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Sekitoleko I, Tino S, Mubiru M, Nansubuga F, Zaake D, Nakabuye B, Ayiko B, Kalema H, Nakubulwa S, Sekikubo M, Milln J, Nakanga WP, Nakimuli A, Webb EL, Nyirenda MJ. The influence of fasting and post-load glucose levels on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in Uganda: A prospective observational cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 191:110049. [PMID: 36029888 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study aims to evaluate the strength of fasting versus post-load glucose levels in predicting adverse outcomes in women with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP). METHODS Women attending antenatal clinics in urban and peri-urban Uganda had oral glucose tolerance test between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation to screen for HIP, and were followed up to collect data on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate the relative risk adverse outcome associated with fasting hyperglycaemia alone post-load hyperglycaemia alone, or elevation of both fasting and post-load glucose levels. RESULTS We included 3206 participants in the final analysis. HIP was associated with increased risk of Caesarean section, large for gestaional age babies, and neonatal intensive care admission. The risk was highest (2.54-fold compared to normal glycaemic women) when both FBG and post-load glucose levels were elevated. After adjustment for potential confounders, having elevated post-load glucose alone was not associated with increased risk of any of the outcomes, but elevated FBG alone increased the risk of Caesarian section by 1.36-fold. CONCLUSION Fasting hyperglycemia appears to be more strongly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes than post-load hyperglycaemia, but the risk is even higher in women with elevation of both fasting and post-load glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Sekitoleko
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Salome Tino
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Ayiko
- Entebbe Grade B Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Sarah Nakubulwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kawempe Specialized National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musa Sekikubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kawempe Specialized National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jack Milln
- Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wisdom P Nakanga
- National Insititute for Health Research (NIHR), Exeter Clinical Research Faculty, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kindgom
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kawempe Specialized National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily L Webb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moffat J Nyirenda
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Milln J, Nakabuye B, Natamba BK, Sekitoleko I, Mubiru M, Namara AA, Tumwesigire S, Tino S, Mirembe M, Kakande A, Agaba B, Nansubuga F, Zaake D, Ayiko B, Kalema H, Nakubulwa S, Sekikubo M, Nakimuli A, Webb EL, Nyirenda MJ. Antenatal management and maternal/fetal outcomes associated with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) in Uganda; a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:386. [PMID: 34011299 PMCID: PMC8132348 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) is associated with complications for both mother and baby. The prevalence of the condition is likely to increase across Africa as the continent undergoes a rapid demographic transition. However, little is known about the management and pregnancy outcomes associated with HIP in the region, particularly less severe forms of hyperglycaemia. It is therefore important to generate local data so that resources may be distributed effectively. The aim of this study was to describe the antenatal management and maternal/fetal outcomes associated with HIP in Ugandan women. METHODS A prospective cohort study of 2917 pregnant women in five major hospitals in urban/semi-urban central Uganda. Women were screened with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Cases of gestational diabetes (GDM) and diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) were identified (WHO 2013 diagnostic criteria) and received standard care. Data was collected on maternal demographics, anthropometrics, antenatal management, umbilical cord c-peptide levels, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-six women were diagnosed with HIP (237 classified as GDM and 39 DIP). Women had between one and four fasting capillary blood glucose checks during third trimester. All received lifestyle advice, one quarter (69/276) received metformin therapy, and one woman received insulin. HIP was associated with large birthweight (unadjusted relative risk 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-1.68), Caesarean delivery (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.14-1.57) and neonatal hypoglycaemia (RR 4.37, 95% CI 1.36-14.1), but not perinatal mortality or preterm birth. Pregnancy outcomes were generally worse for women with DIP compared with GDM. CONCLUSION HIP is associated with significant adverse pregnancy outcomes in this population, particularly overt diabetes in pregnancy. However pregnancy outcomes in women with milder forms of hyperglycaemia are similar to those with normoglycaemic pregnancies. Intervention strategies are required to improve current monitoring and management practice, and more research needed to understand if this is a cost-effective way of preventing poor perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Milln
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda. .,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, UK.
| | - Betty Nakabuye
- Rubaga Uganda Martyrs Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.,School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barnabas Kahiira Natamba
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Isaac Sekitoleko
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Michael Mubiru
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Arthur Araali Namara
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Samuel Tumwesigire
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Salome Tino
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Mandy Mirembe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ayoub Kakande
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Brian Agaba
- Rubaga Uganda Martyrs Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Ben Ayiko
- Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Sarah Nakubulwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musa Sekikubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emily L Webb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
| | - Moffat J Nyirenda
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Plot 51-59, Nakiwogo Road, P. O. BOX 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK
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Milln J, Nakabuye B, Natamba B, Sekitoleko I, Mubiru M, Namara A, Tumwesigire S, Salome T, Mirembe M, Kakanda A, Agaba B, Nansubuga F, Zaake D, Ayiko B, Kalema H, Nakubulwa S, Sekikubo M, Nakimuli A, Webb EL, Nyirenda MJ. Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with moderate elevations in blood pressure or blood glucose in Ugandan women; a prospective cohort study. AJOG Glob Rep 2021; 1:100007. [PMID: 34095888 PMCID: PMC8164086 DOI: 10.1016/j.xagr.2021.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between overt hypertension and diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes is well documented. Recent evidence suggests that even moderate elevations in blood pressure or blood glucose may confer a significant risk in a dose-dependent manner. However, these studies have primarily been undertaken in white populations in high-income settings. Hypertension and diabetes are emerging as major public health issues in sub-Saharan Africa as the region undergoes rapid urbanization. It is therefore important to understand how such noncommunicable conditions contribute to pregnancy outcomes in these populations. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the association between stage 1 hypertension or fasting blood glucose in the gestational diabetes mellitus-range and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Uganda, and to describe the effects of other contributing factors such as maternal obesity. STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study of 2857 women at 5 major hospitals in urban and semiurban central Uganda. Women were enrolled at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation. Data about the maternal demographics, anthropometrics, fasting venous blood glucose, blood pressure, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. Moderate elevations in blood pressure and blood glucose were defined using the latest American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association definition of stage 1 hypertension and the World Health Organization's criteria for fasting blood glucose in the gestational diabetes mellitus-range. The primary outcomes of interest were perinatal death and large birthweight for gestational age, and the secondary outcomes were preterm birth, cesarean delivery, and neonatal admission. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS Stage 1 hypertension increased the odds of perinatal death by more than 2-fold (adjusted odds ratio, 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-5.29), with a positive but insignificant association with preterm birth. Hyperglycemia in the gestational diabetes mellitus-range was associated with cesarean delivery only (adjusted odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.27). Maternal obesity increased the risk of having large birthweight babies (adjusted odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.74-3.02), a cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval, 2.17-3.48), and neonatal admission (adjusted odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.30). CONCLUSION Moderate elevations in blood pressure and maternal obesity are stronger predictors of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes than moderate elevations in blood glucose levels and should be the focus of intervention in these resource-poor settings. Further research is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of identifying and managing moderate elevations in blood pressure and maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Milln
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Dr Milln)
| | - Betty Nakabuye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Uganda Martyrs Hospital, Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakabuye and Agaba)
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (Dr Nakabuye)
| | - Barnabas Natamba
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Isaac Sekitoleko
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Michael Mubiru
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Arthur Namara
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Samuel Tumwesigire
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Tino Salome
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Mandy Mirembe
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Ayoub Kakanda
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
| | - Brian Agaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Uganda Martyrs Hospital, Lubaga, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakabuye and Agaba)
| | - Faridah Nansubuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nansubuga and Zaake)
| | - Daniel Zaake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nansubuga and Zaake)
| | - Ben Ayiko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda (Dr Ayiko)
| | - Herbert Kalema
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda (Dr Kalema)
| | - Sarah Nakubulwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
| | - Musa Sekikubo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (Drs Nakubulwa, Sekikubo and Nakimuli)
| | - Emily L. Webb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom (Drs Webb and Nyirenda)
| | - Moffat J. Nyirenda
- Non-Communicable Diseases Theme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda (Drs Milln, Natamba, and Nyirenda and Mr Sekitoleko, Mubiru, Namara, Tumwesigire, Ms Salome, Mirembe, and Mr Kakanda)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom (Drs Webb and Nyirenda)
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