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Sung MH, Billings WZ, Carlock MA, Hanley HB, Bahl J, Handel A, Ross TM, Shen Y. Assessment of Humoral Immune Responses to Repeated Influenza Vaccination in a Multiyear Cohort: A 5-Year Follow-up. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:322-326. [PMID: 37624957 PMCID: PMC10873184 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of host factors on vaccine-elicited immune responses have not been well studied, and the interactions of host factors with annual influenza vaccinations are yet to be explored. We analyzed data from a cohort of 386 individuals who received the standard-dose influenza vaccine and enrolled in ≥2 seasons from 2016 to 2020. Our analyses indicated disparate vaccine-elicited immune responses between males and females in adults when they were repeatedly vaccinated for at least 2 seasons. Notably, we found interactive effects between age and body mass index (BMI) on overall immune responses, and between sex at birth and BMI in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Sung
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - W Zane Billings
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hannah B Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Justin Bahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
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Tong X, Deng Y, Cizmeci D, Fontana L, Carlock MA, Hanley HB, McNamara RP, Lingwood D, Ross TM, Alter G. Distinct Functional Humoral Immune Responses Are Induced after Live Attenuated and Inactivated Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. J Immunol 2024; 212:24-34. [PMID: 37975667 PMCID: PMC10872955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect 5-30% of the world's population annually, resulting in millions of incidents of hospitalization and thousands of mortalities worldwide every year. Although annual vaccination has significantly reduced hospitalization rates in vulnerable populations, the current vaccines are estimated to offer a wide range of protection from 10 to 60% annually. Such incomplete immunity may be related to both poor antigenic coverage of circulating strains, as well as to the insufficient induction of protective immunity. Beyond the role of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), vaccine-induced Abs have the capacity to induce a broader array of Ab effector functions, including Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, that has been implicated in universal immunity against influenza viruses. However, whether different vaccine platforms can induce functional humoral immunity in a distinct manner remains incompletely defined. In this study, we compared vaccine-induced humoral immune responses induced by two seasonal influenza vaccines in Homo sapiens, the i.m. inactivated vaccine (IIV/Fluzone) and the live attenuated mucosal vaccine (LAIV/FluMist). Whereas the inactivated influenza vaccine induced superior Ab titers and FcγR binding capacity to diverse HA and NA Ags, the live attenuated influenza mucosal vaccine induced a more robust functional humoral immune response against both the HA and NA domains. Multivariate Ab analysis further highlighted the significantly different overall functional humoral immune profiles induced by the two vaccines, marked by differences in IgG titers, FcR binding, and both NK cell-recruiting and opsonophagocytic Ab functions. These results highlight the striking differences in Ab Fc-effector profiles induced systemically by two distinct influenza vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Fontana
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah B. Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Simon V, Kota V, Bloomquist RF, Hanley HB, Forgacs D, Pahwa S, Pallikkuth S, Miller LG, Schaenman J, Yeaman MR, Manthei D, Wolf J, Gaur AH, Estepp JH, Srivastava K, Carreño JM, Cuevas F, Ellebedy AH, Gordon A, Valdez R, Cobey S, Reed EF, Kolhe R, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S, Ross TM, Krammer F. PARIS and SPARTA: Finding the Achilles' Heel of SARS-CoV-2. mSphere 2022; 7:e0017922. [PMID: 35586986 PMCID: PMC9241545 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00179-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand reinfection rates and correlates of protection for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we established eight different longitudinal cohorts in 2020 under the umbrella of the PARIS (Protection Associated with Rapid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2)/SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence And Respiratory Tract Assessment) studies. Here, we describe the PARIS/SPARTA cohorts, the harmonized assays and analysis that are performed across the cohorts, as well as case definitions for SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection that have been established by the team of PARIS/SPARTA investigators. IMPORTANCE Determining reinfection rates and correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection induced by both natural infection and vaccination is of high significance for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, understanding reinfections or infection after vaccination and the role immune escape plays in these scenarios will inform the need for updates of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and help update guidelines suitable for the postpandemic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vamsi Kota
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan F. Bloomquist
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah B. Hanley
- Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Loren G. Miller
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Joanna Schaenman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael R. Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - David Manthei
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aditya H. Gaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremie H. Estepp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frans Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - PARIS/SPARTA Study Group,
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Riccardo Valdez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elaine F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Forgacs D, Moraes VS, Hanley HB, Gattiker JL, Jefferson AM, Ross TM. The effect of waning on antibody levels and memory B cell recall following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35313572 PMCID: PMC8936119 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.16.484099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As of March 2022, there have been over 450 million reported SARS-CoV-2 cases worldwide, and more than 4 billion people have received their primary series of a COVID-19 vaccine. In order to longitudinally track SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in people after vaccination or infection, a large-scale COVID-19 sero-surveillance progam entitled SPARTA (SeroPrevalence and Respiratory Tract Assessment) was established early in the pandemic. Anti-RBD antibody levels were tracked in more than 1,000 people. There was no significant decrease in antibody levels during the first 14 months after infection in unvaccinated participants, however, significant waning of antibody levels was observed following vaccination, regardless of previous infection status. Moreover, participants who were pre-immune to SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination seroconverted to significantly higher antibody levels, and antibodies were maintained at significantly higher levels than in previously infected, unvaccinated participants. This pattern was entirely due to differences in the magnitude of the initial seroconversion event, and the rate of antibody waning was not significantly different based on the pre-immune status. Participants who received a third (booster) dose of an mRNA vaccine not only increased their anti-RBD antibody levels ~14-fold, but they also had ~3 times more anti-RBD antibodies compared to the peak of their antibody levels after receiving their primary vaccine series. In order to ascertain whether the presence of serum antibodies is important for long-term seroprotection, PBMCs from 13 participants who lost all detectable circulating antibodies after vaccination or infection were differentiated into memory cells in vitro. There was a significant recall of memory B cells in the absence of serum antibodies in 70% of the vaccinated participants, but not in any of the infected participants. Therefore, there is a strong connection between anti-RBD antibody levels and the effectiveness of memory B cell recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Vanessa S Moraes
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah B Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jasper L Gattiker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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5
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Forgacs D, Jang H, Abreu RB, Hanley HB, Gattiker JL, Jefferson AM, Ross TM. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Elicit Different Responses in Immunologically Naïve and Pre-Immune Humans. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728021. [PMID: 34646267 PMCID: PMC8502960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the authorization of vaccines for emergency use has been crucial in slowing down the rate of infection and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. In order to investigate the longitudinal serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and vaccination, a large-scale, multi-year serosurveillance program entitled SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence and Respiratory Tract Assessment) was initiated at 4 locations in the U.S. The serological assay presented here measuring IgG binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) detected antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination with a 95.5% sensitivity and a 95.9% specificity. We used this assay to screen more than 3100 participants and selected 20 previously infected pre-immune and 32 immunologically naïve participants to analyze their antibody binding to RBD and viral neutralization (VN) responses following vaccination with two doses of either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccination not only elicited a more robust immune reaction than natural infection, but the level of neutralizing and anti-RBD antibody binding after vaccination is also significantly higher in pre-immune participants compared to immunologically naïve participants (p<0.0033). Furthermore, the administration of the second vaccination did not further increase the neutralizing or binding antibody levels in pre-immune participants (p=0.69). However, ~46% of the immunologically naïve participants required both vaccinations to seroconvert.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rodrigo B Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah B Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jasper L Gattiker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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6
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Forgacs D, Jang H, Abreu RB, Hanley HB, Gattiker JL, Jefferson AM, Ross TM. Functional characterization of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicited antibodies in immunologically naïve and pre-immune humans. bioRxiv 2021:2021.05.29.445137. [PMID: 34100015 PMCID: PMC8183011 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.29.445137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the authorization of vaccines for emergency use has been crucial in slowing down the rate of infection and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. In order to investigate the longitudinal serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 natural infection and vaccination, a large-scale, multi-year serosurveillance program entitled SPARTA (SARS SeroPrevalence and Respiratory Tract Assessment) was initiated at 4 locations in the U.S. The serological assay presented here measuring IgG binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) detected antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination with a 95.5% sensitivity and a 95.9% specificity. We used this assay to screen more than 3100 participants and selected 20 previously infected pre-immune and 32 immunologically naïve participants to analyze their antibody binding to RBD and viral neutralization (VN) responses following vaccination with two doses of either the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 or the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccination not only elicited a more robust immune reaction than natural infection, but the level of neutralizing and anti-RBD antibody binding after vaccination is also significantly higher in pre-immune participants compared to immunologically naïve participants (p<0.0033). Furthermore, the administration of the second vaccination did not further increase the neutralizing or binding antibody levels in pre-immune participants (p=0.69). However, ~46% of the immunologically naïve participants required both vaccinations to seroconvert.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rodrigo B. Abreu
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah B. Hanley
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jasper L. Gattiker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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