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Rachdi A, Hernandez-Tost H, Herzi D, Morales-Martinez A, Hernández-Verdin I, Houillier C, Alentorn A, Hoang-Xuan K. Recent advances in the diagnosis and the treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:481-489. [PMID: 37045615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent progress in the management of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Multiomic analyses allowed to better understand the tumorigenesis of PCNSL and to establish a molecular classification with prognostic value that will optimize patient management and guide future targeted approaches. Cooperative clinical trials have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy, in selected fit patients, of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation as post-induction consolidation, that will progressively replace whole brain radiotherapy associated with a much higher risk of delayed neurotoxicity. Several novel treatments have shown efficacy and overall good tolerance in PCNSL patients, such as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, imids, immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T). This opens promising therapeutic perspectives to improve the current standard treatment, especially for elderly and unfit patients who represent a growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rachdi
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Institut Mongi Ben Hamida de neurologie de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Hernandez-Tost
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - D Herzi
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Morales-Martinez
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - C Houillier
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; LOC network, France
| | - A Alentorn
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne université, CNRS, Paris, France; LOC network, France
| | - K Hoang-Xuan
- Service de neurologie 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne université, CNRS, Paris, France; LOC network, France.
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Hernández-Verdin I, Kirasic E, Wienand K, Mokhtari K, Eimer S, Loiseau H, Rousseau A, Paillassa J, Ahle G, Lerintiu F, Uro-Coste E, Oberic L, Figarella-Branger D, Chinot O, Gauchotte G, Taillandier L, Marolleau JP, Polivka M, Adam C, Ursu R, Schmitt A, Barillot N, Nichelli L, Lozano-Sánchez F, Ibañez-Juliá MJ, Peyre M, Mathon B, Abada Y, Charlotte F, Davi F, Stewart C, de Reyniès A, Choquet S, Soussain C, Houillier C, Chapuy B, Hoang-Xuan K, Alentorn A. Molecular and clinical diversity in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:186-199. [PMID: 36402300 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and distinct entity within diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting with variable response rates probably to underlying molecular heterogeneity. PATIENTS AND METHODS To identify and characterize PCNSL heterogeneity and facilitate clinical translation, we carried out a comprehensive multi-omic analysis [whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), methylation sequencing, and clinical features] in a discovery cohort of 147 fresh-frozen (FF) immunocompetent PCNSLs and a validation cohort of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) 93 PCNSLs with RNA-seq and clinico-radiological data. RESULTS Consensus clustering of multi-omic data uncovered concordant classification of four robust, non-overlapping, prognostically significant clusters (CS). The CS1 and CS2 groups presented an immune-cold hypermethylated profile but a distinct clinical behavior. The 'immune-hot' CS4 group, enriched with mutations increasing the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and nuclear factor-κB activity, had the most favorable clinical outcome, while the heterogeneous-immune CS3 group had the worse prognosis probably due to its association with meningeal infiltration and enriched HIST1H1E mutations. CS1 was characterized by high Polycomb repressive complex 2 activity and CDKN2A/B loss leading to higher proliferation activity. Integrated analysis on proposed targets suggests potential use of immune checkpoint inhibitors/JAK1 inhibitors for CS4, cyclin D-Cdk4,6 plus phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for CS1, lenalidomide/demethylating drugs for CS2, and enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) inhibitors for CS3. We developed an algorithm to identify the PCNSL subtypes using RNA-seq data from either FFPE or FF tissue. CONCLUSIONS The integration of genome-wide data from multi-omic data revealed four molecular patterns in PCNSL with a distinctive prognostic impact that provides a basis for future clinical stratification and subtype-based targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hernández-Verdin
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - E Kirasic
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - K Wienand
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Mokhtari
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neuropathology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - S Eimer
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - H Loiseau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France; EA 7435-IMOTION, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - A Rousseau
- Department of Pathology, PBH, CHU Angers, Angers, France; CRCINA, Université de Nantes-université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - J Paillassa
- Department of Hematology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - G Ahle
- Department of Neurology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Colmar, France
| | - F Lerintiu
- Department of Neuropathology, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Uro-Coste
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Toulouse, IUC-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; INSERM U1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse, France; Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - L Oberic
- Department of Hematology, IUC Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - D Figarella-Branger
- Neuropathology Department, University Hospital Timone, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - O Chinot
- Department of Neuro-oncology, CHU Timone, APHM, Marseille, France; Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology, CNRS, INP, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - G Gauchotte
- Department of Biopathology, CHRU Nancy, CHRU/ICL, Bâtiment BBB, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Department of Legal Medicine, CHRU Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INSERM U1256, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Centre de Ressources Biologiques, BB-0033-00035, CHRU, Nancy, France
| | - L Taillandier
- Department of Neuro-oncology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - J-P Marolleau
- Department of Hematology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - M Polivka
- Department of Anatomopathology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Adam
- Pathology Department, Bicêtre University Hospital, Public Hospital Network of Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - R Ursu
- Department of Neurology, Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - A Schmitt
- Department of Hematology, Institut Bergonié Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Barillot
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - L Nichelli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - F Lozano-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | | | - M Peyre
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - B Mathon
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Y Abada
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - F Charlotte
- Department Pathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - F Davi
- Department Hematology, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - C Stewart
- Department Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - A de Reyniès
- Department INSERM UMR_S1138-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers-Université Pierre et Marie Curie et Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - S Choquet
- Department Pathology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - C Soussain
- Department Hematology Unit, Institut Curie, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - C Houillier
- Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - B Chapuy
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Hoang-Xuan
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - A Alentorn
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute-ICM, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France; Department of Neurology-2, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.
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