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Foucher JR, Dormegny-Jeanjean LC, Bartsch AJ, Humbert I, de Billy CC, Obrecht A, Mainberger O, Clauss JME, Waddington JL, Wolf RC, Hirjak D, Morra C, Ungvari G, Schorr B, Berna F, Shorter E. Paratonia, Gegenhalten and psychomotor hypertonia Back to the roots. Schizophr Res 2024; 263:35-44. [PMID: 36155159 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the first half of the 20th century, well before the antipsychotic era, paratonia, Gegenhalten and psychomotor hypertonia were described as new forms of hypertonia intrinsic to particular psychoses and catatonic disorders. A series of astute clinical observations and experiments supported their independence from rigidity seen in Parkinson's disease. After World War II, motor disorders went out of fashion in psychiatry, with drug-induced parkinsonism becoming the prevailing explanation for all involuntary resistance to passive motion. With the 'forgetting' of paratonia and Gegenhalten, parkinsonism became the prevailing reading grid, such that the rediscovery of hypertonia in antipsychotic-naive patients at the turn of the 21st century is currently referred to as "spontaneous parkinsonism", implicitly suggesting intrinsic and drug-induced forms to be the same. Classical descriptive psychopathology gives a more nuanced view in suggesting two non-parkinsonian hypertonias: (i) locomotor hypertonia corresponds to Ernest Dupré's paratonia and Karl Kleist's reactive Gegenhalten; it is a dys-relaxation phenomenon that often needs to be activated. (ii) Psychomotor hypertonia is experienced as an admixture of assistance and resistance that partially overlaps with Kleist's spontaneous Gegenhalten, but was convincingly isolated by Henri Claude and Henri Baruk thanks to electromyogram recordings; psychomotor hypertonia is underpinned by "anticipatory contractions" of cortical origin, occurrence of which in phase or antiphase with the movement accounted for facilitation or opposition to passive motions. This century-old knowledge is not only of historical interest. Some results have recently been replicated in dementia and as now known to involve specific premotor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Foucher
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ludovic C Dormegny-Jeanjean
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Andreas J Bartsch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Humbert
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément C de Billy
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Obrecht
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Mainberger
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie M E Clauss
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; SAGE - CNRS UMR 7363, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - John L Waddington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Christian Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carlos Morra
- International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology (INHN); Sanatorio Morra, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gabor Ungvari
- Section of Psychiatry, University Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Benoit Schorr
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie - INSERM 1114, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France; Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie - INSERM 1114, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Edward Shorter
- History of Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
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Foucher JR, Hirjak D, Walther S, Dormegny-Jeanjean LC, Humbert I, Mainberger O, de Billy CC, Schorr B, Vercueil L, Rogers J, Ungvari G, Waddington J, Berna F. From one to many: Hypertonia in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis an integrative review and adversarial collaboration report. Schizophr Res 2024; 263:66-81. [PMID: 37059654 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Different types of resistance to passive movement, i.e. hypertonia, were described in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) long before the introduction of antipsychotics. While these have been rediscovered in antipsychotic-naïve patients and their non-affected relatives, the existence of intrinsic hypertonia vs drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) in treated SSD remains controversial. This integrative review seeks to develop a commonly accepted framework to specify the putative clinical phenomena, highlight conflicting issues and discuss ways to challenge each hypothesis and model through adversarial collaboration. The authors agreed on a common framework inspired from systems neuroscience. Specification of DIP, locomotor paratonia (LMP) and psychomotor paratonia (PMP) identified points of disagreement. Some viewed parkinsonian rigidity to be sufficient for diagnosing DIP, while others viewed DIP as a syndrome that should include bradykinesia. Sensitivity of DIP to anticholinergic drugs and the nature of LPM and PMP were the most debated issues. It was agreed that treated SSD should be investigated first. Clinical features of the phenomena at issue could be confirmed by torque, EMG and joint angle measures that could help in challenging the selectivity of DIP to anticholinergics. LMP was modeled as the release of the reticular formation from the control of the supplementary motor area (SMA), which could be challenged by the tonic vibration reflex or acoustic startle. PMP was modeled as the release of primary motor cortex from the control of the SMA and may be informed by subclinical echopraxia. If these challenges are not met, this would put new constraints on the models and have clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Foucher
- ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU; CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU.
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany, EU
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic C Dormegny-Jeanjean
- ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU; CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU
| | - Ilia Humbert
- CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU
| | - Olivier Mainberger
- ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU; CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU
| | - Clément C de Billy
- ICube - CNRS UMR 7357, Neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU; CEMNIS - Noninvasive Neuromodulation Center, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU
| | - Benoit Schorr
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU; Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie - INSERM 1114, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU
| | - Laurent Vercueil
- Unité de neurophysiologie clinique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, France, EU; INSERM U1216, Institut de neurosciences, Grenoble, France, EU
| | - Jonathan Rogers
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gabor Ungvari
- Section of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - John Waddington
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland, EU
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Pôle de Psychiatrie, Santé Mentale et Addictologie, University Hospital Strasbourg, France, EU; Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie - INSERM 1114, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, France, EU
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Houix M, Humbert I, Mabileau G, Chapelet G, Sauvaget A, Gohier B, Armand-Branger S, Huon JF, D'Acremont F, Bulteau S. [How potentially inapropriate are psychotropic drugs prescribing in acute psychiatric unit for the elderly? Results from a large multicentric audit in France]. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil 2023; 21:496-505. [PMID: 38269564 DOI: 10.1684/pnv.2023.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major public health issue, especially when it comes to the elderly. Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) are one of the causes of ADRs in older people. A PIP can be defined as a prescription for which the benefit/risk ratio is unfavourable compared to other therapeutic alternatives. Psychotropic drugs are the second highest risk class for ADRs in the elderly. In order to reduce the prevalence of PIP, prescription assistance tools have been created. An inventory of PIP of psychotropic drugs in older patients hospitalized in psychiatry units was carried out in a French regional setting in 2019. A criteria grid was established based on 2 tools: STOPP/START criteria and Laroche's list adapted to French practice. This grid targeted each class of psychotropic drugs, drugs with a high anticholinergic burden and non-recommended combinations of psychotropic drugs. Three hundred forty-seven patients were included. A high prevalence of PPI was found for each class of psychotropic drugs. The highest prevalence of PPI was found among benzodiazepines (90.3%): long-term prescription, long half-life drugs, respiratory insufficiency or cognitive impairment condition. 56.5% of the subjects had a not-recommended combination of psychotropic drugs (prescription of drugs of the same pharmacotherapeutic class), 26% had a PIP of antipsychotics: prescription for insomnia, use of phenothiazine, 11.8% of drugs with anticholinergic properties and 7.4% of antidepressants: especially prescription of tricyclic drugs. These results obtained on a large population underline the interest of considering the specificities of prescriptions in the elderly. It shows both the interest and the limits of the current criteria defining the PIP in the context of a hospitalization in psychiatry for an acute disorder in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Houix
- Service pharmacie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France, Service pharmacie, Centre de santé mentale Angevin (Cesame), Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire, France
| | - Ilia Humbert
- Département de psychiatrie et addictologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
| | | | - Guillaume Chapelet
- Pôle de gérontologie clinique, centre hospitalier universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Sauvaget
- Département de psychiatrie et addictologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Gohier
- Département de psychiatrie et addictologie, centre hospitalier universitaire, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Armand-Branger
- Service pharmacie, Centre de santé mentale Angevin (Cesame), Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loire, France
| | | | - Fanny D'Acremont
- Service pharmacie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Bulteau
- Département de psychiatrie et addictologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
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Dormegny-Jeanjean LC, de Billy C, Mainberger O, Weibel S, Schorr B, Obrecht A, Landré L, Berna F, Causin JB, Blanc F, Danila V, Tomsa M, Pfleger G, Meyer C, Humbert I, Javelot H, Meyer G, Bertschy G, Foucher JR. Potential efficacy of dopaminergic antidepressants in treatment resistant anergic-anhedonic depression results of the chronic anergic-anhedonic depression open trial - CADOT. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1194090. [PMID: 37829759 PMCID: PMC10565009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1194090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Among treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we identified anergic-anhedonic clinical presentations (TRAD) as putatively responsive to pro-dopaminergic strategies. Based on the literature, non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and dopamine D2 receptor agonists (D2RAG) were sequentially introduced, frequently under the coverage of a mood stabilizer. This two-step therapeutic strategy will be referred to as the Dopaminergic Antidepressant Therapy Algorithm (DATA). We describe the short and long-term outcomes of TRAD managed according to DATA guidelines. Method Out of 52 outpatients with TRAD treated with DATA in a single expert center, 48 were included in the analysis [severity - QIDS (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology) = 16 ± 3; episode duration = 4.1 ± 2.7 years; Thase and Rush resistance stage = 2.9 ± 0.6; functioning - GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) = 41 ± 8]. These were followed-up for a median (1st - 3rd quartile) of 4 (1-9) months before being prescribed the first dopaminergic treatment and remitters were followed up 21 (11-33) months after remission. Results At the end of DATA step 1, 25 patients were in remission (QIDS <6; 52% [38-66%]). After DATA step 2, 37 patients were in remission (77% [65-89%]) to whom 5 patients with a QIDS score = 6 could be added (88% [78-97%]). Many of these patients felt subjectively remitted (GAF = 74 ± 10). There was a significant benefit to combining MAOI with D2RAG which was maintained for at least 18 months in 30 patients (79% [62-95%]). Conclusion These results support TRAD sensitivity to pro-dopaminergic interventions. However, some clinical heterogeneities remain in our sample and suggest some improvement in the description of dopamine-sensitive form(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Christophe Dormegny-Jeanjean
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément de Billy
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Mainberger
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR 1114, Physiopathology and Cognitive Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Schorr
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR 1114, Physiopathology and Cognitive Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Geriatrics Department and Expert Center for Neurocognitive Disorders, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Obrecht
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lionel Landré
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR 1114, Physiopathology and Cognitive Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Causin
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR 1114, Physiopathology and Cognitive Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frederic Blanc
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Geriatrics Department and Expert Center for Neurocognitive Disorders, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vlad Danila
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychiatry “Pole 8/9”, Rouffach Psychiatric Hospital, Rouffach, France
| | - Mihaela Tomsa
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychiatry “Pole 8/9”, Rouffach Psychiatric Hospital, Rouffach, France
| | - Geraldine Pfleger
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Integrated Psychiatric Care, Centre Hospitalier d’Erstein, Erstein, France
| | - Camille Meyer
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ilia Humbert
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Javelot
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Expert center in Psychopharmacology, Etablissement public de santé Alsace nord (EPSAN), Bischwiller, France
| | - Guillaume Meyer
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Centre Hospitalier d’Erstein, Lingolsheim, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR 1114, Physiopathology and Cognitive Psychopathology of Schizophrenia, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jack Rene Foucher
- Treatment resistant depression expert center of Alsace (CEDRA), Strasbourg-Rouffach-Erstein-Brumath, Rouffach, France
- Non-Invasive neuroModulation Center of Strasbourg (CEMNIS), University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UMR 7357 iCube, neurophysiology, FMTS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health – University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Allergy against human insulin was demonstrated in three diabetics who had not previously been treated with animal-derived insulin. In all three patients the allergy developed within a few weeks or months of starting insulin treatment. The diagnosis was confirmed by intracutaneous tests and determination of insulin-specific IgE antibodies. Desensitisation was necessary in one patient, in the other two the allergic symptoms were successfully treated by local measures. Two of the patients are at present well controlled on human insulin, while the third is still undergoing desensitisation. Such cases of primary allergy against human insulin have not previously been reported in the German medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nagel
- Fachklinik für Diabetes und Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Bad Lauterberg im Harz
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