1
|
Puray-Chavez M, Lee N, Tenneti K, Wang Y, Vuong HR, Liu Y, Horani A, Huang T, Gunsten SP, Case JB, Yang W, Diamond MS, Brody SL, Dougherty J, Kutluay SB. The translational landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and infected cells. bioRxiv 2021:2020.11.03.367516. [PMID: 33173862 PMCID: PMC7654850 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.03.367516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 utilizes a number of strategies to modulate viral and host mRNA translation. Here, we used ribosome profiling in SARS-CoV-2 infected model cell lines and primary airway cells grown at the air-liquid interface to gain a deeper understanding of the translationally regulated events in response to virus replication. We find that SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs dominate the cellular mRNA pool but are not more efficiently translated than cellular mRNAs. SARS-CoV-2 utilized a highly efficient ribosomal frameshifting strategy in comparison to HIV-1, suggesting utilization of distinct structural elements. In the highly permissive cell models, although SARS-CoV-2 infection induced the transcriptional upregulation of numerous chemokines, cytokines and interferon stimulated genes, many of these mRNAs were not translated efficiently. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on host mRNA translation was more subtle in primary cells, with marked transcriptional and translational upregulation of inflammatory and innate immune responses and downregulation of processes involved in ciliated cell function. Together, these data reveal the key role of mRNA translation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and highlight unique mechanisms for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kasyap Tenneti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hung R Vuong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yating Liu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sean P Gunsten
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James B Case
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sebla B Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puray-Chavez M, LaPak KM, Schrank TP, Elliott JL, Bhatt DP, Agajanian MJ, Jasuja R, Lawson DQ, Davis K, Rothlauf PW, Jo H, Lee N, Tenneti K, Eschbach JE, Mugisha CS, Vuong HR, Bailey AL, Hayes DN, Whelan SP, Horani A, Brody SL, Goldfarb D, Major MB, Kutluay SB. Systematic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection of an ACE2-negative human airway cell. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.01.433431. [PMID: 33688646 PMCID: PMC7941617 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.01.433431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Established in vitro models for SARS-CoV-2 infection are limited and include cell lines of non-human origin and those engineered to overexpress ACE2, the cognate host cell receptor. We identified human H522 lung adenocarcinoma cells as naturally permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection despite complete absence of ACE2. Infection of H522 cells required the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, though in contrast to ACE2-dependent models, spike alone was not sufficient for H522 infection. Temporally resolved transcriptomic and proteomic profiling revealed alterations in cell cycle and the antiviral host cell response, including MDA5-dependent activation of type-I interferon signaling. Focused chemical screens point to important roles for clathrin-mediated endocytosis and endosomal cathepsins in SARS-CoV-2 infection of H522 cells. These findings imply the utilization of an alternative SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptor which may impact tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and consequently human disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyle M. LaPak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Travis P. Schrank
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Elliott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhaval P. Bhatt
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan J. Agajanian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ria Jasuja
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dana Q. Lawson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keanu Davis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heejoon Jo
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kasyap Tenneti
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenna E. Eschbach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Shema Mugisha
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hung R. Vuong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam L. Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D. Neil Hayes
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amjad Horani
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Mo
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Institute for Informatics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - M. Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sebla B. Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has infected millions within just a few months and is continuing to spread around the globe causing immense respiratory disease and mortality. Assays to monitor SARS-CoV-2 growth depend on time-consuming and costly RNA extraction steps, hampering progress in basic research and drug development efforts. Here we developed a facile Q-RT-PCR assay that bypasses viral RNA extraction steps and can monitor SARS-CoV-2 replication kinetics from a small amount of cell culture supernatants. Using this assay, we screened the activities of a number of entry, SARS-CoV-2- and HIV-1-specific inhibitors in a proof of concept study. In line with previous studies which has shown that processing of the viral Spike protein by cellular proteases and endosomal fusion are required for entry, we found that E64D and apilimod potently decreased the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cell culture supernatants with minimal cytotoxicity. Surprisingly, we found that macropinocytosis inhibitor EIPA similarly decreased viral RNA in supernatants suggesting that entry may additionally be mediated by an alternative pathway. HIV-1-specific inhibitors nevirapine (an NNRTI), amprenavir (a protease inhibitor), and ALLINI-2 (an allosteric integrase inhibitor) modestly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, albeit the IC 50 values were much higher than that required for HIV-1. Taken together, this facile assay will undoubtedly expedite basic SARS-CoV-2 research, be amenable to mid-throughput screens to identify chemical inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, and be applicable to a broad number of RNA and DNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Shema Mugisha
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hung R Vuong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sebla B Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vuong HR, Tyo KM, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Fabrication and Characterization of Griffithsin-modified Fiber Scaffolds for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155732 DOI: 10.3791/56492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun fibers (EFs) have been widely used in a variety of therapeutic applications; however, they have only recently been applied as a technology to prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Moreover, many EF technologies focus on encapsulating the active agent, relative to utilizing the surface to impart biofunctionality. Here we describe a method to fabricate and surface-modify poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) electrospun fibers, with the potent antiviral lectin Griffithsin (GRFT). PLGA is an FDA-approved polymer that has been widely used in drug delivery due to its outstanding chemical and biocompatible properties. GRFT is a natural, potent, and safe lectin that possesses broad activity against numerous viruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When combined, GRFT-modified fibers have demonstrated potent inactivation of HIV-1 in vitro. This manuscript describes the methods to fabricate and characterize GRFT-modified EFs. First, PLGA is electrospun to create a fiber scaffold. Fibers are subsequently surface-modified with GRFT using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the size and morphology of surface-modified formulations. Additionally, a gp120 or hemagglutinin (HA)-based ELISA may be used to quantify the amount of GRFT conjugated to, as well as GRFT desorption from the fiber surface. This protocol can be more widely applied to fabricate fibers that are surface-modified with a variety of different proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung R Vuong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville
| | - Kevin M Tyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville; Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tyo KM, Vuong HR, Malik DA, Sims LB, Alatassi H, Duan J, Watson WH, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Multipurpose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate electrospun fibers for the prevention of HIV-1 and HSV-2 infections in vitro. Int J Pharm 2017; 531:118-133. [PMID: 28797967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and -2) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) remain incurable, urging the development of new prevention strategies. While current prophylactic technologies are dependent on strict user adherence to achieve efficacy, there is a dearth of delivery vehicles that provide discreet and convenient administration, combined with prolonged-delivery of active agents. To address these needs, we created electrospun fibers (EFs) comprised of FDA-approved polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(DL-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL), to provide sustained-release and in vitro protection against HIV-1 and HSV-2. PLGA and PLCL EFs, incorporating the antiretroviral, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), exhibited sustained-release for up to 4 weeks, and provided complete in vitro protection against HSV-2 and HIV-1 for 24h and 1 wk, respectively, based on the doses tested. In vitro cell culture and EpiVaginal tissue tests confirmed the safety of fibers in vaginal and cervical cells, highlighting the potential of PLGA and PLCL EFs as multipurpose next-generation drug delivery vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Tyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States; Center for Predictive Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Hung R Vuong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Danial A Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lee B Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Houda Alatassi
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jinghua Duan
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Center for Predictive Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Walter H Watson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States; Center for Predictive Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grooms TN, Vuong HR, Tyo KM, Malik DA, Sims LB, Whittington CP, Palmer KE, Matoba N, Steinbach-Rankins JM. Griffithsin-Modified Electrospun Fibers as a Delivery Scaffold To Prevent HIV Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6518-6531. [PMID: 27550363 PMCID: PMC5075055 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00956-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite current prophylactic strategies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain significant contributors to global health challenges, spurring the development of new multipurpose delivery technologies to protect individuals from and treat virus infections. However, there are few methods currently available to prevent and no method to date that cures human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or combinations of STIs. While current oral and topical preexposure prophylaxes have protected against HIV infection, they have primarily relied on antiretrovirals (ARVs) to inhibit infection. Yet continued challenges with ARVs include user adherence to daily treatment regimens and the potential toxicity and antiviral resistance associated with chronic use. The integration of new biological agents may avert some of these adverse effects while also providing new mechanisms to prevent infection. Of the biologic-based antivirals, griffithsin (GRFT) has demonstrated potent inhibition of HIV-1 (and a multitude of other viruses) by adhering to and inactivating HIV-1 immediately upon contact. In parallel with the development of GRFT, electrospun fibers (EFs) have emerged as a promising platform for the delivery of agents active against HIV infection. In the study described here, our goal was to extend the mechanistic diversity of active agents and electrospun fibers by incorporating the biologic GRFT on the EF surface rather than within the EFs to inactivate HIV prior to cellular entry. We fabricated and characterized GRFT-modified EFs (GRFT-EFs) with different surface modification densities of GRFT and demonstrated their safety and efficacy against HIV-1 infection in vitro We believe that EFs are a unique platform that may be enhanced by incorporation of additional antiviral agents to prevent STIs via multiple mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N Grooms
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hung R Vuong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kevin M Tyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Danial A Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lee B Sims
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program at University of Louisville James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program at University of Louisville James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jill M Steinbach-Rankins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|