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Hung IT, Viding E, Stringaris A, Ganiban JM, Saudino KJ. Study Preregistration: Understanding the Etiology of Externalizing Problems in Young Children: The Roles of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Irritability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:376-378. [PMID: 38401966 PMCID: PMC10894320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Externalizing behavioral problems in young children are associated with later delinquency and crime,1 which can cause burdens at both personal and socialeconomic levels. The heterogeneity of externalizing problems emphasizes the importance of examining the etiological mechanisms that underlie externalizing problems and related behaviors. The present study focuses on 2 risk factors for externalizing behavioral problems in early childhood: callous-unemotional traits (CU), characterized as a lack of guilt and empathy,2 and irritability, a tendency to show anger and frustration.3 Behavioral genetic studies find that externalizing problems, CU, and irritability are heritable,4,5 raising the possibility of common genetic effects linking the 3 behaviors, but this has not been previously explored. Neurological evidence suggests distinct pathways from CU and irritability to externalizing problems,6 implying that the genetic and environmental factors linking externalizing problems and CU may differ from those linking externalizing problems and irritability. We predict that there will be common genetic influences operating across externalizing problems, CU, and irritability; but we also predict unique genetic and environmental influences representing distinctive risks shared between externalizing problems and CU, and between externalizing problems and irritability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tzu Hung
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Argyris Stringaris
- University College London, United Kingdom; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Hung IT, Ganiban JM, Saudino KJ. Using the Flanker Task to Examine Genetic and Environmental Contributions in Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Period. Behav Genet 2023; 53:132-142. [PMID: 36449137 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The limited research exploring genetic and environmental influences on inhibitory control (IC) in preschoolers has relied on parent ratings or simple delay tasks and has produced mixed results. The present study uses a cognitively-challenging Flanker task to examine genetic and environmental contributions to the development of early IC in a longitudinal sample of 310 same-sex twin pairs (123 MZ; 187 DZ; 51% female) assessed at ages 3, 4 and 5 years. IC was significantly heritable at each age (a2: age 3 = .36; age 4 = .36; age 5 = .35). Stability was entirely accounted for by genetic influences, and change was explained by genetic and nonshared environmental factors. No significant shared environmental influences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tzu Hung
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly J Saudino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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3
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Chien JH, Hung IT, Goh JOS, Kuo LW, Chang WW. Personal socio-cultural preferences modulate neural correlates of decisions to socialize with powerful persons. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4422-4432. [PMID: 35665565 PMCID: PMC9435004 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social power differences fundamentally shape the behavioral interaction dynamics of groups and societies. While it has long been recognized that individual socio‐cultural preferences mitigate social interactions involving persons of power, there is limited empirical data on the underlying neural correlates. To bridge this gap, we asked university student participants to decide whether they were willing to engage in social activities involving their teachers (higher power status), classmates (equal power status), or themselves (control) while functional brain images were acquired. Questionnaires assessed participants' preferences for power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and cultural intelligence. As expected, participants generally accepted more social interactions with classmates than teachers. Also, left inferior frontal activity was higher when accepting than when rejecting social interactions with teachers. Critically, power distance preferences further modulated right lateral frontoparietal activity contrasting approach relative to avoidance decisions towards teachers. In addition, uncertainty avoidance modulated activity in medial frontal, precuneus, and left supramarginal areas distinguishing approach decisions towards teachers relative to classmates. Cultural intelligence modulated neural responses to classmate approach/avoidance decisions in anterior cingulate and left parietal areas. Overall, functional activities in distinct brain networks reflected different personal socio‐cultural preferences despite observed social decisions to interact with others of differential power status. Such findings highlight that social approach or avoidance behaviors towards powerful persons involves differential subjective neural processes possibly involved in computing implicit social utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hong Chien
- Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Tzu Hung
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Development, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang W, Hung IT, Jackson JD, Tai TL, Goh JOS, Gutchess A. Influence of culture and age on the self-reference effect. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2019; 27:370-384. [PMID: 31120367 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1620913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Relating information to oneself can enhance memory for young and older adults. However, most studies investigating self-referencing have focused on Western populations, for whom the self is considered an independent and distinct entity. Whether self-referencing as a mnemonic strategy similarly benefits East Asians, cultures associated with interdependent self-construal, has been investigated little, particularly with age. In this study, we investigated the effect of self-reference on memory for both younger and older adults from American and Taiwanese cultures, predicting that self-referencing would be a less effective strategy for younger and older adults from Taiwan compared to Americans. Results reveal some cultural differences with age, with Taiwanese older adults benefitting less from self-referencing than younger Taiwanese, though the effect did not differ with age for Americans, or between younger adults across cultures. Thus, our results suggest that the potential mnemonic benefits of self-referencing may be limited in older adults from Eastern cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA
| | - I-Tzu Hung
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan D Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, USA.,CARE Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Tzu-Ling Tai
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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