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Zavvar M, Kochak HE, Abdolmohammadi K, Rashidi N, Mokhtari M, Noorbakhsh F, Azadmanesh K, Gooshki ES, Fatahi Y, Azad TM, Jahangirifard A, Mousavi MJ, Masoumi E, Mirzaei HR, Gouya MM, Rezaei F, Nicknam MH. SARS-Cov-2 and COVID-19, Basic and Clinical Aspects of the Human Pandemic: A Review. Iran J Public Health 2021; 50:665-675. [PMID: 34183916 PMCID: PMC8219633 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i4.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, we have witnessed three major epidemics of the coronavirus human disease namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome, and more recently an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Iran, a country of nearly 84 million, in the Middle East, severely involved with the COVID-19 disease. A documented multidimensional approach to COVID-19 disease is therefore mandatory to provide a well-balanced platform for the concerned medical community in our county and beyond. In this review, we highlight the disease status in Iran and attempt to provide a multilateral view of the fundamental and clinical aspects of the disease including the clinical features of the confirmed cases, virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and laboratory methods needed for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Emadi Kochak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Abdolmohammadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahangirifard
- Lung Transplantation Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Communicable Disease Control Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Rezaei
- Communicable Disease Control Centre, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nicknam
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mohammadi N, Kochak HE, Gharacheh M. The Lived Experience of Domestic Violence in Iranian HIV-Infected Women. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:43-50. [PMID: 26156897 PMCID: PMC4803845 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic violence is one of the most prevalent problems linked to HIV. Domestic violence in HIV-infected women has not been sufficiently explored, particularly in developing countries including Iran. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of domestic violence in Iranian HIV-infected women. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with ten HIV-infected women and were analyzed using content analysis. During the data analysis, four main themes emerged including, "regretful past", "disappointing future", "loneliness", and "no other option", which refer to the condition that the participants experienced in their lives due to challenges that mainly stem from the experience of HIV-related domestic violence. HIV infection can be a risk factor for domestic violence. Health care providers need to address domestic violence during the assessment of HIV-infected women and make appropriate referrals for abused women.
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Sheikholeslami MF, Sadraei J, Farnia P, Forozandeh Moghadam M, Emadi Kochak H. Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii in the Iranian Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e17254. [PMID: 25825645 PMCID: PMC4376971 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.17254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Based on the authors’ knowledge, there is no study on the co-infection of opportunistic agents such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii in the lungs of Iranian patients with immunosuppression. Objectives: The current study aimed to show the rate of co-infection of M. tuberculosis and P. jirovecii in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Patients and Methods: Forty-five pulmonary samples were collected from 30 patients with HIV who also infected with Tuberculosis and Pneumonia. All of the patients were admitted to two university hospitals of Mycobacteriology and the Iranian HIV/AIDS research centers. DNA of P. jirovecii was detected using nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction (nested-PCR) assay. Results: All of the patients were male with the mean age of 32.95 ± 7.15 years. The mean of CD4 cell count was 109.25 cell/mm3. Of 30 patients with HIV, three (10%) were co-infected with M. tuberculosis and P. jirovecii. No other causes of pneumonia were found in those three patients and CD4 cell counts less than 50 cell/mm3 was reported. Conclusions: The results of the current study showed a high rate of co-infection of M. tuberculosis and P. jirovecii in the Iranian patients with HIV. As the immune system condition worsened, the probability of occurrence of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) increased. Therefore, more specific, most rapid and sensitive tests should be utilized for diagnosis of PCP in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fatemeh Sheikholeslami
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Javid Sadraei
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Javid Sadraei, Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel:+98-2182883841, Fax: +98-2182884555, E-mail:
| | - Parissa Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Hamid Emadi Kochak
- Iranian HIV/AIDS Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Soudbakhsh A, Roham M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Emadi Kochak H, McFarland W. Pleural and pericardial effusions: rare presentations of brucellosis, Iran. Acta Med Iran 2011; 49:325-6. [PMID: 21713754 DOI: pmid/21713754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a rare case of brucellosis presenting with pleural and pericardial effusions in a 35 year-old male rancher in Iran with fever and dyspnea. Such findings should prompt inclusion of brucellosis in the differential diagnosis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Soudbakhsh
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kochak HE, SeyedAlinaghi S, Zarghom O, Hekmat S, Jam S, Sabzvari D, Abdi Z. Evaluation of serological tests using A60 antigen for diagnosis of tuberculosis. Acta Med Iran 2010; 48:21-6. [PMID: 21137664 DOI: pmid/21137664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum or tissue samples is among definite diagnostic methods of tuberculosis. However, this method of diagnosis is restricted by certain limitations. Serologic diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) has been used for a long time. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and, specificity of Antigen 60 (A60) IgG, IgA, IgM test results in TB diagnosis. Mycobacterial A60-based ELISA was used to measure specific IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies in the sera of 127 adult TB patients (consisted of 74 pulmonary and 53 extra-pulmonary cases), and 95 controls (46 healthy volunteers and 49 patients with various acute or chronic diseases other than tuberculosis). Data from A60 IgG-based ELISA, chest radiography, AFB culture and pathologic evaluation for AFB were obtained .The cutoff value of A60 IgG, IgA and IgM were chosen according to a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio were determined. The mean levels of IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly higher in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with control groups. Sensitivity of IgG test was 54.3 %, while the specificity was 84.2%. The IgA test showed a sensitivity of 70.1% with a specificity of 80 %. Combination of the IgG and IgA tests showed a total sensitivity of 45.7 % and a specificity of 94.7% and the positive likelihood ratio of 8.62. Chosen cutoff values of IgG, IgA, and IgM sets were 285,265 and 0.9 ELISA units respectively. Our study results showed a good specificity (94.7%) and a reasonable positive likelihood ratio (8.62) of the test when combined IgA and IgG with new cutoff points were considered on diagnosis of tuberculosis in adult patients. Combined use of both IgG and IgA tests results allows an increased accuracy in diagnostic of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Emadi Kochak
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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