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Pattison KL, Lehman E, Molinari A, Costigan H, Pileggi F, Stuckey H, Sekhar DL. Evaluating the Impact of Aevidum on Mental Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Help-Seeking Behaviors in High School Students: A Mixed-Methods Study. Am J Health Promot 2024; 38:53-67. [PMID: 37776315 PMCID: PMC10748452 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231204473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare Aevidum's school mental health curriculum vs the curriculum plus Aevidum clubs in a mixed-methods study including pre/post surveys, a randomized clinical trial, and qualitative interviews. DESIGN Concurrent mixed-methods: Aim 1) pre-post surveys evaluated curriculum only vs curriculum plus club schools separately regarding changes in knowledge, help-seeking, and school culture; Aim 2) randomized clinical trial compared curriculum only to curriculum plus club schools; Aim 3) qualitative school staff interviews enhanced understanding of school culture changes. SETTING Curriculum delivered to 9th graders at ten Pennsylvania high schools; 5 schools randomized to start clubs. SUBJECTS Students (surveys), staff (interviews). INTERVENTION Aevidum curriculum plus/minus club. MEASURES Aim 1, mixed effects linear and logistic regression models for longitudinal data were used to analyze survey items at each time point. Aim 2, the same regression models were used, except models included a fixed-effect for group and group by time interaction effect. Aim 3, interviews were transcribed; a codebook was developed followed by thematic analysis. RESULTS Pre-survey 2557 respondents; 49% female, 86% non-Hispanic white. Post-survey 737 (29% response rate). Aim 1, pre-post (Likert responses, larger numbers favorable) demonstrated increased student knowledge to identify depression (4.26 [4.19-4.33] to 4.59 [4.47-4.71], P < .001) and help a friend access support (4.30 [4.21-4.38] to 4.56 [4.40-4.71], P = .001). Help-seeking increased for phone helplines (1.61 [1.57-1.66] to 1.78 [1.70-1.86], P < .001), crisis textlines (1.60 [1.55-1.64] to 1.78 [1.70-1.86], P < .001), internet/websites (1.80 [1.75-1.85] to 1.99 [1.90-2.08], P < .001), school counselors (P = .005) and teachers (.013). Aim 2, no significant differences in knowledge, help-seeking or culture between curriculum only vs curriculum plus club schools. Aim 3, staff (n = 17) interviews supported reduced stigma and increased mental health referrals. CONCLUSIONS Aevidum's curriculum improved mental health knowledge and help-seeking; adding the club did not significantly change responses. Staff identified positive school culture impacts. Limitations include the lower post-survey response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L. Pattison
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Erik Lehman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alissa Molinari
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Heather Costigan
- Qualitative and Mixed Methods Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Heather Stuckey
- Qualitative and Mixed Methods Core, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Deepa L. Sekhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Walser SA, Costigan H, Stuckey HL, Berg A, Stephens MB. The Opaque Language of Sexuality: Medical Students' and Providers' Beliefs About Virginity. Arch Sex Behav 2023; 52:2619-2638. [PMID: 37039944 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Although virginity is not a medical term and is instead socially constructed, it remains unknown what medical providers believe about the biological basis of virginity. This study explored providers' and medical students' beliefs about virginity and the potential impact of such beliefs on healthcare. This was a concurrent mixed-method survey study of 124 medical students and 216 healthcare providers (Registered Nurse, Physician Assistant, Nurse Practitioner, and Doctor of Medicine) at Penn State Health and The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. Participants rated their level of agreement with common misconceptions about virginity on a six-point Likert scale. Open-ended questions gave respondents the opportunity to define virginity and to describe terms like virgin and virginal in the context of sexual experience and the medical lexicon. We identified common themes in the qualitative data using thematic analysis. Frequencies of misconceptions and statistically significant demographic associations were identified in the quantitative data. Definitions of virginity were varied and vague, most with negative connotations. A majority of respondents said that virginity has no biological basis. Many participants identified downsides to use of terms like virgin, virginity, and virginal in medicine. The most prevalent misconceptions about virginity were related to the hymen. Seventeen percent of students and 26% of providers at least somewhat agreed that it was possible to determine whether a person has engaged in vaginal intercourse through a gynecological exam. Misconceptions about virginity persist in medicine and bias, even if unintended, may impact the quality-of-care people with vaginas receive. Language around sexual health should be specific, inclusive, clinically relevant, and free from judgment. Medical education must continue to work to eliminate the concept of a biological basis to virginity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Walser
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, University Park Regional Campus, 1850 East Park Ave., State College, PA, 16801, USA.
| | - Heather Costigan
- Department of Humanities and Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Heather L Stuckey
- Department of Humanities and Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mark B Stephens
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, University Park Regional Campus, State College, PA, USA
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Bluethmann SM, VanDyke E, Costigan H, O'Shea C, Van Scoy LJ. Exploring the acceptability of the 'smart cane' to support mobility in older cancer survivors and older adults: A mixed methods study. J Geriatr Oncol 2023; 14:101451. [PMID: 36871444 PMCID: PMC10106442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 25% of older cancer survivors (i.e., ≥ 65 years, with cancer history) use ≥1 mobility device, surpassing usage by other older adults. Few tools exist for older "survivors" to regain function or follow lifestyle recommendations. Our goal was to explore opportunities to leverage technology-enabled mobility devices, such as the "smart cane," to support mobility goals in these survivors. The research objective was to assess perceptions related to acceptability, usability and preferences of participants regarding technology-enabled mobility devices in everyday life. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a convergent mixed-methods design, analyzing quantitative data followed by qualitative focus groups. A pre-survey derived from the Senior Technology Acceptance Model assessed the acceptability of technology-enabled devices among participants, who also participated in one of three focus groups delivered via Zoom. The Zoom sessions included facilitated 90-min discussions and video demonstration of the smart cane. Focus group sessions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and thematic content analysis was conducted. RESULTS We recruited 12 older US survivors. Participants were 58% female, aged 68-86, and 16% non-White. From a pre-survey of participants, 83% said that they liked the idea of technology-enhanced mobility device and 100% said they thought they could be skillful at using a technology-enabled device if training was provided. Though participants were enthusiastic about the smart cane overall and felt the smart cane supported independence for older adults, the themes revealed concerns about safety, accessibility and technology support, as well as the concern for negative impact on self-image due to use of a mobility device. There was a strong preference for working with clinical professionals as the most trusted sources for referrals, if a smart cane was suggested. DISCUSSION Older survivors in our sample found the smart cane very acceptable, and supportive of independence for older adults with cancer and other conditions. Participants also provided many insights that revealed additional research needed to support access, safety and usability for older adults, older survivors and caregivers, especially by partnering with clinical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley M Bluethmann
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America.
| | - Erika VanDyke
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Heather Costigan
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles O'Shea
- Stakeholders for Care in Oncology & Research for Our Elders Board (SCOREboard), Part of the Cancer and Aging Research Group, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States of America
| | - Lauren Jodi Van Scoy
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America; Department of Humanities and Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
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Van Scoy LJ, Duda SH, Scott AM, Baker A, Costigan H, Loeffler M, Sherman MS, Brown MD. A mixed methods study exploring requests for unproven COVID therapies such as ivermectin and healthcare distrust in the rural South. Prev Med Rep 2022; 31:102104. [PMID: 36619802 PMCID: PMC9804965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to contentious discourse regarding unproven COVID-19 therapies (UCTs),(e.g. ivermectin). Despite recommendations against it, ivermectin remains, in some areas, highly demanded. The goal of this study is to understand patient and provider perspectives about UCTs (e.g., ivermectin) and how responses to requests for UCTs impact healthcare distrust. This mixed methods observational study was conducted in a rural healthcare system in the Southern United States. Adults (n = 26) with a history of COVID-19 or clinicians (n = 8) from the same system were interviewed using questionnaires assessing healthcare distrust and qualitatively interviewed exploring perceptions about UCTs. Patient themes were: 1) Importance of anecdotal stories for decision-making; 2) Use of haphazard approaches to 'research'; 3) Strong distrust of government and healthcare organizations; 4) Inherent trust in local healthcare; 5) Decision-making as weighing pros/cons; and 6) Feeling a right to try medications. High survey medians indicated high distrust with differences of 8.5 points for those who requested/used ivermectin versus those who did not (p = 0.027). Clinician themes were: 1) Frustration when patients trust social media over clinicians; 2) Acceptance of community beliefs about UCTs; 3) Distrust originating outside of the healthcare system; 4) Feeling torn about prescribing UCTs to build trust; and 5) Variable educational strategies. When clinicians are perceived as aligned with government, this may void patients' trust of clinicians. Clinicians should leverage trust in local healthcare and distance themselves from distrusted information sources. Ethical questions arise regarding appropriateness of acquiescing to patient requests for ivermectin for building trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Van Scoy
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,Corresponding author at: Humanities and Public Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H-041, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, United States.
| | - Sarah H. Duda
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Arian Baker
- Colquitt Regional Medical Center, Moultrie, GA, United States
| | - Heather Costigan
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Morgan Loeffler
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Van Scoy LJ, Costigan H, Smith RA, Snyder B, Martin MA, Myrick JG, Small ML, Lennon RP. Mixed-methods Analysis of Adults Likely versus Unlikely to Get a COVID-19 Vaccination. Am J Health Behav 2022; 46:467-476. [PMID: 36109856 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.46.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This mixed-methods study compared perspectives of those 'very likely' versus 'very unlikely' to receive a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: We used an explanatory, sequential, mixed- methods design to analyze quantitative data from a rural Pennsylvania sample. Of the 976 participants, 67 selected 'very unlikely' to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Responses to open-ended questions: "What worries you the most about the COVID 19 pandemic?" and "What are your thoughts about a potential COVID 19 vaccine?" were qualitatively compared to answers from the 67 participants who selected 'very likely' to get the COVID-19 vaccine. We used descriptive content analysis to compare themes across the 2 groups. Results: Both groups had thematic commonalities related to their concerns. Themes that were more common among those 'very unlikely' to get vaccinated included concern for politics overriding vaccine safety and rushed vaccine development timeline, whereas themes related to hope and optimism about vaccination were exclusive to the 'very likely' group. Conclusions: Shared beliefs existed across groups with different intents to vaccinate; yet, identification with vaccine spokespersons differed. Messaging campaigns can use these commonalities to address vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Van Scoy
- Lauren J. Van Scoy, Department of Medicine, Department of Humanities, and Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States;,
| | - Heather Costigan
- Heather Costigan, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rachel A Smith
- Rachel A. Smith, Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bethany Snyder
- Bethany Snyder, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Molly A Martin
- Molly A. Martin, Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jessica G Myrick
- Jessica G. Myrick, Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States. Meg L. Small, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Meg L Small
- Meg L. Small, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Robert P Lennon
- Robert P. Lennon, Department of Family and Community Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, and Penn State Law, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Helm MF, Kimball AB, Butt M, Stuckey H, Costigan H, Shinkai K, Nagler AR. Challenges for dermatologists during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Int J Womens Dermatol 2022; 8:e013. [PMID: 35620026 PMCID: PMC9112396 DOI: 10.1097/jw9.0000000000000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burnout is increasing in all fields of medicine, including dermatology. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presented new and additional challenges for dermatologists. Objective Dermatologists of different ages, areas of expertise, and practice settings were convened in 5 focus group to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their clinical practice, working environment, and personal lives. Methods Qualitative analysis of the discussions w\s performed on the result of the 5 focus groups of dermatologists (n = 22). Groups were prompted with questions relating to their jobs, personal lives, teledermatology, and pandemic. Responses were recorded, transcribed, deidentified, and coded for recurring themes. The focus groups occurred via a secure videoconferencing platform between December 2020 and January 2021. All participants were currently practicing dermatology in a variety of setting including academic institutions, private practices, and multiple practice types. General dermatologists, residents in training, dermatologic surgeons, dermatopathologists, and dermatologists with significant administrative or educational duties were included. Results We identified 4 main themes from the focus group discussions regarding dermatologist and physician wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) adjusting to new administrative, staffing, and educational demands; (2) integration of work as a dermatologist with family life; (3) new technologies such as teledermatology; and (4) adjusting to change with redefining personal and professional priorities. Limitations The small number of participants in our convenience cohort disproportionately represented academic dermatologists. Impacts of regional COVID-19 vaccination rates and ideological differences in different geographical locations were not assessed. All of our participants were located in the United States. Physicians severely impacted by health or financial concerns may not have been able to participate in our study. We did not have a comparison group and did not measure or assess burnout in individual participants. Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were common changes and stressors that dermatologists experienced, which affected physician wellbeing. Identifying and addressing these changes could offer the opportunity to improve the wellbeing of dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Helm
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexa B. Kimball
- Department of Dermatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Butt
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather Stuckey
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Penn State Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather Costigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Penn State Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kanade Shinkai
- Department of Dermatology, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Arielle R. Nagler
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Bone C, Wendel N, Leong SL, Snyder B, Costigan H, Bowen J, Sell J, Kawasaki S, Giampetro D, Dissinger D, Milchak B, Reedy-Cooper A, Stuckey H. Preparing for the future of medical education: A case series of traditional and virtual clinical rotations in addiction medicine spanning the COVID pandemic. Subst Abus 2022; 43:884-891. [PMID: 35179457 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2028702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Substance use accounts for more than 400,000 deaths annually in the United States and overdose rates surged during the COVID pandemic. While the pandemic created increased pressure for better prepared providers, it simultaneously placed restrictions on medical training programs. The purpose of this educational case series is to assess the feasibility of a virtual addiction medicine training program and conduct a qualitative evaluation of medical student attitudes toward caring for people with substance use disorders, both before and after their addiction medicine training experience. Methods: We conducted a qualitative analysis related to course content focused on strengths and limitations of in-person and virtual training modalities. Individual quotes were evaluated and content themes were developed after a thorough review of all codes and detailed examination of interviewee quotes. Results: The primary themes that emerged were (1) Addiction medicine content is important to improve care of patients with substance disorders and is not fully addressed in undergraduate medical education (2) In-person and virtual training contain unique strengths and weaknesses and (3) Students perceived that both experiences provided positive and needed training in addiction medicine that shifted perspective and enhanced confidence to practice. Conclusions: Remote training via virtual lectures and patient visits may enhance training opportunities for students with limited exposure to addiction medicine patients and faculty with addiction medicine expertise. There is a need to further refine virtual care for patients with SUDs and virtual training to meet the needs of patients and learners across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Bone
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nils Wendel
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shou Ling Leong
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bethany Snyder
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Costigan
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joy Bowen
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jarrett Sell
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Kawasaki
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Giampetro
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Don Dissinger
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bill Milchak
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexis Reedy-Cooper
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather Stuckey
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Costigan H, Delaby L, Walsh S, Fitzgerald R, Kennedy E. The effect of weaning age and post-weaning feeding regime on growth and fertility of pasture-based Holstein-Friesian and Jersey dairy heifers. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Miller ZD, Huang JW, Costigan H, Luo J, Deng HJ, Xu XQ, Taff BD, Sun C, Yang X, Wang ZL, Lin D, Qu SW, Pan B, Li GM, Newman P. A Cross-cultural Examination of the Noise-sensitivity Scale-short Form: Measurement Invariance Testing between the US and Chinese Samples. Biomed Environ Sci 2018; 31:851-854. [PMID: 30558706 DOI: 10.3967/bes2018.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Miller
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jun Wu Huang
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Heather Costigan
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Hui Juan Deng
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Xiao Qing Xu
- Department of Landscape, College of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B Derrick Taff
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Zhong Lei Wang
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Dan Lin
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Shu Wen Qu
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Bing Pan
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guang Ming Li
- Department of Tourism Management, Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Peter Newman
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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