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Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Böhm S, Grassein F, Hölzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris EK, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer M, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly E, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffen-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Fischer M. Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:834-843. [PMID: 26096863 PMCID: PMC4744976 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Global change, especially land‐use intensification, affects human well‐being by impacting the delivery of multiple ecosystem services (multifunctionality). However, whether biodiversity loss is a major component of global change effects on multifunctionality in real‐world ecosystems, as in experimental ones, remains unclear. Therefore, we assessed biodiversity, functional composition and 14 ecosystem services on 150 agricultural grasslands differing in land‐use intensity. We also introduce five multifunctionality measures in which ecosystem services were weighted according to realistic land‐use objectives. We found that indirect land‐use effects, i.e. those mediated by biodiversity loss and by changes to functional composition, were as strong as direct effects on average. Their strength varied with land‐use objectives and regional context. Biodiversity loss explained indirect effects in a region of intermediate productivity and was most damaging when land‐use objectives favoured supporting and cultural services. In contrast, functional composition shifts, towards fast‐growing plant species, strongly increased provisioning services in more inherently unproductive grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pete Manning
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Alt
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Binkenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaser
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nico Blüthgen
- Ecological Networks, Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 3, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Böhm
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabrice Grassein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - E Kathryn Morris
- Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Prati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Swen C Renner
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.,Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Center at the National Zoological Park, Front Royal, 1500 Remount Road, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin, Plant Ecology, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schaefer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 1, 79104, Freiburg i. Br, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85758, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmitt
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Emily Solly
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sorkau
- Geocology, University of Tuebingen, Ruemelinstr. 19-23, 72070, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Steckel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffen-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Stempfhuber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Environmental Genomics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Panama
| | - Christiane N Weiner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Center for Food and Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Werner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97974, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland.,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.,Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, D-14469, Potsdam, Germany
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