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Fuchs SNR, Stalmann USA, Snoeren IAM, Bindels E, Schmitz S, Banjanin B, Hoogenboezem RM, van Herk S, Saad M, Walter W, Haferlach T, Seillier L, Saez-Rodriguez J, Dugourd AJF, Lehmann KV, Ben-Neriah Y, Gleitz HFE, Schneider RK. Collaborative effect of Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency and mutant p53 in Myc induction can promote leukemic transformation. Blood Adv 2024; 8:766-779. [PMID: 38147624 PMCID: PMC10847877 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is still not fully understood how genetic haploinsufficiency in del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) contributes to malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. We asked how compound haploinsufficiency for Csnk1a1 and Egr1 in the common deleted region on chromosome 5 affects hematopoietic stem cells. Additionally, Trp53 was disrupted as the most frequently comutated gene in del(5q) MDS using CRISPR/Cas9 editing in hematopoietic progenitors of wild-type (WT), Csnk1a1-/+, Egr1-/+, Csnk1a1/Egr1-/+ mice. A transplantable acute leukemia only developed in the Csnk1a1-/+Trp53-edited recipient. Isolated blasts were indefinitely cultured ex vivo and gave rise to leukemia after transplantation, providing a tool to study disease mechanisms or perform drug screenings. In a small-scale drug screening, the collaborative effect of Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency and Trp53 sensitized blasts to the CSNK1 inhibitor A51 relative to WT or Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient cells. In vivo, A51 treatment significantly reduced blast counts in Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient/Trp53 acute leukemias and restored hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Transcriptomics on blasts and their normal counterparts showed that the derived leukemia was driven by MAPK and Myc upregulation downstream of Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency cooperating with a downregulated p53 axis. A collaborative effect of Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency and p53 loss on MAPK and Myc upregulation was confirmed on the protein level. Downregulation of Myc protein expression correlated with efficient elimination of blasts in A51 treatment. The "Myc signature" closely resembled the transcriptional profile of patients with del(5q) MDS with TP53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn N. R. Fuchs
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula S. A. Stalmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge A. M. Snoeren
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephani Schmitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bella Banjanin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remco M. Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley van Herk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Saad
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Lancelot Seillier
- Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélien J. F. Dugourd
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kjong-Van Lehmann
- Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yinon Ben-Neriah
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hélène F. E. Gleitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rebekka K. Schneider
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Pritchard JE, Pearce JE, Snoeren IAM, Fuchs SNR, Götz K, Peisker F, Wagner S, Benabid A, Lutterbach N, Klöker V, Nagai JS, Hannani MT, Galyga AK, Sistemich E, Banjanin B, Flosdorf N, Bindels E, Olschok K, Biaesch K, Chatain N, Bhagwat N, Dunbar A, Sarkis R, Naveiras O, Berres ML, Koschmieder S, Levine RL, Costa IG, Gleitz HFE, Kramann R, Schneider RK. Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling mediates profibrotic hematopoiesis-stroma crosstalk in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113608. [PMID: 38117649 PMCID: PMC10828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of hematopoietic Hedgehog signaling in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) remains incompletely understood despite data suggesting that Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors have therapeutic activity in patients. We aim to systematically interrogate the role of canonical vs. non-canonical Hh signaling in MPNs. We show that Gli1 protein levels in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) mark fibrotic progression and that, in murine MPN models, absence of hematopoietic Gli1, but not Gli2 or Smo, significantly reduces MPN phenotype and fibrosis, indicating that GLI1 in the MPN clone can be activated in a non-canonical fashion. Additionally, we establish that hematopoietic Gli1 has a significant effect on stromal cells, mediated through a druggable MIF-CD74 axis. These data highlight the complex interplay between alterations in the MPN clone and activation of stromal cells and indicate that Gli1 represents a promising therapeutic target in MPNs, particularly that Hh signaling is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Pritchard
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette E Pearce
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inge A M Snoeren
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn N R Fuchs
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Götz
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Peisker
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Wagner
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adam Benabid
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Niklas Lutterbach
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Klöker
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - James S Nagai
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monica T Hannani
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna K Galyga
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ellen Sistemich
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bella Banjanin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niclas Flosdorf
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Olschok
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Biaesch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Dunbar
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rita Sarkis
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany; Medical Department III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hélène F E Gleitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Stalmann USA, Banjanin B, Snoeren IAM, Nagai JS, Leimkühler NB, Li R, Benabid A, Pritchard J, Malyaran H, Neuss S, Bindels E, Costa IG, Schneider RK. Single cell analysis of cultured bone marrow stromal cells reveals high similarity to fibroblasts in situ. Exp Hematol 2022; 110:28-33. [PMID: 35341805 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U S A Stalmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - B Banjanin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - I A M Snoeren
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J S Nagai
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N B Leimkühler
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R Li
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Benabid
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Pritchard
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Malyaran
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Neuss
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - I G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - R K Schneider
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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4
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Gleitz HFE, Snoeren IAM, Fuchs SNR, Leimkühler NB, Schneider RK. Isolation of human bone marrow stromal cells from bone marrow biopsies for single-cell RNA sequencing. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100538. [PMID: 34027494 PMCID: PMC8134068 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells play an important role in regulating stem cell quiescence and homeostasis; they are also key contributors to various hematological malignancies. However, human bone marrow stromal cells are difficult to isolate and prone to damage during isolation. This protocol describes a combination of mechanical and enzymatic isolation of BM stromal cells from human BM biopsies, followed by FACS sorting to separate stromal sub-populations including mesenchymal stromal cells, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells for single-cell RNA sequencing. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Leimkühler et al. (2020). Combination of enzymatic and physical homogenization methods for tissue dissociation Isolation of viable bone marrow stromal cells from human trephine bone marrow biopsies Preparation of FACS-sorted human stromal cells for single-cell RNA sequencing experiments
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène F E Gleitz
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands
| | - Inge A M Snoeren
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands
| | - Stijn N R Fuchs
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands
| | - Nils B Leimkühler
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GD, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Ribezzo F, Snoeren IAM, Ziegler S, Stoelben J, Olofsen PA, Henic A, Ferreira MV, Chen S, Stalmann USA, Buesche G, Hoogenboezem RM, Kramann R, Platzbecker U, Raaijmakers MHGP, Ebert BL, Schneider RK. Rps14, Csnk1a1 and miRNA145/miRNA146a deficiency cooperate in the clinical phenotype and activation of the innate immune system in the 5q- syndrome. Leukemia 2019; 33:1759-1772. [PMID: 30651631 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0350-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RPS14, CSNK1A1, and miR-145 are universally co-deleted in the 5q- syndrome, but mouse models of each gene deficiency recapitulate only a subset of the composite clinical features. We analyzed the combinatorial effect of haploinsufficiency for Rps14, Csnk1a1, and miRNA-145, using mice with genetically engineered, conditional heterozygous inactivation of Rps14 and Csnk1a1 and stable knockdown of miR-145/miR-146a. Combined Rps14/Csnk1a1/miR-145/146a deficiency recapitulated the cardinal features of the 5q- syndrome, including (1) more severe anemia with faster kinetics than Rps14 haploinsufficiency alone and (2) pathognomonic megakaryocyte morphology. Macrophages, regulatory cells of erythropoiesis and the innate immune response, were significantly increased in Rps14/Csnk1a1/miR-145/146a deficient mice as well as in 5q- syndrome patient bone marrows and showed activation of the innate immune response, reflected by increased expression of S100A8, and decreased phagocytic function. We demonstrate that Rps14/Csnk1a1/miR-145 and miR-146a deficient macrophages alter the microenvironment and induce S100A8 expression in the mesenchymal stem cell niche. The increased S100A8 expression in the mesenchymal niche was confirmed in 5q- syndrome patients. These data indicate that intrinsic defects of the 5q- syndrome hematopoietic stem cell directly alter the surrounding microenvironment, which in turn affects hematopoiesis as an extrinsic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ribezzo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inge A M Snoeren
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Ziegler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacques Stoelben
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia A Olofsen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Almira Henic
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula S A Stalmann
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guntram Buesche
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Remco M Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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