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Shenderovich Y, Sacolo-Gwebu H, Fang Z, Lachman J, Cluver L, Ward C. Adaptations and staff experiences in delivering parenting programmes and other family support services in three community-based organisations in Cape Town, South Africa during the COVID pandemic. Glob Public Health 2023; 18:2129725. [PMID: 36342401 PMCID: PMC10802685 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2022.2129725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We explore how organisations working on parenting programmes and other types of family support and violence prevention in low-resource settings experienced the pandemic. In August 2020-May 2021, we interviewed (1) staff from three community-based organisations delivering evidence-informed parenting interventions and other psychosocial services for families in Cape Town, South Africa, (2) staff from a parenting programme training organisation and (3) staff from two international organisations supporting psychosocial services in South Africa. Interviews (22) were thematically analysed, with findings in three areas. First, respondents noted changes in the context, including the job losses, food insecurity, and stress experienced by local communities, and reductions in organisational funding. Second, we found that in response to these context changes, the organisations shifted their focus to food provision and COVID prevention. Parenting and psychosocial programmes were adapted - e.g. by changing the physical delivery settings, reducing group sizes, and taking up digital and phone implementation. Participants reported improved perceptions of remote delivery as a feasible approach for working with families - but internet and phone access remained challenging. Third, the pandemic brought new responsibilities for staff, and both the challenges of working from home and the health risks of in-person work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Zuyi Fang
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jamie Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital Observatory, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Shenderovich Y, Lachman JM, Ward CL, Wessels I, Gardner F, Tomlinson M, Oliver D, Janowski R, Martin M, Okop K, Sacolo-Gwebu H, Ngcobo LL, Fang Z, Alampay L, Baban A, Baumann AA, de Barros RB, Bojo S, Butchart A, Dippenaar W, Exavery A, Fang X, Ferdinandi I, Foran HM, Heinrichs N, Hutchings J, Kisyombe D, Massetti G, Mazak J, Mbuyi H, Singh P, Polsky K, Rakotomalala S, Raleva M, Savo R, Cluver L. The Science of Scale for Violence Prevention: A New Agenda for Family Strengthening in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Front Public Health 2021; 9:581440. [PMID: 33869123 PMCID: PMC8044965 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.581440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ending all violence against children by 2030 is a core part of Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 16. A number of promising violence reduction strategies have been identified in research studies. However, we lack an understanding of the implementation and impact of these programs in respect to their delivery at a large scale or within existing service systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We advocate for greater collaboration between researchers, policymakers, donors, governments, non-governmental organizations, and program managers and staff to study how violence prevention programs operate on a large scale. We describe a new initiative aiming to foster such collaborations in the field of family strengthening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Inge Wessels
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Department of Global Health, Institute for Life Course Health Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Oliver
- Catholic Relief Services, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mackenzie Martin
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kufre Okop
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Zuyi Fang
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liane Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana A. Baumann
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Samuel Bojo
- Agency for Research and Development Initiative, Juba, South Sudan
| | - Alexander Butchart
- Department of Injury and Violence Prevention, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Xiangming Fang
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Heather M. Foran
- Institute for Psychology, Universitat Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Judy Hutchings
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | - Greta Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jaromir Mazak
- Schola Empirica, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Henry Mbuyi
- Catholic Relief Services DRC, Gombe, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Sabine Rakotomalala
- Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Richard Savo
- Catholic Relief Services Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Shenderovich Y, Ward CL, Lachman JM, Wessels I, Sacolo-Gwebu H, Okop K, Oliver D, Ngcobo LL, Tomlinson M, Fang Z, Janowski R, Hutchings J, Gardner F, Cluver L. Evaluating the dissemination and scale-up of two evidence-based parenting interventions to reduce violence against children: study protocol. Implement Sci Commun 2020; 1:109. [PMID: 38624613 PMCID: PMC7719848 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-020-00086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eliminating violence against children is a prominent policy goal, codified in the Sustainable Development Goals, and parenting programs are one approach to preventing and reducing violence. However, we know relatively little about dissemination and scale-up of parenting programs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The scale-up of two parenting programs, Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) for Young Children and PLH for Parents and Teens, developed under Creative Commons licensing and tested in randomized trials, provides a unique opportunity to study their dissemination in 25 LMICs. Methods The Scale-Up of Parenting Evaluation Research (SUPER) study uses a range of methods to study the dissemination of these two programs. The study will examine (1) process and extent of dissemination and scale-up, (2) how the programs are implemented and factors associated with variation in implementation, (3) violence against children and family outcomes before and after program implementation, (4) barriers and facilitators to sustained program delivery, and (5) costs and resources needed for implementation.Primary data collection, focused on three case study projects, will include interviews and focus groups with program facilitators, coordinators, funders, and other stakeholders, and a summary of key organizational characteristics. Program reports and budgets will be reviewed as part of relevant contextual information. Secondary data analysis of routine data collected within ongoing implementation and existing research studies will explore family enrolment and attendance, as well as family reports of parenting practices, violence against children, child behavior, and child and caregiver wellbeing before and after program participation. We will also examine data on staff sociodemographic and professional background, and their competent adherence to the program, collected as part of staff training and certification. Discussion This project will be the first study of its kind to draw on multiple data sources and methods to examine the dissemination and scale-up of a parenting program across multiple LMIC contexts. While this study reports on the implementation of two specific parenting programs, we anticipate that our findings will be of relevance across the field of parenting, as well as other violence prevention and social programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Inge Wessels
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kufre Okop
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Zuyi Fang
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sacolo-Gwebu H, Kabuyaya M, Chimbari M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among caregivers in Ingwavuma area in uMkhanyakude district, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:734. [PMID: 31438865 PMCID: PMC6704662 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections are among the most chronic infections worldwide. Based on their demonstrable impact on human health, the WHO recently recommended the implementation of robust strategies aimed at controlling or eliminating schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths by 2020. The implementation of this strategy, however, warrants a clear understanding of the community's knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to these infections. This study sought to identify sociocultural gaps that should be addressed to ensure the success of cost-effective community-based schistosomiasis-soil-transmitted helminths control and elimination programs. METHODS This was a cross-sectional mixed methodology study. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 442 caregivers of preschool aged children. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among caregivers, preschool teachers, traditional authorities and community caregivers. All interviews were captured using an audio recorder to maximize accuracy. Quantitative data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate techniques while qualitative data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Findings reflected inadequate knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths while awareness of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths was high (87.1 and 79.2% respectively). Correct knowledge on transmission, prevention, signs and symptoms and life cycle was low (below 50%) for both infections among those who had heard of the disease. From multivariate analysis, being aged at least 35 years increased the odds of reporting good practices on schistosomiasis by 65% (COR 1.652, 95% CI: 1.073-2.543) while receiving health information through community meetings (COR 0.072, 95% CI: 0.010-0.548) significantly reduced the odds of having good knowledge on schistosomiasis. CONCLUSIONS These findings are valuable in designing behavioural change approaches towards enhancing health outcomes through community-based interventions to ensure effective control and elimination of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths. There is a critical need for channelling efforts towards making health education the core of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths programs aimed at achieving intensified control or elimination of these infections by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Muhubiri Kabuyaya
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Chimbari
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Sacolo-Gwebu H, Chimbari M, Kalinda C. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1-5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:47. [PMID: 31202273 PMCID: PMC6571117 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent data suggest that these infections are prevalent among preschool aged children (PSAC) in poor communities. Evidence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection patterns and prevalence among PSAC is essential for effective treatment and control programmes. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC in the Ingwavuma area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1143 PSAC aged 1–5 years in 34 preschools and early childhood development (ECD) centres. Data on risk factors was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the differences in infection intensity with age. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association between PSAC infection status, sociodemographic, household, water and sanitation variables and hygiene practices of PSAC and their caregivers. Results We observed a low prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium (1.0%) and S. mansoni (0.9%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (18.3%) was high compared to Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), hookworms (1.6%) and Taenia (6.4%). The odds of schistosome infection were lowest among PSAC under younger (15–24 years) caregivers (0.1, 95% CI: 0.02–0.54) and those who used tap water (0.3, 95% CI: 0.09–0.78) for domestic purposes. Schistosome infection was however higher among PSAC who bathed in river water (17.4, 95% CI: 5.96–51.04). STH infection on the other hand was lowest among PSAC who did not play in soil (0.1, 95% CI: 0.51–0.28), were from households that used tap water for domestic purposes (0.5, 95% CI: 0.27–0.80) and PSAC under the care of younger (25–35 years) caregivers (0.3, 95% CI: 0.10–0.75). The risk of STH infection was highest among PSAC who did not wash their hands with soap (3.5, 95% CI: 1.04–11.67) and PSAC whose nails were not trimmed (3.6, 95% CI: 1.75–7.26). Conclusions The findings show low prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection except A. lumbricoides among PSAC. Factors predicting schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC were related to caregivers’ age, educational status, water and hygiene practices. STH infection was exclusively associated with PSAC playing and handwashing habits. These findings highlight the need to include PSAC caregivers in schistosomiasis and STH prevention and control programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0561-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Moses Chimbari
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chester Kalinda
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa.,University of Namibia, Katima Mulilo Campus, Winela Road, Box 1096, Katima Mulilo, Namibia
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