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Kosaka M, Ozaki A, Kaneda Y, Saito H, Yamashita E, Murayama A, Mamada H, Tanimoto T, Jakovljevic M. Generic drug crisis in Japan and changes leading to the collapse of universal health insurance established in 1961: the case of Kobayashi Kako Co. Ltd. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2023; 21:35. [PMID: 37259132 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-023-00441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Breast and Thryoid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yudai Kaneda
- School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anju Murayama
- School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hanano Mamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Murayama A, Mamada H, Shigeta H, Yoshinaga T, Saito H, Yamashita E, Tanimoto T, Ozaki A. Financial Relationships Between Pharmaceutical Companies and Rheumatologists in Japan Between 2016 and 2019. J Clin Rheumatol 2023; 29:118-125. [PMID: 36729793 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Given the increasing number of novel and expensive drugs for rheumatoid diseases, the financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and rheumatologists could be prevalent and substantial. However, little was known about the information in Japan. METHODS Using payment data publicly disclosed by 92 major pharmaceutical companies, we evaluated the financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and rheumatologists who were board certified by the Japan College of Rheumatology between 2016 and 2019. The trends in payments were estimated by the generalized estimating equations with 4-year payment data. Differences in payments between general and leading rheumatologists including the board members, clinical practice guideline authors, and medical journal editors were assessed. RESULTS Of the board-certified rheumatologists, 70.7% (3563 of 5038) received a total of $55,246,485 in personal payments for lecturing, writing, and consulting from 79 pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. The median payments per rheumatologist receiving payments were $3447 (interquartile range, $1124-$11,974) in payment amounts. There were increasing trends in the payments per rheumatologist and the number of rheumatologists with payments, with average yearly change rates of 5.9% (95% confidence interval, 3.9%-7.9%; p < 0.001) and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.3%-2.0%; p = 0.008). The leading rheumatologists such as the society board members, clinical practice guideline authors, and medical journal editors received much more payments than other rheumatologists. CONCLUSION Most rheumatologists increasingly received personal payments for lecturing, consulting, and writing reimbursements from pharmaceutical companies in Japan. These payments were significantly concentrated on rheumatologists in authoritative and influential positions.
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Mamada H, Murayama A, Ozaki A, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Sawano T, Yamashita E, Bhandari D, Shrestha S, Tanimoto T. Observational study of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest among the Japanese government advisory board members concerning coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32776. [PMID: 36705373 PMCID: PMC9875957 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional analysis aimed to assess the extent of conflicts of interest among the Japanese government coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) advisory board members and elucidate the accuracy of conflicts of interest (COI) disclosure and management strategies. Using the payment data from all 79 pharmaceutical companies in Japan between 2017 and 2019 and direct research grants from the Japanese government between 2019 and 2020, we evaluated the extent of financial and non-financial COI among all 20 Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members. The Ethic Committee of the Medical Governance Research Institute approved this study. Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members were predominantly male (75.0%) and physicians (50.0%). Between 2019 and 2020, 2 members (10.0%) received a total of $819,244 in government research funding. Another 5 members (25.0%) received $532,127 in payments, including $276,722 in personal fees, from 31 pharmaceutical companies between 2017 and 2019. The average value of the pharmaceutical payments was $9155 (standard deviation: $12,975). Furthermore, neither the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare nor the Japanese Cabinet Secretariat disclosed financial or non-financial COI with industry. Additionally, the government had no policies for managing COI among advisory board members. This study found that the Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board had financial and non-financial COI with pharmaceutical companies and the government. Furthermore, personal communication received as part of this research indicated that there were no rigorous COI management strategies for the COVID-19 advisory board members. Any government must ensure the independence of scientific advisory boards by implementing more rigorous and transparent management strategies that require the declaration and public disclosure of all COI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanano Mamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Anju Murayama
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * Correspondence: Anju Murayama, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takanao Hashimoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Internal medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Soma, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Sawano
- Department of Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Divya Bhandari
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navitas Clinic, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Murayama A, Hoshi M, Saito H, Kamamoto S, Tanaka M, Kawashima M, Mamada H, Kusumi E, Sapkota B, Shrestha S, Shrestha R, Bhandari D, Sawano T, Yamashita E, Tanimoto T, Ozaki A. Nature and Trends in Personal Payments Made to the Respiratory Physicians by Pharmaceutical Companies in Japan between 2016 and 2019. Respiration 2022; 101:1088-1098. [PMID: 36353778 PMCID: PMC9811425 DOI: 10.1159/000526576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financial relationships between healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies have historically caused conflicts of interest and unduly influenced patient care. However, little was known about such relationship and its effect in clinical practice among specialists in respiratory medicine. METHODS Based on the retrospective analysis of payment data made available by all 92 pharmaceutical companies in Japan, this study evaluated the magnitude and trend of financial relationships between all board-certified Japanese respiratory specialists and pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. Magnitude and prevalence of payments for specialists were analyzed descriptively. The payment trends were assessed using the generalized estimating equations for the payment per specialist and the number of specialists with payments. RESULTS Among all 7,114 respiratory specialists certified as of August 2021, 4,413 (62.0%) received a total of USD 53,547,391 and 74,195 counts from 72 (78.3%) pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2019. The median (interquartile range) 4-year combined payment values per specialist were USD 2,210 (USD 715-8,178). At maximum, one specialist received USD 495,332 personal payments over the 4 years. Both payments per specialist and number of specialists with payments significantly increased during the 4-year period, with 7.8% (95% CI: 5.5-9.8; p < 0.001) in payments and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.61-2.4; p = 0.001) in number of specialists with payments, respectively. CONCLUSION The majority of respiratory specialists had increasingly received more personal payments from pharmaceutical companies for the reimbursement of lecturing, consulting, and writing between 2016 and 2019. These increasing financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies might cause conflicts of interest among respiratory physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Murayama
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,*Anju Murayama,
| | - Momoko Hoshi
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Public Health Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sae Kamamoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Moe Kawashima
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Eiji Kusumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navitas Clinic Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated to Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacy, District Hospital Lamjung, Besisahar, Nepal
| | | | - Toyoaki Sawano
- Department of Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navitas Clinic, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Japan
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Mamada H, Murayama A, Kamamoto S, Kaneda Y, Yoshida M, Sugiura S, Yamashita E, Kusumi E, Saito H, Sawano T, Tanimoto T, Vassar M, Ozieranski P, Ozaki A. Evaluation of Financial and Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest and Quality of Evidence Underlying Psoriatic Arthritis Clinical Practice Guidelines: Analysis of Personal Payments From Pharmaceutical Companies and Authors' Self-Citation Rate in Japan and the United States. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2022; 75:1278-1286. [PMID: 36194077 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess financial conflicts of interest (COI) and nonfinancial COI among psoriatic arthritis (PsA) clinical practice guideline (CPG) authors in Japan and the US, and to evaluate the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations of PsA CPGs. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis using payment data from major Japanese pharmaceutical companies and the US Open Payments Database from 2016 to 2018. All authors of PsA CPGs issued by the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) were included. RESULTS Of 23 CPG authors in Japan, 21 (91.3%) received at least 1 payment, with a combined total of $3,335,413 between 2016 and 2018. Regarding 25 US authors, 21 (84.0%) received at least 1 payment, with a combined total of $4,081,629 during the same period. The 3-year combined mean ± SD payment per author was $145,018 ± $114,302 in Japan and $162,825 ± $259,670 in the US. A total of 18 authors (78.3%) of the JDA PsA CPG and 12 authors (48.0%) of the ACR PsA CPG had undisclosed financial COI worth $474,663 and $218,501, respectively. The percentage of citations with at least 1 CPG author relative to total citations was 3.4% in Japan and 33.6% in the US. In sum, 71.4% and 88.8% of recommendations for PsA in the JDA and ACR were supported by low or very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION More rigorous cross-checking of information disclosed by pharmaceutical companies and self-reported by physicians and more stringent and transparent COI policies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanano Mamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, and Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Anju Murayama
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, and Tohoku University school of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sae Kamamoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yudai Kaneda
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, and Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Sota Sugiura
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt Vassar
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa
| | | | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation and Medical Governance Research Institute, Iwaki, Japan
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Murayama A, Kamamoto S, Saito H, Yamada K, Bhandari D, Shoji I, Mamada H, Kawashima M, Yamashita E, Kusumi E, Sawano T, Sapkota B, Tanimoto T, Ozaki A. Pharmaceutical Payments to Japanese Board-Certified Infectious Disease Specialists: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis of Payments from 92 Pharmaceutical Companies between 2016 and 2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19127417. [PMID: 35742661 PMCID: PMC9223711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Backgrounds: Conflict of interest with pharmaceutical companies is one of the most concerned issues in infectious diseases. However, there is a lack of whole picture of detailed payments in Japan. Methods: This retrospective study assessed financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and all infectious disease specialists board-certified by the Japanese Association for Infectious Disease, using publicly disclosed payment data from 92 major pharmaceutical companies. Descriptive analyses were conducted for the payments. Payment trends were examined by the generalized estimating equations. Results: Of 1614 board-certified infection disease specialists, 1055 (65.4%) received a total of $17,784,070 payments, corresponding to 21,680 contracts between 2016 and 2019. The mean ± SD and median (interquartile range: IQR) were $16,857 ± $45,010 and $3183 ($938–$11,250) in payments. All board executive members of Japanese Association of Infectious Disease received higher payments averaging $163,792. There were no significant changes in payments per specialist (annual change rate: −1.4% [95% CI: −4.7–2.3%], p = 0.48) and prevalence of specialists with payments (annual change rate: −1.4% [95% CI: −3.1–0.2%], p = 0.093) over the four years. Conclusion: There were substantial financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and board-certified infectious disease specialists in Japan. Furthermore, high ranked specialists such as those in the executive board had stronger financial ties with the companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Murayama
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
- School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai City 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-90-6321-6996
| | - Sae Kamamoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
- School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu City 431-2102, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Sendai City 980-0873, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Kohki Yamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Divya Bhandari
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Iori Shoji
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Hanano Mamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Moe Kawashima
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
| | - Eiji Kusumi
- Navitas Clinic Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku 160-0022, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Toyoaki Sawano
- Department of Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki City 972-8322, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Binaya Sapkota
- Nobel College Faculty of Health Sciences, Pokhara University, Kathmandu 33700, Nepal;
| | - Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navitas Clinic, Tachikawa City 160-0022, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato-ku 108-0074, Tokyo, Japan; (S.K.); (K.Y.); (D.B.); (I.S.); (H.M.); (M.K.); (E.Y.); (T.T.); (A.O.)
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki City 972-8322, Fukushima, Japan
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Hashimoto T, Murayama A, Mamada H, Saito H, Tanimoto T, Ozaki A. Evaluation of Financial Conflicts of Interest and Drug Statements in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Clinical Practice Guideline in Japan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:460-462. [PMID: 34826620 PMCID: PMC8610564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanao Hashimoto
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Sendai City Medical Center, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Anju Murayama
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan; Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Hanano Mamada
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navitas Clinic, Tachikawa City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Breast Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki City, Fukushima, Japan
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Mamada H, Sato T, Ota M, Sasaki H. Cell competition in mouse NIH3T3 embryonic fibroblasts is controlled by the activity of Tead family proteins and Myc. Development 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kato S, Tajiri T, Matsukura N, Matsuda N, Taniai N, Mamada H, Yoshida H, Kiyam T, Naito Z. Genetic polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, cytochrome p450 2E1 for liver cancer risk in HCV antibody-positive japanese patients and the variations of CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in the liver due to its polymorphism. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:886-93. [PMID: 12940444 DOI: 10.1080/00365520310004489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in persons with liver cirrhosis (LC) arises following hepatitis virus infection. Alcohol may accelerate the risk of development of LC and HCC. Cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1) oxidizes ethanol to form acetaldehyde and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) detoxifies acetaldehyde, which is carcinogenic in humans, and both alcohol-metabolizing enzymes show the genetic polymorphisms in a Japanese population. METHODS Using polymorphism analysis, we studied the frequency of ALDH2 functional deletion due to the G to A single-bp mutation in exon 12 and CYP2E1 polymorphism in the transcriptional region, both associated with higher levels of acetaldehyde, in 135 patients with LC and/or HCC, including 99 with HCC, and 135 non-cancer controls. The mRNA expression levels of CYP2E1 in the liver were also examined in 55 surgical specimens. RESULTS The allelic frequency of the homozygous ALDH2 2-2 genotype, coding for the enzyme deletion, was significantly higher compared to that of the homozygous or heterozygous ALDH2 1-1 genotypes in cases with HCC (OR = 5.4, 95% CI 2.1-14.0). There were no differences in the frequencies of specific genotypes of CYP2E1 in cases of HCC, but combined analysis of ALDH2 and CYP2E1 revealed that the odds ratio of occurrence of the C1/C1 homozygosity of CYP2E1 and the ALDH2 2-2 homozygosity was as high as 23.0 (2.9-182). The mRNA levels of CYP2E1 were higher in the liver of patients with the C1/C1 homozygosity of CYP2E1 than in those with other genotypes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS ALDH2 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms may modify the risk of development of HCC against the background of LC in the Japanese. Polymorphism analysis of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes using molecular techniques may be useful in the risk assessment of liver cancer in patients with hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Surgery for Organ Function and Biological Regulation, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The avian B cell differentiation Ag chB1 is a membrane glycoprotein relative of the mammalian B cell differentiation Ag CD72. Unlike CD72, this C-type lectin is expressed in relatively high levels on immature B cells in the bursa of Fabricius and is down-regulated on mature B cells in the periphery. An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the chB1 cytoplasmic tail suggests a potential regulatory role in intrabursal B cell development. To gain further insight into the selective expression and function of chB1, we determined the genomic organization of chB1 and examined the mechanism of its transcriptional regulation. The 8-exon chB1 gene proved to have very similar organization to that of mouse CD72, further supporting the idea that chB1 is a CD72 relative. As for mouse CD72, the chB1 promoter region lacks a TATA box but contains a conserved initiator element. The 131-bp region (-161 to -30) proximal to the transcriptional start site, which contains a potential early B cell factor binding site, is essential for the B lineage stage-specific transcription of chB1, whereas PU.1 and B cell-specific activator protein/Pax5 have been shown to play important roles in CD72 promoter activity and cell-type specificity. This analysis suggests that differences in transcriptional regulation of these phylogenetically related genes may determine the differences in expression pattern and, therefore, the function of avian chB1 and mammalian CD72 during B cell development.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Binding Sites/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chickens
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Introns
- Lectins/chemistry
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goitsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Taniai N, Onda M, Tajiri T, Akimaru K, Yoshida H, Yokomuro S, Mamada H, Mineda S, Yoshioka M, Hirakata A, Yoshimura K, Yamada S, Migita M, Ikezaki H, Shitara T, Terasima K. [The first case of living-related liver transplantation in Nippon Medical School Hospital]. J NIPPON MED SCH 2000; 67:384-7. [PMID: 11031373 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.67.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Taniai
- Department of Surgery (I), Nippon Medical School Hospital
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Goitsuka R, Fujimura Y, Mamada H, Umeda A, Morimura T, Uetsuka K, Doi K, Tsuji S, Kitamura D. BASH, a novel signaling molecule preferentially expressed in B cells of the bursa of Fabricius. J Immunol 1998; 161:5804-8. [PMID: 9834055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius is a gut-associated lymphoid organ that is essential for the generation of a diversified B cell repertoire in the chicken. We describe here a novel gene preferentially expressed in bursal B cells. The gene encodes an 85-kDa protein, designated BASH (B cell adaptor containing SH2 domain), that contains N-terminal acidic domains with SH2 domain-binding phosphotyrosine-based motifs, a proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. BASH shows a substantial sequence similarity to SLP-76, an adaptor protein functioning in TCR-signal transduction. BASH becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated with the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) cross-link or by coexpression with Syk and Lyn and associates with signaling molecules including Syk and a putative chicken Shc homologue. Overexpression of BASH results in suppression of the NF-AT activation induced by BCR-cross-linking. These findings suggest that BASH is involved in BCR-mediated signal transduction and could play a critical role in B cell development in the bursa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Goitsuka
- Inheritance and Variation Group, PREST, JST, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
A new peptide antibiotic named takaokamycin was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. AC-1978, a soil isolate. It exhibits antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive bacteria. The molecular weight was found to be 1,130 on the basis of elemental analysis, FD-mass spectrum and 1H and 13C NMR. Acid hydrolysate of takaokamycin contains isoleucine, threonine and unidentified amino acids.
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Omura S, Tanaka Y, Mamada H, Masuma R. Effect of ammonium ion, inorganic phosphate and amino acids on the biosynthesis of protylonolide, a precursor of tylosin aglycone. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1984; 37:494-502. [PMID: 6735923 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.37.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The production of tylosin by Streptomyces fradiae KA-427 in a defined medium was inhibited by ammonium ions and by inorganic phosphate. The production of protylonolide, an early lactonic intermediate of tylosin biosynthesis with the same carbon skeleton as tylosin aglycone, by a mutant of strain KA-427 was also reduced by these two kinds of ions. In contrast, the bioconversion of protylonolide to tylosin by another mutant was less susceptible to ammonium ions but was sensitive to inorganic phosphate. The addition of protylonolide to a culture of S. fradiae KA-427 increased the tylosin yield, suggesting that aglycone synthesis is limiting under the conditions used. When L-valine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, or the corresponding 2-keto acid was added to the culture medium, the protylonolide titer increased. The addition of [14C]valine gave rise to [14C]protylonolide. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed that iso-butyrate, which is a valine metabolite, was incorporated into protylonolide at the carbons known to originate from propionate and n-butyrate. Taking account of these findings, the regulation of tylosin biosynthesis in S. fradiae by ammonium ion is discussed in relation to amino acid metabolism.
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Omura S, Tanaka Y, Mamada H, Masuma R. Ammonium ion suppresses the biosynthesis of tylosin aglycone by interference with valine catabolism in Streptomyces fradiae. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1983; 36:1792-4. [PMID: 6662823 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.36.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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