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Prabhakara C, Godbole R, Sil P, Jahnavi S, Gulzar SEJ, van Zanten TS, Sheth D, Subhash N, Chandra A, Shivaraj A, Panikulam P, U I, Nuthakki VK, Puthiyapurayil TP, Ahmed R, Najar AH, Lingamallu SM, Das S, Mahajan B, Vemula P, Bharate SB, Singh PP, Vishwakarma R, Guha A, Sundaramurthy V, Mayor S. Strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009706. [PMID: 34252168 PMCID: PMC8297935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the host endo-lysosomal network for infection. Tracing the endocytic itinerary of SARS-CoV-2 can provide insights into viral trafficking and aid in designing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is internalized via the pH-dependent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic pathway in human gastric-adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells expressing undetectable levels of ACE2. Ectopic expression of ACE2 (AGS-ACE2) results in RBD traffic via both CG and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells. The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry. By screening a subset of FDA-approved inhibitors for functionality similar to BafilomycinA1, we identified Niclosamide as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Further validation using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in AGS-ACE2 and Vero cells confirmed its antiviral effect. We propose that Niclosamide, and other drugs which neutralize endosomal pH as well as inhibit the endocytic uptake, could provide broader applicability in subverting infection of viruses entering host cells via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Godbole
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Parijat Sil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Sowmya Jahnavi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Shah-e-Jahan Gulzar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Dhruv Sheth
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Neeraja Subhash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anchal Chandra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Ibrahim U
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Riyaz Ahmed
- CSIR—Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | | | - Sai Manoz Lingamallu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Snigdhadev Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Praveen Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - Arjun Guha
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
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Michael GC, Aliyu I, Fikin AG, Grema BA, Mutalub YB, Mohammed AA, Ibrahim U. Missed Elevated Blood Pressure in Triaged Outpatients: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study in Northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2021; 38:549-555. [PMID: 34174805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a common medical condition but largely undiagnosed, untreated, poorly controlled, and undertreated in low- and middle-income countries. Studies have reported missed hypertension during triage in Emergency Departments; however, little is known about missed elevated blood pressure (EBP) during triage in primary care settings. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of missed EBP among triaged patients attending General Outpatient Clinics in Northern Nigeria. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional multi-centre study involving 187 adults randomly selected from patients triaged in four General Outpatient Clinics in northern Nigeria. An investigator-administered questionnaire was employed to obtain data regarding participants' socio-demographic, triage blood pressure (BP) measurement, physician-led BP measurement, and physicians' clinical decision characteristics. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine factors associated with and predictors of missed EBP, respectively. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 40.6±14.7years. They were predominantly females (122, 65.2%). EBP was missed in 28 (15%) participants at the triage. Participants' age (>40years) (Odds ratio [OR]=3.82, 95% Confidence interval [CI]=1.43-10.22, P=0.008), study site (OR=0.32, 95% CI=0.12-0.82, P=0.018) and perceived receipt of explanation on BP measurement procedure (OR=2.97, 95% CI=1.25-7.07, P=0.014) were predictors of missed EBP among participants. CONCLUSION The prevalence of missed EBP was low but remarkable because of its huge public health implications. Age, study site, perceived receipt of explanation on BP measurement procedure predicted missed EBP. Effective interventions are needed to curtail missed EBP in these and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Michael
- Department of Family Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - I Aliyu
- Department of Paediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
| | - A G Fikin
- Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Nguru, Yobe State, Nigeria
| | - B A Grema
- Department of Family Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Y B Mutalub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology/Family Medicine, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - A A Mohammed
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - U Ibrahim
- Department of Family Medicine, FMC Nguru, Yobe State
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Tao ZY, Liu WP, Dong J, Feng XX, Yao DW, Lv QL, Ibrahim U, Dong JJ, Culleton R, Gu W, Su PP, Tao L, Li JY, Fang Q, Xia H. Purification of Plasmodium and Babesia- infected erythrocytes using a non-woven fabric filter. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:911-918. [PMID: 33612745 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purification of parasite-infected erythrocytes from whole blood containing leucocytes is crucial for many downstream genetic and molecular assays in parasitology. Current methodologies to achieve this are often costly and time consuming. Here, we demonstrate the successful application of a cheap and simple Non-Woven Fabric (NWF) filter for the purification of parasitized red blood cells from whole blood. NWF filtration was applied to the malaria-parasitized blood of three strains of mice, and one strain of rat, and to Babesia gibsoni parasitized dog blood. Before and after filtration, the white blood cell (WBC) removal rates and red blood cell (RBC) recovery rates were measured. After NWF filter treatment of rodent malaria-infected blood, the WBC removal rates and RBC recovery rates were, for Kunming mice: 99.51%±0.30% and 86.12%±8.37%; for BALB/C mice: 99.61%±0.15% and 80.74%±7.11%; for C57 mice: 99.71%±0.12% and 84.87%±3.83%; for Sprague-Dawley rats: 99.93%±0.03% and 83.30%±2.96%. Microscopy showed WBCs were efficiently removed from infected dog blood samples, and there was no obvious morphological change of B. gibsoni parasites. NWF filters efficiently remove leukocytes from malaria parasite-infected mouse and rat blood, and are also suitable for filtration of B. gibsoni-infected dog blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - W P Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Bengbu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 700# Huayuan Road, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - X X Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - D W Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Q L Lv
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - U Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J J Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - R Culleton
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - W Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - P P Su
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - L Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - J Y Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Q Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - H Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600# Donghai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
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