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Franklin TR, Spilka NH, Keyser H, Maron M, Jagannathan K, Wetherill RR. Impact of the natural hormonal milieu on ventral striatal responses to appetitive cigarette smoking cues: A prospective longitudinal study. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2022; 5:100119. [PMID: 36844172 PMCID: PMC9948852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The female sex hormones estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) galvanize the ventral striatal reward pathway. E elevates ventral striatal dopamine and accelerates drug-cued reinstatement, while P has opposing 'protective' effects on drug-related behavior. We hypothesize that women may exhibit greater ventral striatal responses to smoking cues (SCs) during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (MC) when E is high and unimpeded by P, and reduced responses during the late luteal phase when P is high. Methods To test our hypothesis, 24 naturally cycling cigarette-dependent women completed functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) sessions over the course of 3 MCs at select time points to reflect the early follicular (low E and P; LEP, control condition), late follicular (high E, low P; HE) and mid-luteal (high E, high P; HEP) MC phases. During fMRI sessions (counterbalanced by phase), women were exposed to a SC versus nonSC audio-visual clip. Ovulation was verified for each MC, and hormone levels were acquired prior to sessions. Results Contrasts within conditions showed that ventral striatal brain responses to SCs versus nonSCs were negligible during LEP and greater during HE (p=0.009) and HP (p=0.016). Contrasts across conditions showed that HE and HEP had greater responses than LEP (p=0.005), and HE had greater responses than HEP (p=0.049). Conclusions Results support and extend our retrospective cross-sectional study of the influence of the hormonal milieu on SC reactivity. Results are clinically relevant as they may guide novel, hormonally-informed and immediately translatable treatment strategies that can potentially reduce relapse in naturally cycling women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R. Franklin
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel H. Spilka
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Heather Keyser
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Melanie Maron
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- The Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Ely AV, Keyser H, Spilka N, Franklin TR, Wetherill RR, Audrain-McGovern J. An exploration of associations between smoking motives and behavior as a function of body mass index. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2021; 1:100008. [PMID: 36843906 PMCID: PMC9948816 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2021.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cigarette smoking and obesity are the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality and increase the risk of all-cause mortality four-fold when comorbid. Although research suggests that smoking motives may differ based on body mass index (BMI), it is unclear how these differences translate to smoking behavior. Method Three groups of adults who smoke cigarettes (N = 79; obese n = 25, overweight n = 30, and lean n = 24) completed measures of smoking and the Smoking Motivations Questionnaire. Groups did not differ on age, education, cigarettes per day (CPD), pack-years, or nicotine dependence, as measured by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD). Results Analyses revealed different associations between reasons for smoking and smoking behavior depending on lean, overweight, or obesity status. Participants (N = 37 female, average age 39.8 years) self-reported smoking was positively associated with Addictive, and Automatic subscale scores among lean participants, with only the Addictive subscale score among those with overweight, and only the Automatic subscale score among those with obesity. Post hoc MANCOVA analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of Group x Automatic Smoking on Pack-years (F(2, 79)=3.34, p = 0.04). Conclusion Findings suggest smoking motives are differentially associated with smoking behavior in adults who smoke depending on weight status. The daily smoking rate of participants with obesity may be less related to the addictive quality of smoking, and automaticity may be less associated with smoking history in those with overweight. Additional research on the influence of BMI on cigarette smoking is necessary to fully elucidate how obesity may impact treatment outcomes to optimize smoking cessation treatment among those with excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V. Ely
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Heather Keyser
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Nathaniel Spilka
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Teresa R. Franklin
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Janet Audrain-McGovern
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Ely AV, Jagannathan K, Spilka N, Keyser H, Rao H, Franklin TR, Wetherill RR. Exploration of the influence of body mass index on intra-network resting-state connectivity in chronic cigarette smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108911. [PMID: 34364193 PMCID: PMC8464487 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and cigarette smoking are two leading preventable causes of death. Previous research suggests that comorbid smoking and obesity likely share neurobehavioral underpinnings; however, the influence of body mass index (BMI) on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in smokers remains unknown. In this study, we explore how BMI affects rsFC and associations between rsFC and smoking-related behavior. METHODS Treatment-seeking cigarette smokers (N = 87; 54 % men) completed a BOLD resting-state fMRI scan session. We grouped smokers into BMI groups (N = 23 with obesity, N = 33 with overweight, N = 31 lean) and used independent components analysis (ICA) to identify the resting state networks commonly associated with cigarette smoking: salience network (SN), right and left executive control networks (ECN) and default mode network (DMN). Average rsFC values were extracted (p < 0.001, k = 100) to determine group differences in rsFC and relationship to self-reported smoking and dependence. RESULTS Analyses revealed a significant relationship between BMI and connectivity in the SN and a significant quadratic effect of BMI on DMN connectivity. Heavier smoking was related to greater rsFC in the SN among lean and obese groups but reduced rsFC in the overweight group. CONCLUSIONS Findings build on research suggesting an influence of BMI on the neurobiology of smokers. In particular, dysfunction of SN-DMN-ECN circuitry in smokers with overweight may lead to a failure to modulate attention and behavior and subsequent difficulty quitting smoking. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the interaction of BMI and smoking and its impact on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V. Ely
- Corresponding authors: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia PA 19104, ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- Corresponding authors: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market St Suite 500, Philadelphia PA 19104, ,
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Wetherill RR, Spilka NH, Maron M, Keyser H, Jagannathan K, Ely AV, Franklin TR. Influence of the natural hormonal milieu on brain and behavior in women who smoke cigarettes: Rationale and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 21:100738. [PMID: 33718654 PMCID: PMC7932892 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Women experience more severe health consequences from smoking, have greater difficulty quitting, and respond less favorably to nicotine replacement therapy than men. The influence of fluctuating ovarian hormones, specifically estradiol (E) and progesterone (P), on brain and behavioral responses during exposure to smoking reminders (i.e., cues) may be a contributing factor. Results from our laboratory suggest that women in the late follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (MC) have enhanced smoking cue (SC) vulnerabilities and reduced functional connectivity in neurocircuitry underlying cognitive control, potentially placing them at greater risk for continued smoking and relapse. The primary aim of this study is to examine and link hormonal status with brain and behavioral responses to SCs over the course of three monthly MCs in naturally cycling women who are chronic cigarette smokers. This longitudinal, counterbalanced study collects brain and behavioral responses to SCs at three time points during a woman's MC. Participants complete psychological and physical examinations, biochemical hormonal verification visits, and at least three laboratory/neuroimaging scan visits. The scan visits include a 10-min SC task during blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) data acquisition and are timed to occur during the early follicular phase (low E and P), late follicular phase (high E, unopposed by P), and mid-luteal phase (high P, high E). The primary outcomes include brain responses to SCs (compared to non-SCs), subjective craving, E and P hormone levels, and behavioral responses to SCs. This study addresses a critical gap in our knowledge: namely, the impact of the natural hormonal milieu on brain and behavioral responses to SCs, a powerful relapse trigger. Additionally, this study will provide a roadmap for human sex differences researchers who are obliged to consider the often confounding cyclic hormonal fluctuations of women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie Maron
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, The Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Heather Keyser
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, The Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, The Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alice V. Ely
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, The Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Teresa R. Franklin
- Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, The Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street Suite 500, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Jaramillo C, de Diego JE, Hamdouchi C, Collins E, Keyser H, Sánchez-Martínez C, del Prado M, Norman B, Brooks HB, Watkins SA, Spencer CD, Dempsey JA, Anderson BD, Campbell RM, Leggett T, Patel B, Schultz RM, Espinosa J, Vieth M, Zhang F, Timm DE. Aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as a new structural class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Part 1: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:6095-9. [PMID: 15546737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel structural class of protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitors comprised of an aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine nucleus. Compounds from this family are shown to potently inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases by competing with ATP for binding to a catalytic subunit of the protein. Structure-based design approach was used to direct this chemical scaffold toward generating potent and selective CDK2 inhibitors. The discovery of this new class of ATP-site directed protein kinase inhibitors, aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, provides the basis of new medicinal chemistry tool in search for an effective treatment of cancer and other diseases that involve protein kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria, 30, 28108 Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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Hamdouchi C, Keyser H, Collins E, Jaramillo C, De Diego JE, Spencer CD, Dempsey JA, Anderson BD, Leggett T, Stamm NB, Schultz RM, Watkins SA, Cocke K, Lemke S, Burke TF, Beckmann RP, Dixon JT, Gurganus TM, Rankl NB, Houck KA, Zhang F, Vieth M, Espinosa J, Timm DE, Campbell RM, Patel BKR, Brooks HB. The discovery of a new structural class of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3:1-9. [PMID: 14749470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase family represents an enormous opportunity for drug development. However, the current limitation in structural diversity of kinase inhibitors has complicated efforts to identify effective treatments of diseases that involve protein kinase signaling pathways. We have identified a new structural class of protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitors comprising an aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine nucleus. In this report, we describe the first successful use of this class of aza-heterocycles to generate potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases that compete with ATP for binding to a catalytic subunit of the protein. Co-crystal structures of CDK2 in complex with lead compounds reveal a unique mode of binding. Using this knowledge, a structure-based design approach directed this chemical scaffold toward generating potent and selective CDK2 inhibitors, which selectively inhibited the CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of Rb and induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in HCT 116 tumor cells. The discovery of this new class of ATP-site-directed protein kinase inhibitors, aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, provides the basis for a new medicinal chemistry tool to be used in the search for effective treatments of cancer and other diseases that involve protein kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafiq Hamdouchi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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