Single-cell analysis reveals a unique microenvironment in peri-implantitis

AIM

This study aimed to reveal the unique microenvironment of peri-implantitis through single-cell analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Herein, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of biopsies from patients with peri-implantitis (PI) and compared the results with healthy individuals (H) and patients with periodontitis (PD).

RESULTS

Decreased numbers of stromal cells and increased immune cells were found in the PI group, which implies a severe inflammatory infiltration. The fibroblasts were found to be heterogeneous and the specific pro-inflammatory CXCL13+ sub-cluster was more represented in the PI group, in contrast to the PD and H groups. Furthermore, more neutrophil infiltration was detected in the PI group than in the PD group, and cell-cell communication and ligand-receptor pairs revealed most neutrophils were recruited by CXCL13+ fibroblasts through CXCL8/CXCL6-CXCR2/CXCR1. Notably, our study demonstrated that the unique microenvironment of the PI group promoted the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells into osteoclasts, which might explain the faster and more severe bone resorption in the progression of PI than PD.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, this study suggests a unique immune microenvironment of PI, which may explain the differences between PI and PD in the clinic. These outcomes will aid in finding new specific and effective treatments for PI.

Ultra-high resistive switching current ratio and improved ferroelectricity and dielectric tunability performance in a BaTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructure by inserting a SrCoO2.5 layer

A BaTiO3/SrCoO2.5 (BTO/SCO) bilayer and a BTO single film were prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) buffered SrTiO3 (001) substrates. Interestingly, compared with reported BTO-based films, the BTO/SCO/LSMO heterostructure has a maximum ON/OFF current ratio of ∼945. More interestingly, compared with the BTO single layer, a larger Pr (∼18.4 μC cm-2) and larger dielectric tunability (∼71.9%) were achieved in the BTO/SCO bilayer. The improved performance may be attributed to the large tetragonality and improved oxygen vacancy concentrations in the BTO/SCO/LSMO heterostructure. Furthermore, our BTO/SCO/LSMO stacks exhibit potential for flexible electronic informational devices.

[Establishment and digital simulation of upper airway in patients with adenoid hypertrophy]

Objective: To analyze the flow field characteristics of the upper airway in patients with different adenoid hypertrophy using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods: From November 2020 to November 2021, the cone-beam CT (CBCT) data of 4 patients [2 males and 2 females,age range 5-7 years, mean (6.0±1.2) years] with adenoid hypertrophy who were hospitalized in the Department of Orthodontics and the Department of Otolaryngology at Hebei Eye Hospital were selected. The degree of adenoid hypertrophy in the 4 patients was divided into normal S1 (A/N<0.6), mild hypertrophy S2 (0.6≤A/N<0.7), moderate hypertrophy S3 (0.7≤A/N<0.9) and severe hypertrophy S4 (A/N≥0.9) according to the ratio of adenoid thickness to the width of nasopharyngeal cavity (A/N). The CFD model of the upper airway was established using ANSYS 2019 R1 software, and the internal flow field of the CFD model was numerically simulated. Eight sections were selected as observation and measurement planes for flow field information. Relevant flow field information includes airflow distribution, velocity variation, and pressure variation. Results: In the S1 model, the maximum pressure difference occurred in the 4th and 5th observation planes (ΔP=27.98). The lowest pressures and the maximum flow rates of S2 and S3 were located in the 6th observation plane. The airflow in S1 and S2 models completely passed through the nasal cavity. In the S3 model, the mouth-to-nasal airflow ratio was close to 2∶1. In S4 model, the airflow completely passed through the mouth; in the S1 and S2 models, hard palates were subjected to a downward positive pressure with a pressure difference of 38.34 and 23.31 Pa, respectively. The hard palates in S3 and S4 models were subjected to a downward negative pressure with a pressure difference of -2.95 and -21.81 Pa, respectively. Conclusions: The CFD model can objectively and quantitatively describe the upper airway airflow field information in patients with adenoid hypertrophy. With the increasing degree of adenoid hypertrophy, the nasal ventilation volume gradually decreased, whereas the oral space ventilation volume gradually increased, and the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the palate gradually decreased until the pressure became negative.

COVID-19 associated mold infections: Review of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis

COVID-19-associated mold infection (CAMI) is defined as development of mold infections in COVID-19 patients. Co-pathogenesis of viral and fungal infections include the disruption of tissue barrier following SARS CoV-2 infection with the damage in the alveolar space, respiratory epithelium and endothelium injury and overwhelming inflammation and immune dysregulation during severe COVID-19. Other predisposing risk factors permissive to fungal infections during COVID-19 include the administration of immune modulators such as corticosteroids and IL-6 antagonist. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) is increasingly reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. CAPA usually developed within the first month of COVID infection, and CAM frequently arose 10-15 days post diagnosis of COVID-19. Diagnosis is challenging and often indistinguishable during the cytokine storm in COVID-19, and several diagnostic criteria have been proposed. Development of CAPA and CAM is associated with a high mortality despiteappropriate anti-mold therapy. Both isavuconazole and amphotericin B can be used for treatment of CAPA and CAM; voriconazole is the primary agent for CAPA and posaconazole is an alternative for CAM. Aggressive surgery is recommended for CAM to improve patient survival. A high index of suspicion and timely and appropriate treatment is crucial to improve patient outcome.

[Association between cord blood BPDE-DNA and neurodevelopment of children aged 0 and 2 years: A birth cohort study]

Objective: To explore the effects of mothers' exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy on their children's neurobehavioral development. Methods: In November 2009 to April 2010, a total of 221 pairs of mother-newborn pairs were recruited from two cooperative hospitals in Taiyuan, and their children were followed up at age two. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the level of BPDE-DNA in cord blood leukocytes. The Neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA) was used to assess the neurodevelopment of newborns, and the Gesell Development Scale was used to measure neurodevelopmental indexes of 2-year-old children. NBNA includes behavior, active and passive tone, primitive reflexes and general assessment, with a total score of 40 points. The Gesell Developmental Schedules consisted of four sub-scales: motor development, adaptive behavior development, language development and personal-social behavior development. We used mean and standard deviation to describe continuous variables with normal distribution, median (interquartile range) to describe continuous variables with skewed distribution, and frequency and proportion to describe categorical variables. Restricted cubic spline models were applied to assess the dose-response relationships between maternal prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and children's neurobehavioral development at two years old. Generalized linear models were applied to evaluate the effect of exposure to maternal prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure on children's neurobehavioral development at 0 and two years old. Results: The NBNA score was 38.0±0.8, and the scores of 2-year-old children's motor, adaptive, language and personal-social were 111.6±15.0, 110.5±14.6, 108.8±17.2 and 111.7±14.5, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, there is no dose-response association between the cord blood BPDE of pregnant women and neonatal NBNA scores, but there were dose-response associations between BPDE and scores of 2-year-old children's motor, adaptive, language and personal-social. A unit increase in cord blood ln (BPDE-DNA), the score of motor, adaptive, language and personal-social of 2-year-old children decreased on average by 4.54、6.29、8.41 and 7.02 points. Conclusion: Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy is associated with decreased children's neurobehavioral development at two years old.

Recommendations and guidelines for the treatment of infections due to multidrug resistant organisms

Antimicrobial drug resistance is one of the major threats to global health. It has made common infections increasingly difficult or impossible to treat, and leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays and increased mortality. Infection rates due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are increasing globally. Active agents against MDRO are limited despite an increased in the availability of novel antibiotics in recent years. This guideline aims to assist clinicians in the management of infections due to MDRO. The 2019 Guidelines Recommendations for Evidence-based Antimicrobial agents use in Taiwan (GREAT) working group, comprising of infectious disease specialists from 14 medical centers in Taiwan, reviewed current evidences and drafted recommendations for the treatment of infections due to MDRO. A nationwide expert panel reviewed the recommendations during a consensus meeting in Aug 2020, and the guideline was endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of Taiwan (IDST). This guideline includes recommendations for selecting antimicrobial therapy for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. The guideline takes into consideration the local epidemiology, and includes antimicrobial agents that may not yet be available in Taiwan. It is intended to serve as a clinical guide and not to supersede the clinical judgment of physicians in the management of individual patients.

MitoQ supplementation augments acute exercise-induced increases in muscle PGC1α mRNA and improves training-induced increases in peak power independent of mitochondrial content and function in untrained middle-aged men

The role of mitochondrial ROS in signalling muscle adaptations to exercise training has not been explored in detail. We investigated the effect of supplementation with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ on a) the skeletal muscle mitochondrial and antioxidant gene transcriptional response to acute high-intensity exercise and b) skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function following exercise training. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study, 23 untrained men (age: 44 ± 7 years, VO_2peak: 39.6 ± 7.9 ml/kg/min) were randomised to receive either MitoQ (20 mg/d) or a placebo for 10 days before completing a bout of high-intensity interval exercise (cycle ergometer, 10 × 60 s at VO_2peak workload with 75 s rest). Blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before exercise and immediately and 3 h after exercise. Participants then completed high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 3 sessions per week for 3 weeks) and another blood sample and muscle biopsy were collected. There was no effect of acute exercise or MitoQ on systemic (plasma protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione) or skeletal muscle (mtDNA damage and 4-HNE) oxidative stress biomarkers. Acute exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) mRNA expression were augmented in the MitoQ group. Despite this, training-induced increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content were similar between groups. HIIT-induced increases in VO_2peak and 20 km time trial performance were also similar between groups while training-induced increases in peak power achieved during the VO_2peak test were augmented in the MitoQ group. These data suggest that training-induced increases in peak power are enhanced following MitoQ supplementation, which may be related to the augmentation of skeletal muscle PGC1α expression following acute exercise. However, these effects do not appear to be related to an effect of MitoQ supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress or training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.

[Comparative study on prognosis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hepatic surgery versus upfront surgery in patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastasis]

Objective: To compare the survival outcome in patients with synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hepatic surgery versus upfront surgery strategies. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out. Data of patients undergoing surgery at the Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Unit I of Peking University Cancer Hospital from January 2008 to December 2018 for initially resectable synchronous colorectal liver metastasis were retrospectively collected. A total of 282 cases were enrolled, including 244 in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group, 38 in the upfront surgery first group. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of the two groups were compared. A propensity score risk adjustment was used to eliminate potential bias between groups, and the covariates including sex, age, location of primary tumor, T stage, clinical risk score (CRS), RAS gene status, adjuvant chemotherapy, and resection margin status were included for adjustment. Results: In the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group, 244 cases received 4 (1-15) cycles of chemotherapy before hepatic resection, among whom 207 cases received oxaliplatin-based regimens, 37 cases received irinotecan-based regimens, and 90 cases received combined targeted agents in the first line treatment. The median follow-up time was 30 (5-134) months, and loss of follow-up was 1%. Before adjustment, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 1-year and 3-year OS rates in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (95.1% and 66.4%) were better than those in the upfront surgery first group (94.7% and 51.5%, P=0.026); 1-year and 3-year PFS rates in neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (51.0% and 23.4%) were also better than those in surgery first group (39.5% and 11.5%, P=0.039). After propensity score risk adjustment, Cox multivariate analysis indicated that neoadjuvant chemotherapy was an independent protective factor of PFS (HR=0.664, 95% CI: 0.449-0.982, P=0.040), however, neoadjuvant chemotherapy was not an independent protective factor of OS (HR=0.651, 95% CI: 0.393-1.079, P=0.096). Subgroup analysis showed that the 1-year and 3-year OS rates in the patients with response to the first line treatment (194, including complete remission, partial remission and reduction but not partial remission) (96.9% and 67.1%) were better than those in the upfront surgery group (94.7% and 51.5%, P=0.026) after adjustment. However, the 1-year and 3-year OS rates in the patients without response to the first line treatment (50, including tumor progression or enlargement) were 90.0% and 63.3%, respectively, which were not significantly different with 94.7% and 51.5% in the upfront surgery group (P=0.310) after adjustment. Conclusions: For patients with resectable synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis, liver resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy can provide longer PFS than upfront surgery. Although the whole OS benefit is not significant, patients with effective neoadjuvant first-line chemotherapy have better OS than those undergoing upfront surgery.

[Long-term outcomes of patients undergoing hepatectomy for bilateral multiple colorectal liver metastases-a propensity score matching analysis]

Objective: Liver is the most common site of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer patients. Currently, surgical resection of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) still remains the most curative therapeutic option which is associated with long-term survival. However, the outcome of CRLM patients with bilobar multiple lesions has been reported to be extremely poor due to the complex techniques of the surgery and the difficulties to achieve a negative resection margin. In this study, postoperative long-term outcome in patients with bilobar versus unilobar multiple CRLM undergoing surgical resection were compared and the prognostic factors of CRLM were analyzed. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed. The clinicopathological data were collected retrospectively from patients with multiple CRLM who received liver resection between January 2002 and November 2018 at our department. Inclusion criteria: (1) All CRLM lesions were confirmed by preoperative enhanced CT or MRI and enhanced ultrasonography. (2) All CRLM lesions were resectable either initially or converted by systemic treatments. The CRLM patients were considered as resectable, if their extrahepatic diseases were able to be completely removed. (3) Sufficient remnant liver volume was required to maintain normal liver function, which was defined by the ratio of remnant liver volume to total liver volume (RLV-TLV), of greater than 30% in general or 40% for the patients undergoing chemotherapy. (4) Medical records and follow-up information were intact. Those undergoing multiple operations after recurrence, with R2 resection, or with a single CRLM lesion were excluded. Patients were divided into bilobar and unilobar group according to tumor distribution. One-to-one propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the covariates between the bilobar group and unilobar group. After PSM, the differences in long-term outcomes between the two groups were compared. Results: A total of 491 patients met the inclusion criteria, 344 (69.6%) with bilobar and 147 (30.4%) with unilobar CRLM. In the propensity-score-matched population (bilobar, 143; unilobar, 143), baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates in the bilobar group were 91.6%, 52.1%, and 35.3% respectively, compared with 93.7%, 56.8%, and 43.8% in the unilobar group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.204). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates in the bilobar group were 45.7%, 33.7%, and 33.7% respectively, compared with 62.5%, 44.1%, and 42.1% in the unilobar group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.075). No significant difference was found in liver-only recurrence (45.6% in bilobar vs. 53.3% in unilobar, P=0.543). Univariate analysis showed that N stage of primary tumor, diameter of the largest liver metastases, carcinoembyonic antigen level, RAS gene status and clinical risk score (CRS) were significantly associated with the prognosis of CRLM (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that diameter of largest liver metastases > 5 cm (HR=1.888, 95% CI: 1.251-2.848, P=0.002), CRS≥3 (HR=1.552,95% CI:1.050-2.294, P=0.027) and RAS gene mutation (HR=1.561, 95% CI: 1.102-2.212, P=0.012) were independent risk factors of poor overall survival after hepatectomy. Conclusions: Tumor distribution may not affect the prognosis of multiple CRLM after resection. Surgical removal in patients with bilobar multiple CRLM provides comparable long-term survival to unilobar multiple CRLM.

Large Isospin Asymmetry in ^{22}Si/^{22}O Mirror Gamow-Teller Transitions Reveals the Halo Structure of ^{22}Al

β-delayed one-proton emissions of ^{22}Si, the lightest nucleus with an isospin projection T_{z}=-3, are studied with a silicon array surrounded by high-purity germanium detectors. Properties of β-decay branches and the reduced transition probabilities for the transitions to the low-lying states of ^{22}Al are determined. Compared to the mirror β decay of ^{22}O, the largest value of mirror asymmetry in low-lying states by far, with δ=209(96), is found in the transition to the first 1^{+} excited state. Shell-model calculation with isospin-nonconserving forces, including the T=1, J=2, 3 interaction related to the s_{1/2} orbit that introduces explicitly the isospin-symmetry breaking force and describes the loosely bound nature of the wave functions of the s_{1/2} orbit, can reproduce the observed data well and consistently explain the observation that a large δ value occurs for the first but not for the second 1^{+} excited state of ^{22}Al. Our results, while supporting the proton-halo structure in ^{22}Al, might provide another means to identify halo nuclei.

[Study on insecticide resistance of Culex pipiens pallens in southwest region of Shandong Province]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the sensitivity of Culex pipiens pallens to common chemical insecticides in the southwestern region of Shandong Province, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of reasonable and effective mosquito control measures.

METHODS

The resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens larvae to 5 chemical insecticides, such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, DDVP, propoxur, and acetofenate were tested by using the WHO biological test method in 2018, and the co-toxicity coefficients after compounding the above-mentioned insecticides were tested by using a drug compounding method.

RESULTS

The resistance indexes of Cx. pipiens pallens to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, DDVP, propoxur, and acetofenate in 3 cities were 144.43-557.54, 118.17-445.33, 6.44-19.00, 2.37-8.10, and 0.88-2.98, respectively, and expect the difference between the DDVP resistances of Cx. pipiens pallens in Jining City and Heze City was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), all the other differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The synergistic coefficients of cypermethrin + DDVP, cypermethrin + propoxur, DDVP + acetofenate, and propoxur + acetofenate were 199.58 - 456.95, 190.56 - 292.37, 123.32 - 319.24, and 192.31 - 367.32, respectively. The lower synergism was observed by using the mixture of DDVP + propoxur (synergistic coefficient: 99.87-108.36) .

CONCLUSIONS

After decades of chemical control, Cx. pipiens pallens in the southwestern region of Shandong Province has produced different degrees of resistance to common chemical insecticides. Therefore, comprehensive control measures should be taken to control mosquito breeding and prevent the development of insecticide resistance.

[Comparison of etiology and incidence of pulmonary infection in patients with esophageal carcinoma accompanied by esophagotracheal fistula before and after the airway stent implantation]

Objective: To compare the etiology and incidence of pulmonary infection in patients with esophageal carcinoma accompanied by esophagotracheal fistula before and after the airway stent implantation. Methods: The clinical records of patients with esophageal carcinoma accompanied by esophagotracheal fistula in Respiratory Department and Oncology Department of Meitan General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from March 2008 to January 2018. The demographic data, comorbidities, pathological results and etiology were collected before and after tracheal stents were implanted in all patients. The incidence of pulmonary infection was analyzed, and the classification of etiology was compared before and after tracheal stents implantation. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. The incidence rate of pulmonary infection before stents implantation was 83.0%. A total of 105 bacterial strains were cultured, including 73 strains of gram-negative bacteria (69.5%) and mainly pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 strains of gram-positive bacteria [all methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)] (4.8%), and 27 strains of fungi (25.7%) and mainly candida albicans. The incidence rate of pulmonary infection was lowered to 53.0% after tracheal stents implantation (χ(2)=29.102, P<0.001). A total of 79 bacterial strains were cultured, and the main bacteria were still gram-negative bacteria and fungi, in which pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans accounted for the majority. However, 13 strains of MRSA were cultured (16.5%), significantly higher than those before stents implantation (χ(2)=7.451, P=0.005). Conclusions: The incidence rate of pulmonary infection in patients with esophageal carcinoma accompanied by esophagotracheal fistula is very high. Gram-negative bacteria and fungi are the main etiologies. Tracheal stents implantation can effectively reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection. However, the incidence rate of MRSA is significantly increased after stents implantation.

[Effects of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using hydromorphone supplement with dexmedetomidine on patients undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization]

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficiency of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) using hydromorphone supplement with dexmedetomidine on patients undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Methods: One hundred and eighty patients, age ranged from 40 to 65 years, body mass index from 18 to 25 kg/m(2,) ASA physical status Ⅱ-Ⅲ, who were scheduled for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) under monitor anesthesia care (MAC) were randomly divided into 3 groups: hydromorphone group (H group), hydromorphone supplement with dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg group (D1 group), hydromorphone supplement with dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg group (D2 group), 60 patients in every group. All the groups of patients received PCIA pump, in the H group, the PCIA reagent was composed of 120 μg/kg hydromorphone and 5 mg tropisetron in 100 ml of normal saline. In comparison, PCIA regiment was composed of 120 μg/kg hydromorphone, 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 5 mg tropisetron in 100 ml of normal saline in the D1 group, while 120 μg/kg hydromorphone, 2 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 5 mg tropisetron in 100 ml of normal saline in the D2 group. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) score, patients' satisfaction index, consumption of hydromorphone, the additional dose of morphine, the effective pressing times of PCIA and adverse reactions were recorded in detail at 0, 0.5, 1, 4, 12 and 24 hours after the patients underwent TACE. Results: The total consumptions of hydromorphone were (4.3±0.1), (4.1±0.1), and (3.8±0.1) mg in group H, D1, and D2, respectively, and the effective pressing times were 13±3, 6±2 and 2±1, the additional doses of morphine were (30±5), (15±3), and (3±1) mg, and adverse reaction rates were 45.0%, 28.3%, and 10.0%, respectively. The manifestations mentioned above in D2 group were significantly lower than those in group H and group D1 (P<0.05). Immediately and 5 min after embolization, at the end of surgery and 0.5, 1, 4, 12 and 24 h after surgery, the VAS scores in the D2 group were 1.9±0.2, 2.1±0.3, 1.8±0.4, 1.8±0.3, 1.7±0.3, 1.6±0.3, 1.3±0.2, 1.3±0.3, respectively, lower than those in group H and group D1 (P<0.05); The satisfaction index in D2 group at these times were 8.7±1.1, 8.9±0.8, 9.2±0.9, 9.0±0.7, 9.1±0.8, 9.0±0.6, 9.1±0.7, 9.2±0.9, respectively, higher than those in group H and group D1 (P<0.05). No breath depression happened in these three groups. Conclusion: The formula of hydromorphone combined with dexmedetomidine to patients undergoing TACE is greatly safe and efficient, with advantages in alleviating pain, reducing hydromorphone consumption and the incidence of adverse reaction of hydromorphone, and without breath depression.

Prophylactic supplement with melatonin successfully suppresses the pathogenesis of periodontitis through normalizing RANKL/OPG ratio and depressing the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway

Periodontitis (PD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by gingival inflammation and resorption of alveolar bone. Impaired receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG) signaling caused by enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of PD. Considering melatonin possesses significant anti-inflammatory property, this study aimed to determine whether prophylactic treatment with melatonin would effectively normalize RANKL/OPG signaling, depress toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (TLR4/MyD88)-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine activation, and successfully suppress the pathogenesis of PD. PD was induced in adult rats by placing the ligature at molar subgingival regions. Fourteen days before PD induction, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of melatonin was intraperitoneally injected for consecutive 28 days. Biochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect TLR4/MyD88 activity, RANKL, OPG, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, respectively. The extent of bone loss, bone mineral intensity, and calcium intensity was further evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicated that high RANKL/OPG ratio, TLR4/MyD88 activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were detected following PD. Impaired biochemical findings paralleled well with severe bone loss and reduced calcium intensity. However, in rats pretreated with melatonin, all above parameters were successfully returned to nearly normal levels with maximal change observed in rats receiving 100 mg/kg. As prophylactic treatment with melatonin effectively normalizes RANKL/OPG signaling by depressing TLR4/MyD88-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine production, dietary supplement with melatonin may serve as an advanced strategy to strengthen oral health to counteract PD-induced destructive damage.

First Results from CUORE: A Search for Lepton Number Violation via 0νββ Decay of ^{130}Te

The CUORE experiment, a ton-scale cryogenic bolometer array, recently began operation at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The array represents a significant advancement in this technology, and in this work we apply it for the first time to a high-sensitivity search for a lepton-number-violating process: ^{130}Te neutrinoless double-beta decay. Examining a total TeO_{2} exposure of 86.3 kg yr, characterized by an effective energy resolution of (7.7±0.5)  keV FWHM and a background in the region of interest of (0.014±0.002)  counts/(keV kg yr), we find no evidence for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Including systematic uncertainties, we place a lower limit on the decay half-life of T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.3×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.); the median statistical sensitivity of this search is 7.0×10^{24}  yr. Combining this result with those of two earlier experiments, Cuoricino and CUORE-0, we find T_{1/2}^{0ν}(^{130}Te)>1.5×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.), which is the most stringent limit to date on this decay. Interpreting this result as a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, we find m_{ββ}<(110-520)  meV, where the range reflects the nuclear matrix element estimates employed.

Enterovirus Type 71-Related Brainstem Encephalitis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Enterovirus type 71 ( EV71) infections are mainly found in infants. The severe cases are characterised by nervous system damage, acute circulatory and respiratory failures. So far, there has been no report of EV71 infection involving central nervous system in teenagers or young adults. We first reported a case of 15-year-old Han Chinese male who was infected by EV71, developed neurogenic pulmonary oedema rapidly, and had the risk factors including hyperglycaemia, significant leukocytosis and acute flaccid paralysis. The nucleic acids for EV71 were positive by Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The patient didn't belong to high risk population. Maculopapular rashes and blisters were also not found in hand, foot and mouth. These might be responsible for the failure to make an early diagnosis. (Hong Kong j.emerg.med. 2014;21:176-180)

Association of eNOS and Cav-1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility risk of large artery atherosclerotic stroke

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is localized in caveole and has important effects on caveolar coordination through its interaction with caveolin-1 (Cav-1), which supports normal functioning of vascular endothelial cells. However, the relationship between genotypic polymorphisms of e-NOS and Cav-1 genes and ischemic stroke (IS) remains lesser reported. This hospital-based case-control study aimed to determine the genetic polymorphisms of the eNOS (Glu298Asp) and Cav-1 (G14713A and T29107A) genes in association with susceptibility risk in patients who had suffered from a large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke. Genotyping determination for these variant alleles was performed using the TaqMan assay. The distributions of observed allelic and genotypic frequencies for the polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in healthy controls. The risk for an LAA stroke in the Asp298 variant was 1.72 (95% CI = 1.09–2.75) versus Glu298 of the eNOS. In the GA/AA (rs3807987) variant, it was 1.79 (95% CI = 1.16–2.74) versus GG and in TA/AA (rs7804372) was 1.61 (95% CI = 1.06–2.43) versus TT of the Cav-1, respectively. A tendency toward an increased LAA stroke risk was significant in carriers with the eNOS Glu298Asp variant in conjunction with the G14713 A and T29107A polymorphisms of the Cav-1 (aOR = 2.03, P-_trend = 0.002). A synergistic effect between eNOS and Cav-1 polymorphisms on IS risk elevation was significantly influenced by alcohol drinking, heavy cigarette smoking (P-_trend<0.01), and hypercholesterolemia (P-_trend < 0.001). In conclusion, genotypic polymorphisms of the eNOS Glu298Asp and Cav-1 14713A/29107A polymorphisms are associated with the elevated risk of LAA stroke among Han Chinese in Taiwan.

Effect of photoperiod on serum hormone concentrations during the annual reproductive cycle in geese

The poor egg-laying rate of geese hinders the development of the goose industry; therefore, the reproductive performance of geese is an important area of investigation. To evaluate the relationship between photoperiod, reproductive hormones, and reproductive activity during the egg-laying cycle in geese under natural conditions, we collected blood samples from Sichuan white geese and Xupu geese to quantify changes in prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). We also calculated the rate of egg laying for the two populations during the egg-laying cycle. We show that the egg-laying rate and the serum concentration of some hormones (PRL, E2, VIP, FSH, GnIH, and LH) differed significantly between the two populations during the pre-laying, laying, and ceased-laying periods. Serum LH concentrations may be associated with maturation of the ovary and oviducts, whereas FSH, PRL, and GnIH play important roles in egg laying. These results provide a useful resource for future studies examining the laying rate in geese.

Effects of feeding conditions on gene expression in chicken breast muscle

Chicken meat quality is becoming increasingly important among breeders and consumers. To understand the effect of feeding conditions on chicken meat quality, we investigated the profiles of genes expressed in chicken breast muscle. Using RNA sequencing, we identified 336, 321, and 387 differentially expressed genes among Chengkou, Daninghe, and Qingjiaoma chickens under scatter- and captivity-feeding conditions. Twenty-two genes differentially expressed between different feeding conditions were shown to be common among the three breeds. Seven of these genes were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, which confirmed the findings of RNA sequencing and suggested that the results were viable. The differentially expressed genes showed enrichment for a series of significant pathways, including energy metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and the immune system. These results provide a solid foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying chicken meat quality.

The effects of climate factors on scabies. A 14-year population-based study in Taiwan

Scabies is a common infectious disease and can cause severe outbreaks if not controlled quickly. Besides personal contact history, environmental factors are also important. This study analyzed the effects of environmental climate factors on the incidence of scabies in Taiwan. We conducted a 14-year nationwide population-based study: a total of 14,883 patients with scabies infestation were enrolled. Monthly climate data were collected from Taiwan’s Central Weather Bureau, including data on temperature, relative humidity, total rainfall, total rain days, and total sunshine hours. The linear relationships between these climate factors and scabies infestations or other risk factors were examined by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Overall, the incidence of scabies was negatively correlated with temperature (γ = −0.152, p < 0.001), while being positively correlated with humidity (γ = 0.192, p < 0.001). This useful information may provide evidence for lowering humidity at nursing facilities, hospitals, and military camps with scabies infestations, which may help to reduce its spread and prevent outbreaks.

Sequencing of Gag/Env association with HIV genotyping resolution and HIV-related epidemiologic studies of HIV in China

HIV genotyping has led to conflicting results between laboratories. Therefore, identifying the most accurate gene combinations to sequence remains a priority. Datasets of Chinese HIV subtypes based on several markers and deposited in PubMed, Metstr, CNKI, and VIP databases between 2000 and 2015 were studied. In total, 9177 cases of amplification-positive samples from 26 provinces of China were collected and used to classify HIV subtypes based on eight individual genes or a combination thereof. CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC and B were the prevalent HIV subtypes in China, accounting for 84.07% of all genotypes. Gag/Env sequencing classified a greater number of HIV subtypes compared to other genes or combination of gene fragments. The geographical distribution of Gag and Gag/Env genotypes was similar to that observed with all genetic markers. Further principal component analysis showed a significantly different geographical distribution pattern of HIV in China for HIV genotypes detected with Gag/Env, which was in line with the distribution of all HIV genotypes in China. Gag/Env sequences had the highest diversity of the eight markers studied, followed by Gag and Gag/Pol/Env; Pol/Env polymorphisms were the least divergent. Gag/Env can serve as a high-resolution marker for HIV genotyping.

Improved protocol for extracting genomic DNA from frozen formalin-fixed tissue resulting in high-quality whole mtDNA

Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding is widely used for convenient and long-term storage of tumor tissue and precious sources to perform genetic studies. However, DNA fragmentation is one of the major flaws of genomic DNA isolation from formalin fixation tissues, which limits its further usage. Here, we present an improved method for isolating high-quality genomic DNA from formalin fixation tissue. We obtained high-quality genomic DNA of more than 20 kb from samples frozen for more than 2 years. Furthermore, to verify DNA quality, the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes from the normal and tumor tissue of the same patient were successfully amplified with two overlapping PCR fragments comprising more than 8379 bp in length for each fragment. In addition, the whole genomes were sequenced with a 48-well based primer panel in order to avoid potential sequencing errors from artificial recombination, which was further confirmed with an mtDNA phylogenetic strategy. Our improved DNA extraction method from formalin fixation tissue and sequencing strategy for entire mtDNA genomes will generate unambiguous sequence analysis results for clinical samples.

[Frequency and clinical features of ASXL2 gene mutation in acute myeloid leukemia patients with AML1- ETO fusion gene positive]

目的

探讨伴AML1-ETO融合基因的急性髓系白血病（AML）患者ASXL2基因突变情况、突变阳性患者临床特征及ASXL2基因突变与c-kit基因突变的关系。

方法

采用PCR扩增产物片段直接测序分析法，检测59例伴AML1-ETO融合基因初发AML患者ASXL2基因第11、12外显子编码区突变情况，比较ASXL2基因突变阳性和阴性组患者的临床特征、生存及c-kit基因突变情况。

结果

59例患者中7例存在ASXL2突变，突变率为11.9%。ASXL2基因突变阳性组患者初诊时外周血红蛋白浓度中位数为56.2（38.0~72.0）g/L，显著低于ASXL2突变阴性组患者的69.0（37.2~154.0）g/L，差异有统计学意义（P=0.038）；外周血WBC、PLT、嗜酸粒细胞比例、骨髓原始细胞比例与ASXL2突变阴性组相比，差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。两组均未见肝、脾、中枢神经系统浸润；淋巴结不同程度肿大，但ASXL2基因突变阳性、阴性两组间差异无统计学意义（P=0.859）。免疫表型分析显示：ASXL2基因突变阳性组CD33表达显著低于阴性组（P=0.033）；两组患者均未表达cCD3，CD117、cMPO、HLA-DR、CD34、CD38、CD13、CD44、CD15、CD64、CD11b、CD56、CD19、cCD79a、CD7两组表达差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。ASXL2基因突变阳性与阴性组患者总缓解率、总生存时间差异均无统计学意义（P值分别为0.577、0.631）。两组c-kit基因突变检出率分别为14.3％和29.4%，差异无统计学意义（P=0.697）。

结论

该组伴AML1-ETO融合基因AML患者ASXL2基因突变率为11.9%。ASXL2突变阳性患者外周血红蛋白浓度、CD33表达方面呈现一定的临床特征。ASXL2基因突变与c-kit基因变突可能没有特定的关联性。

[Discovery of a novel spliceosome of ABL gene (ABL(Δexon7+35INS)) and its association with TKIs resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia]

OBJECTIVE

To explore whether the ABL(Δexon7) and ABL(35INS) spliceosome contributed to TKIs resistance.

METHODS

Screening ABL(Δexon7) and ABL(35INS) in 74 normal people and 76 CML patients (53 patients in remission and 23 patients with TKIs resistance) by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with cloning sequencing.

RESULTS

A novel spliceosome ABL(Δexon7+ 35INS) (ABL(Δexon7) and ABL(3)5INS existed at the same time) was identified and the mutation was detected in 8 (10.8%) of 74 normal people, 4 (7.5%) of 53 remission patients and 2 (8.7%) of 23 resistant patients. While 47 (63.5%) cases expressed ABL(Δexon7) and 8 (10.8% ) cases expressed ABL(35INS) in 74 healthy people, 30 (56.6%) cases expressed ABL(Δexon7) and 5 (9.4% ) cases expressed ABL(35INS) in 53 remission patients, 12 (52.2%) cases expressed ABL(Δexon7) and 3(13.0%) cases expressed ABL(35INS) in 23 resistant patients. Three kinds of spliceosome in all groups had no statistical difference.

CONCLUSION

ABL(Δexon7+ 35INS), ABL(Δexon7) and ABL(35INS) may be not uncommon in ABL gene and were unrelated to resistance in CML with TKIs treatment. ABL(35INS) were often accompanying with exon 7 deletion.

[Expression of phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosometen (PTEN) in squamous-cell lung cancer and its clinical significance]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the expression of PTEN in squamous-cell lung cancer(SQCLC) and its clinical significance.

METHODS

A total of 50 patients with SQCLC, including 43 males, 7 females, aged 40 to 83(average age 66 ) years, in Meitan General Hospital from May 2009 to July 2013 were included. Tumor adjacent tissues from 10 patients, including 9 males, 1 female, aged 42 to 79 (average age 59 )years, and 13 patients with benign pulmonary disease tissues, including 11 males, 2 females, aged 34 to 76 (average age 58 ) years were also included as the controls. The expression of PTEN protein was detected by using immunohistochemistry (S-P)method and compared among SQCLC tissues tumor adjacent tissues and benign disease tissues. The correlations of expression of PTEN protein with gender, age, smoking status, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages and differentiation grades were performed.

RESULTS

(1) PTEN expression was low in 50 cases SQCLC, while there was a high expression in the tumor adjacent tissues and benign disease tissues. The PTEN protein positive rate of the SQCLC cases (20%, 10/50) was significantly lower than that of cases of tumor adjacent tissues and benign disease tissues (8/10, 12/13), χ(2)=23.542, P<0.01. (2) In the SQCLC group, the expression of PTEN protein was significantly related to differentiation grades and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), but not gender, age, smoking status, and clinical stages (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The lower expression of PTEN in SQCLC was associated with high degree of malignancy and lymph node metastasis. The lost of expression of PTEN may serve as a marker for evaluation of malignancy and an independent factor for prognosis.

[Posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion to upper cervical tuberculosis]

Objective: To explore clinical results of posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion for upper cervical Tuberculosis. Methods: From March 2007 to April 2012, 8 patients with upper cervical Tuberculosis underwent posterior debridement combined with atlantoaxial fusion in our hospital were selected for retrospective analysis. 3 cases were males and 5 females, aged 29-65 (43.5±13.2) years. According to the pedicle destruction, using different screws (pedicle screw or laminar screw) fixation.In the preoperative and final follow-up, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA) and neck disability index (NDI) were used to evaluate neurological function and calculate improvement rate JOA score. At final follow-up, clinical efficacy was evaluated by Odom's grade. situation of internal fixation, fusion of upper cervical were assessed by imaging examination. During follow-up, complications were documented and analyzed. Results: Postoperatively 12 months, all bony fusion were achieved. Tuberculosis were reached clinical cure in 12-18 months. The JOA score increased from 10.5±2.0 preoperatively to 15.6 ±1.1 in final follow-up(P<0.05), and the NDI decreased from 29.9 ± 6.2 preoperatively to 8.6±1.6 (P<0.05). At last follow-up, according to Odom's standard, excellent were obtained in 6 cases (75.0%), good 1 cases (12.5%) and ordinary 1 case (12.5%). No severe complications was documented during follow-up. Conclusions: The treatment of posterior debridement combine with atlantoaxial fusion, and structure grafting and local anti-Tuberculosis drug using intraoperative, not only could obtain reliable clinical efficacy, completely removal of lesions, but also obtain strong stability, which plays an important role in the treatment of cervical tuberculosis.

Feeding conditions and breed affect the level of DNA methylation of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 gene in chicken breast muscle

To investigate the effects of feed condition and breed on the level of DNA methylation for the uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) gene, which is an important candidate gene for regulating intramuscular fat (IMF) content in chicken breast muscle, breast muscle of Daninghe (DNH) and Qingjiaoma (QJM) chickens under scatter-feed and captivity-feed conditions was analyzed. Using RNA sequencing, 47 and 113 candidate genes were determined to be related to feed conditions and breed, respectively, and 7 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR, including UCP3. The mRNA levels of UCP3 were significantly different between the 2 feed conditions. The DNA region from bp +1700 to +2459 of the UCP3 gene was studied using the bisulfite sequencing method and contained 46 methylation sites and 3 CpG islands. The results showed that the methylation level of this UCP3 region was lower in DNH chickens (0.77% to 0.88%, P = 0.012) and QJM chickens (0.88% to 0.91%, P = 0.20) under scatter-feed conditions than under captivity-feed conditions. The mean methylation level of UCP3 in DNH chickens was lower than that in QJM chickens under scatter-feed conditions (DNH to QJM, 0.77% to 0.88%, P = 0.007), which suggests that breed affects the mean methylation level of UCP3 under scatter-feed conditions. In summary, our findings suggest that feed condition and breed affect the methylation of UCP3 in chicken breast muscle.

Search for Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay of (130)Te with CUORE-0

We report the results of a search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in a 9.8 kg yr exposure of (130)Te using a bolometric detector array, CUORE-0. The characteristic detector energy resolution and background level in the region of interest are 5.1±0.3  keV FWHM and 0.058±0.004(stat)±0.002(syst)counts/(keV kg yr), respectively. The median 90% C.L. lower-limit half-life sensitivity of the experiment is 2.9×10(24)  yr and surpasses the sensitivity of previous searches. We find no evidence for neutrinoless double-beta decay of (130)Te and place a Bayesian lower bound on the decay half-life, T(1/2)(0ν)>2.7×10(24)  yr at 90% C.L. Combining CUORE-0 data with the 19.75 kg yr exposure of (130)Te from the Cuoricino experiment we obtain T(1/2)(0ν)>4.0×10(24)  yr at 90% C.L. (Bayesian), the most stringent limit to date on this half-life. Using a range of nuclear matrix element estimates we interpret this as a limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, m(ββ)<270-760  meV.

Abstract 2775: Prognostic significance of triple miRNAs, miR-9, miR-221, and miR-200c in breast cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNA) mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition have been considered as a major event in cancer aggression and accounted for cancer progression. However, clinical association between synergistic effect of deregulated expression levels of the EMT-related miRNAs, including miR-9, miR-221, and miR-200c, and breast cancer prognoses remains underestimated. Initially, tissue samples were from 184 enrolled female patients, with invasive ductal carcinoma, followed up for more than ten years. miRNA expression levels between paired laser capture microdissected tumor and non-tumor cells from the primary tumor site was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Differentially expressed status of the target miRNA in tumors relative to non-tumor parts (T/N ratio) was assessed their relationship with pathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of breast cancer. While miR-9 or miR-221 showed significantly higher expression level in tumor cells compared to the non-tumor ones, miR-200c exhibited the opposite (p&lt;0.05). Based on the ROC curve, T/N ratio of 2.80- and 1.96-fold increase for miR-9 and miR-221, whereas, 1.80-fold decrease for miR-200c as risk genotypes, respectively. According to these cutoffs, high miR-9 expression in tumors was associated with advanced tumor stages (p&lt;0.05); significant risk associations were shown between LNM-positive tumors and miR-9 (OR = 3.12) or miR-221 (OR = 1.88) (p&lt;0.05). A joint effect on risk elevation of tumor invasion and nodal metastasis was seen in tumors having miR-9 overexpression alongside increased miR-221 or reduced miR-200c expression (p-trend&lt;0.05). Considering the combined effect of these three miRNAs, patients harboring greater numbers of deregulated expression levels in tumors were found to have a higher risk of poor prognoses (high-stage (p-trend = 0.003) and LNM (p-trend = 0.028)) and reduced probability of 10-year overall survival, showing hazard ratio of 2.39 (p&lt;0001 for trend test). In conclusion, deregulated levels of miR-9, miR-221, and miR-200c, may serve as prognostic biomarkers to predict disease progression and shorter OS in breast cancer.

Citation Format: Chun-Wen Cheng, Jyh-Cherng Yu, Yi-Hsien Hsieh, Po-Ming Chen, Hsiao-Wei Wang, Hui-Chun Wang, Chen-Yang Shen. Prognostic significance of triple miRNAs, miR-9, miR-221, and miR-200c in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2775. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2775

Targeting histone deacetylase 6 mediates a dual anti-melanoma effect: Enhanced antitumor immunity and impaired cell proliferation

The median survival for metastatic melanoma is in the realm of 8-16 months and there are few therapies that offer significant improvement in overall survival. One of the recent advances in cancer treatment focuses on epigenetic modifiers to alter the survivability and immunogenicity of cancer cells. Our group and others have previously demonstrated that pan-HDAC inhibitors induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and changes in the immunogenicity of melanoma cells. Here we interrogated specific HDACs which may be responsible for this effect. We found that both genetic abrogation and pharmacologic inhibition of HDAC6 decreases in vitro proliferation and induces G1 arrest of melanoma cell lines without inducing apoptosis. Moreover, targeting this molecule led to an important upregulation in the expression of tumor associated antigens and MHC class I, suggesting a potential improvement in the immunogenicity of these cells. Of note, this anti-melanoma activity was operative regardless of mutational status of the cells. These effects translated into a pronounced delay of in vivo melanoma tumor growth which was, at least in part, dependent on intact immunity as evidenced by the restoration of tumor growth after CD4+ and CD8+ depletion. Given our findings, we provide the initial rationale for the further development of selective HDAC6 inhibitors as potential therapeutic anti-melanoma agents.

T174M polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene and risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis

Numerous studies have evaluated the association between the T174M polymorphism in the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene and myocardial infarction (MI) risk. However, the specific association remains controversial because of small sample sizes and varied study designs among different studies. We performed a meta-analysis to assess this correlation. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all published articles regarding the association between the AGT gene T174M polymorphism and MI risk from different databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. A total of 1032 patients with lung cancer and 1286 controls from 6 comparative studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed a significant association between the AGT gene T174M polymorphism and MI risk (MM vs TT: OR = 2.87, 95%CI = 1.71-4.83; dominant model: OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.10-2.25; recessive model: OR = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.25-0.66). In subgroup analysis by nationality, we observed a significant association between the AGT gene T174M polymorphism and susceptibility to MI in both Caucasian and Asian populations. In conclusion, the T174M polymorphism in the AGT gene may be related to an increased risk of MI. Further larger studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

The association of frontal recess anatomy and mucosal disease on the presence of chronic frontal sinusitis: a computed tomographic analysis

OBJECTIVES

The frontal sinus has the most complex and variable drainage routes of all paranasal sinus regions. The goal of this study was to identify these anatomical factors and inflammation areas relating to chronic frontal sinusitis by comparing radiological presentations in patients with and without frontal sinusitis.

METHODS

All adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who had received computed tomography (CT) scans of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses between October 2010 and September 2011. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the distribution of various frontal recess cells and surrounding inflammatory conditions in patients with and without frontal sinusitis.

RESULTS

Analysis of 240 sides of CT scans was performed with 66 sides excluded. The opacification of the frontal recess and sinus lateralis demonstrated a strong association with an increased presence of frontal sinusitis by multiple logistic regression models.

CONCLUSION

Opacification of the frontal recess and sinus lateralis was found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of frontal sinusitis and developing severe blockage of drainage pathways. It provides evidence that mucosal inflammation disease in these two areas is a very important factor leading to chronic frontal sinusitis.

Familial gigantiform cementoma: distinctive clinical features of a large Chinese pedigree

Familial gigantiform cementoma is a rare benign fibrocemento-osseous lesion of the jaws that can cause severe facial deformity. It has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, but varies in its phenotype. It is more common in white, African, and East-Asian patients. Here we report what is to our knowledge the first distinctive Chinese family with familial gigantiform cementoma involving 4 generations and 13 patients, and which suggests that the tumour presents with 3 distinctive growth phrases.

Inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on Lewis mice lung cancer cells

Recent studies have found that glucocorticoids are closely associated with oncogenesis and the development of many types of tumors. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of dexamethasone on the growth and angiogenesis of transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Lewis lung carcinoma cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the right axilla of C57BL/6 mice, and the mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group, cisplatin group, and dexamethasone group. From day 7 after inoculation, all the mice were given different treatments for 10 days, and changes in xenograft tumor volumes were monitored. All mice were sacrificed on day 17, and the tumors were obtained and weighed and the tumor inhibitory rate was calculated. The expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as the microvessel density (MVD) in the tumor mass, were measured by immunohistochemistry. Tumor growth was suppressed in the cisplatin group and dexamethasone group. The weights of tumors were markedly decreased in the cisplatin group and dexamethasone group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of HIF-1α and VEGF and the MVD were significantly lower in the cisplatin group and dexamethasone group than in the control group (P < 0.05). However, these levels were not significantly different between the cisplatin group and dexamethasone group (P > 0.05). Dexamethasone can effectively inhibit the growth and angiogenesis of Lewis lung carcinoma by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF.

Cytotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and α-zearalenol: effects of individual and combined treatment

This study investigated the cytotoxicity of combined mycotoxins of ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and/or α-zearalenol (α-ZOL). The cytotoxicity of two mycotoxin combinations (two two-toxin combinations and one three-toxin combination) on human Hep G2 cells was evaluated using a tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay and isobologram analysis. Our results demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects of the two-toxin combination and the three-toxin combination on Hep G2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The combination indexes (CI) were 2.73-7.67 for the OTA+ZEA combination and 1.23-17.82 for the OTA+α-ZOL combination after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure at all inhibit concentration (IC) levels (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism. The CIs of the ZEA+α-ZOL combination were 1.29-2.55 after 24 h and 72 h of exposure (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism. The CIs of the ZEA+α-ZOL combination were 0.74-1.68 after 48 h of exposure, indicating synergism (IC80-IC90), additive effects (IC50-IC70), or antagonism (IC10-IC40). For the OTA+ZEA+α-ZOL combination, the CIs were 1.41-14.65 after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism.

Genetic affinities of central China populations

Hunan locates in the south-central part of China, to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting. According to the historical records, the peopling of Hunan by modern human ancestors can ascend to 40 thousand years ago. Thus, to trace the ancient maternal components can offer further insight into the origin of south-central China. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA of 114 individuals from Hunan Province (including 34 Han, 40 Tujia and 40 Miao). Hypervariable regions I and II of the mtDNA control region were sequenced, and the relative diagnostic variations in coding region according to the updated worldwide phylogeny tree were selected and typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or direct sequencing. All individuals were classified into specific (sub)haplogroups. By comparison with the surrounding populations, southern China-prevalent haplogroups were detected with relative higher frequency in the Tujia and Miao ethnic populations, such as haplogroup B, with more than 20%, lacking in the Han population, which illustrated its southern origin characters. In addition, we also detected northern of East Asia prevalent haplogroups with a relative higher frequency in Tujia populations than in the Miao and Yao ethnic groups, implying a gene flow from Han populations. However, the language-clustering tendency was supported by our principal component analysis and further genetic estimation results. Han and ethnic groups in central China exhibited specific ancestors related to their closer language affinity, although there was extensively genetic admixture between Han and ethnic groups.

Efficacy of fexofenadine in isolated rat tracheas

OBJECTIVES

Histamine is an important chemical mediator in both nasal and bronchial inflammation in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. The effect of histamine receptor-1 antagonists on nasal mucosa in vivo is well known, however, the effect on tracheal smooth muscle has rarely been explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fexofenadine on isolated tracheal smooth muscle in vitro.

METHODS

Six tracheal strips were used for each experiment, and one untreated strip served as a control. We examined the effectiveness of fexofenadine on isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle by testing the effect on: 1) tracheal smooth muscle resting tension; 2) contraction caused by 10E-6 M methacholine as a parasympathetic mimetic; and 3) electrically induced tracheal smooth muscle contractions.

RESULTS

The results indicated that addition of methacholine caused the trachea to contract in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of fexofenadine at a dose of 10E-4 M elicited a significant relaxation response compared to 10E-6 M methacholine-induced contraction. There were no detectable changes in the peak tension of electrical field stimulation-induced contractions in the fexofenadine group.

CONCLUSION

High concentrations of fexofenadine had an anti-cholinergic effect. In addition to diminishing histamine-mediated allergic symptoms, fexofenadine may have a potentially therapeutic implication in alleviating asthma-related symptoms due to reducing methacholine-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle though these aspects were not studied.

Three-dimensional bone CT reconstruction anatomy of the vidian canal

OBJECTIVES

To examine the anatomical features of the anterior opening of the vidian canal using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images of the bone.

METHODS

We reviewed 62 patients who had undergone bilateral vidian neurectomies. One hundred and twenty-four vidian canals and their surrounding anatomies were analyzed. 3D images were reconstructed using algorithms and compared with conventional two-dimensional (2D) CT images.

RESULTS

A bony prominence that overlaid the vidian canal along the sphenoid sinus floor was found in 60 (48.39 %) canals. Pneumatization of the pterygoid process was observed in 45 sides (36.29%). No significant discrepancy was found in detecting these variances between the 2D and the 3D images. The presence of a surgically favorable gap between the palatine and the sphenoid bone was seen in 25 sides (20.16%) without significant association with pterygoid process pneumatization or vidian canal protrusion. This gap was not identified on the 2D CT scans.

CONCLUSION

3D CT reconstruction images of bone provide superior delineation of the gap between the palatine and the sphenoid bone, which is a critical variation for vidian neurectomy. This useful method may contribute to better prediction and guidance of the surgical approach to the vidian canal and pterygopalatine fossa.

Microsatellite markers in Paulownia kawakamii (Scrophulariaceae) and cross-amplification in other Paulownia species

Paulownia kawakamii is a fast-growing timber tree. In this study, 21 primer sets were developed using an enriched genomic library. The genetic diversity was measured in one P. kawakamii population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 19. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.158 to 0.842 (mean = 0.421) and from 0.376 to 0.952 (mean = 0.771), respectively. All 21 loci were also polymorphic in closely related species (P. tomentosa, P. elongata, and P. fortunei). The described markers will be useful in future population genetic studies and molecular breeding of these Paulownia species.

Hollow three-dimensional endothelialized microvessel networks based on femtosecond laser ablation

In this study, a novel method for the fabrication of hollow three-dimensional (3D) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microvessel scaffolds is proposed. In this novel fabrication method, a salt ingot, which was used as a temporary frame to define the shape of the desired scaffold, was fabricated by extrusion molding. The salt ingot was immersed in a PLGA solution and the PGLA enveloped the ingot entirely. The femtosecond laser ablation technique was used for ablating the desired pattern on the PLGA layer and then the salt ingot was completely dissolved in distilled deionized water. A hollow 3D PLGA scaffold was obtained using this process on which bovine endothelial cells (BECs) were then cultured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent images of the cell seeding demonstrate that the BECs adhered and grew well on both the side-wall of the branches and the surroundings of each branch.

Treatment with Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand reverses lung dendritic cell immunoparalysis and ameliorates zymosan-induced secondary lung injury in mice

Depletion and dysfunction of dendritic cells in the lung can induce local immunoparalysis, which often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)-associated mortality. A therapeutic strategy that reverses this immunoparalysis is required. In the present study, we examined the effects of in vivo Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) treatment on zymosan (zym)-induced secondary lung injury and dendritic cell (DC) immunoparalysis. BALBc mice were divided randomly into four groups (20/group): (1) sham [intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline] + vehicle [subcutaneous (s.c.) 0·01% mouse serum albumin]; (2) sham + Flt3L (s.c.); (3) zym (i.p.) + vehicle; and (4) zym + Flt3L. Injections were for 9 consecutive days; 12 days later we examined: survival rate (monitored for 12 days); lung tissue histopathology (haematoxylin and eosin staining); plasma indices of lung function (pH, PaO(2) , PaCO(2) , HCO(3) (-) ); DC subsets in lung tissue; and lung DCs production of interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-10. Zym administration resulted in increased mortality associated with significant lung histopathological changes and abnormal blood gas indices; however, these pathological changes were ameliorated by Flt3L treatment. Zym injections also resulted in significant reductions in DC subsets recovered from lungs [CD11c(+) major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II/I-A(d+) , CD11c(+) CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) B220(+) ]. Importantly, in-vivo Flt3L treatment reversed these trends for DC immunoparalysis by increasing the percentages of recovered DC subsets concomitant with increased DC production of IL-12 p70 and decreased IL-10 production. These results suggest that Flt3L may have therapeutic potential for reversing DC immunoparalysis and ameliorating lung injury secondary to MODS.