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Roozen GVT, Prins MLM, Prins C, Janse JJ, de Gruyter HLM, Pothast CR, Huisman W, Koopman JPR, Lamers OAC, Kuijer M, Myeni SK, van Binnendijk RS, Hartog GD, Heemskerk MHM, Jochems SP, Feltkamp MCW, Kikkert M, Rosendaal FR, Roestenberg M, Visser LG, Roukens AHE. Intradermal delivery of the third dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: safety and immunogenicity of a fractional booster dose. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00159-9. [PMID: 38552793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a dose-sparing fractional intradermal (ID) booster strategy with the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS COVID-19 naive adults aged 18-30 years were recruited from a previous study on primary vaccination regimens that compared 20 μg ID vaccinations with 100 μg intramuscular (IM) vaccinations with mRNA-1273 as the primary vaccination series. Participants previously immunized with ID regimens were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a fractional ID booster dose (20 μg) or the standard-of-care intramuscular (IM) booster dose (50 μg) of the mRNA-1273 vaccine, 6 months after completing their primary series (ID-ID and ID-IM group, respectively). Participants that had received a full dose IM regimen as the primary series, received the IM standard-of-care booster dose (IM-IM group). In addition, COVID-19 naive individuals aged 18-40 years who had received an IM mRNA vaccine as the primary series were recruited from the general population to receive a fractional ID booster dose (IM-ID group). Immunogenicity was assessed using IgG anti-spike antibody responses and neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2. Cellular immune responses were measured in a sub-group. Safety and tolerability were monitored. RESULTS In January 2022, 129 participants were included in the study. Fractional ID boosting was safe and well tolerated, with fewer systemic adverse events compared with IM boosting. At day 28 post-booster, anti-spike S1 IgG geometric mean concentrations were 9106 (95% CI, 7150-11 597) binding antibody units (BAU)/mL in the IM-IM group and 4357 (3003-6322) BAU/mL; 6629 (4913-8946) BAU/mL; and 5264 (4032-6873) BAU/mL in the ID-IM, ID-ID, and IM-ID groups, respectively. DISCUSSION Intradermal boosting provides robust immune responses and is a viable dose-sparing strategy for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. The favourable side-effect profile supports its potential to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Fractional dosing strategies should be considered early in the clinical development of future mRNA vaccines to enhance vaccine availability and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert V T Roozen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manon L M Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corine Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Wesley Huisman
- Department of Parasitology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marjan Kuijer
- Department of Immune Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Department of Immune Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Department of Immune Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon P Jochems
- Department of Parasitology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, LUCID, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna H E Roukens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Centre for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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van Huizen M, Bloeme - ter Horst JR, de Gruyter HLM, Geurink PP, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Knaap RCM, Nelemans T, Ogando NS, Leijs AA, Urakova N, Mark BL, Snijder EJ, Myeni SK, Kikkert M. Deubiquitinating activity of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease does not influence virus replication or innate immune responses in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012100. [PMID: 38527094 PMCID: PMC10994560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus papain-like protease (PLpro) is crucial for viral replicase polyprotein processing. Additionally, PLpro can subvert host defense mechanisms by its deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activities. To elucidate the role of these activities during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we introduced mutations that disrupt binding of PLpro to ubiquitin or ISG15. We identified several mutations that strongly reduced DUB activity of PLpro, without affecting viral polyprotein processing. In contrast, mutations that abrogated deISGylating activity also hampered viral polyprotein processing and when introduced into the virus these mutants were not viable. SARS-CoV-2 mutants exhibiting reduced DUB activity elicited a stronger interferon response in human lung cells. In a mouse model of severe disease, disruption of PLpro DUB activity did not affect lethality, virus replication, or innate immune responses in the lungs. This suggests that the DUB activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro is dispensable for virus replication and does not affect innate immune responses in vivo. Interestingly, the DUB mutant of SARS-CoV replicated to slightly lower titers in mice and elicited a diminished immune response early in infection, although lethality was unaffected. We previously showed that a MERS-CoV mutant deficient in DUB and deISGylating activity was strongly attenuated in mice. Here, we demonstrate that the role of PLpro DUB activity during infection can vary considerably between highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Therefore, careful considerations should be taken when developing pan-coronavirus antiviral strategies targeting PLpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska van Huizen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jonna R. Bloeme - ter Horst
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Heidi L. M. de Gruyter
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Geurink
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerbrand J. van der Heden van Noort
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. M. Knaap
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Nelemans
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Natacha S. Ogando
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nadya Urakova
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Brian L. Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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van Huizen M, Vendrell XM, de Gruyter HLM, Boomaars-van der Zanden AL, van der Meer Y, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Myeni SK. The Main Protease of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Cleavage of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein to Antagonize the Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2024; 16:256. [PMID: 38400032 PMCID: PMC10892576 DOI: 10.3390/v16020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a crucial signaling adaptor in the sensing of positive-sense RNA viruses and the subsequent induction of the innate immune response. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade this response, amongst others, through their main protease (Mpro), which is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of the largest part of the viral replicase polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab. Additionally, it can cleave cellular substrates, such as innate immune signaling factors, to dampen the immune response. Here, we show that MAVS is cleaved in cells infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but not in cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This cleavage was independent of cellular negative feedback mechanisms that regulate MAVS activation. Furthermore, MERS-CoV Mpro expression induced MAVS cleavage upon overexpression and suppressed the activation of the interferon-β (IFN-β) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) response. We conclude that we have uncovered a novel mechanism by which MERS-CoV downregulates the innate immune response, which is not observed among other highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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