired-pool droplet digital PCR (MP4) screening assay. Key features of our assay are the use of minimally processed saliva, 8-sample paired pools, and reverse-transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene. The limit of detection was determined to be 2 and 12 copies per µl for individual and pooled samples, respectively. Using the MP4 assay, we routinely processed over 1,000 samples a day with a 24-h turnaround time and over the course of 17 months, screened over 250,000 saliva samples. Modeling studies showed that the efficiency of 8-sample pools was reduced with increased viral prevalence and that this could be mitigated by using 4-sample pools. We also present a strategy for, and modeling data supporting, the creation of a third paired pool as an additional strategy to employ under high viral prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Wagner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Phil Fox
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gordon
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Westen Hahn
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kenzie Olsen
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Markham
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dylan Buglewicz
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Platon Selemenakis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Avery Lessard
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniella Goldstein
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alissa Threatt
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Luke Davis
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jake Miller-Dawson
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Halie Stockett
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - Kristin Rugh
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Houston Turner
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michelle Remias
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Maggie Williams
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jorge Chavez
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Gabriel Galindo
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Charlotte Cialek
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Amanda Koch
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alex Fout
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bailey Fosdick
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Bettina Broeckling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark D Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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