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Varinthra P, Anwar SNMN, Shih SC, Liu IY. The role of the GABAergic system on insomnia. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:103-109. [PMID: 38645778 PMCID: PMC11025592 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_243_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential activity for the survival of mammals. Good sleep quality helps promote the performance of daily functions. In contrast, insufficient sleep reduces the efficiency of daily activities, causes various chronic diseases like Alzheimer's disease, and increases the risk of having accidents. The GABAergic system is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system. It transits the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter via GABAA and GABAB receptors to counterbalance excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, noradrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, orexin, and dopamine, which release and increase arousal activities during sleep. Several studies emphasized that dysfunction of the GABAergic system is related to insomnia, the most prevalent sleep-related disorder. The GABAergic system comprises the GABA neurotransmitter, GABA receptors, GABA synthesis, and degradation. Many studies have demonstrated that GABA levels correlate with sleep quality, suggesting that modulating the GABAergic system may be a promising therapeutic approach for insomnia. In this article, we highlight the significance of sleep, the classification and pathology of insomnia, and the impact of the GABAergic system changes on sleep. In addition, we also review the medications that target the GABAergic systems for insomnia, including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non-BZDs, barbiturates, GABA supplements, and Chinese herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shameemun Naseer Mohamed Nizarul Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shu-Ching Shih
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Pairojana T, Phasuk S, Tantisira MH, Liang KC, Roytrakul S, Pakaprot N, Chompoopong S, Nudmamud-Thanoi S, Ming Y, Liu IY. Standardized Extract of Centella asiatica Prevents Fear Memory Deficit in 3xTg-AD Mice. Am J Chin Med 2023; 51:329-353. [PMID: 36695831 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ECa 233 is a standardized extract of Centella asiatica (CA), an herb widely used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Previous studies reported that ECa 233 enhanced memory retention and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of healthy rats. Because of this, we became curious whether ECa 233 has a therapeutic effect on the fear memory deficit in the triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) model mice. Fear memory is a crucial emotional memory for survival that is found to be impaired in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we orally administered ECa 233 (doses: 10, 30, and 100[Formula: see text]mg/kg) to 3xTg-AD mice, who were five months old, for 30 consecutive days. We found that ECa 233 prevented a cued fear memory deficit and enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in 3xTg-AD mice. Subsequent proteomic and western blot analyses revealed increased expression levels of the molecules related to LTP induction and maintenance, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) and its network proteins, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1 and 2) in the hippocampi and amygdala of 3xTg-AD mice after ECa 233 pre-treatment. Our results indicate that ECa 233 is a promising potential herbal standardized extract that could be used in preventing the fear memory deficit and synaptic dysfunction before the early onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Mayuree H Tantisira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Long Hard-Bangsaen Rd., Saensuk, Amphoe Muang, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Kai-Chi Liang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narawut Pakaprot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Rd., Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy and Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 99-9, Tha-pho, Muang-Phitsanulok, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Yang Ming
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 701 Zhongyang Rd., Sec. 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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Suresh P, Jasmin S, Yen Y, Hsu HJ, Varinthra P, Pairojana T, Chen CC, Liu IY. Attenuation of HECT-E3 ligase expression rescued memory deficits in 3xTg-AD mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:916904. [PMID: 35966798 PMCID: PMC9372289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.916904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorders that cause deterioration of cognitive functions. Recent studies suggested that the accumulation of inflammatory molecules and impaired protein degradation mechanisms might both play a critical role in the progression of AD. Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway that can be controlled by several HECT-E3 ligases, which then regulates the expression of inflammatory molecules. E3 ubiquitin ligases are known to be upregulated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we studied the expressional change of HECT-E3 ligase using M01 on autophagy and inflammasome pathways in the context of AD pathogenesis. Our results demonstrated that the M01 treatment reversed the working memory deficits in 3xTg-AD mice when examined with the T-maze and reversal learning with the Morris water maze. Additionally, the electrophysiology recordings indicated that M01 treatment enhanced the long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice. Together with the improved memory performance, the expression levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome protein were decreased. On the other hand, autophagy-related molecules were increased in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice. Furthermore, the protein docking analysis indicated that the binding affinity of M01 to the WWP1 and NEDD4 E3 ligases was the highest among the HECT family members. The western blot analysis also confirmed the decreased expression level of NEDD4 protein in the M01-treated 3xTg-AD mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that the modulation of HECT-E3 ligase expression level can be used as a strategy to treat early memory deficits in AD by decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome molecules and increasing the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Sureka Jasmin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Yun Yen
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Taipei Municipal WanFang Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Translational Research, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | | | - Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ingrid Y. Liu
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Phasuk S, Jasmin S, Pairojana T, Chang HK, Liang KC, Liu IY. Lack of the peroxiredoxin 6 gene causes impaired spatial memory and abnormal synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 33874992 PMCID: PMC8056661 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) is expressed dominantly in the astrocytes and exerts either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects in the brain. Although PRDX6 can modulate several signaling cascades involving cognitive functions, its physiological role in spatial memory has not been investigated yet. This study aims to explore the function of the Prdx6 gene in spatial memory formation and synaptic plasticity. We first tested Prdx6-/- mice on a Morris water maze task and found that their memory performance was defective, along with reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses recorded from hippocampal sections of home-caged mice. Surprisingly, after the probe test, these knockout mice exhibited elevated hippocampal LTP, higher phosphorylated ERK1/2 level, and decreased reactive astrocyte markers. We further reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation by administering MEK inhibitor, U0126, into Prdx6-/- mice before the probe test, which reversed their spatial memory deficit. This study is the first one to report the role of PRDX6 in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity. Our results revealed that PRDX6 is necessary for maintaining spatial memory by modulating ERK1/2 phosphorylation and astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sureka Jasmin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Kai Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chi Liang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Pairojana T, Phasuk S, Suresh P, Huang SP, Pakaprot N, Chompoopong S, Hsieh TC, Liu IY. Age and gender differences for the behavioral phenotypes of 3xTg alzheimer's disease mice. Brain Res 2021; 1762:147437. [PMID: 33753066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) strain is a common mouse model used for studying the pathology and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 3xTg-AD strain exhibits two hallmarks of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. Several studies using different gender and age of 3xTg-AD mice to investigate their behavior phenotypes under the influence of various treatments have reported mixed results. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation on the optimal gender, age, and training paradigms used for behavioral studies of 3xTg-AD is necessary. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes for the two genders of 3xTg-AD mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months old and compared the results with age-, gender-matched C57BL/6N control strain. All mice were subjected to tail flick, pinprick, open field, elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and trace fear conditioning (TFC) tests to evaluate their sensory, locomotor, anxiety, and learning/memory functions. The results showed that TFC on male 3xTg-AD mice is optimal for studying the memory performance in AD. The sensory and locomotor functions of 3xTg-AD mice for two genders appear to be normal before 6 months, decline in fear memory afterwards. The differences between control and 3xTg-AD male mice in contextual and cued memory are robust, thus they are ideal for evaluating the effect of a treatment. Since it is costly and time consuming to obtain wildtype littermates as controls, C57BL/6N strain is suggested to be used as control mice because their baseline performance of sensorimotor functions are similar to that of 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Narawut Pakaprot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Phasuk S, Pairojana T, Suresh P, Yang CH, Roytrakul S, Huang SP, Chen CC, Pakaprot N, Chompoopong S, Nudmamud-Thanoi S, Liu IY. Enhanced contextual fear memory in peroxiredoxin 6 knockout mice is associated with hyperactivation of MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Brain 2021; 14:42. [PMID: 33632301 PMCID: PMC7908735 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear dysregulation is one of the symptoms found in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. The functional abnormality of the hippocampus is known to be implicated in the development of such pathology. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. This antioxidant enzyme is expressed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus. Recent evidence reveals that PRDX6 plays an important role in redox regulation and the modulation of several signaling molecules involved in fear regulation. Thus, we hypothesized that PRDX6 plays a role in the regulation of fear memory. We subjected a systemic Prdx6 knockout (Prdx6-/-) mice to trace fear conditioning and observed enhanced fear response after training. Intraventricular injection of lentivirus-carried mouse Prdx6 into the 3rd ventricle reduced the enhanced fear response in these knockout mice. Proteomic analysis followed by validation of western blot analysis revealed that several proteins in the MAPK pathway, such as NTRK2, AKT, and phospho-ERK1/2, cPLA2 were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of Prdx6-/- mice during the retrieval stage of contextual fear memory. The distribution of PRDX6 found in the astrocytes was also observed throughout the hippocampus. This study identifies PRDX6 as a participant in the regulation of fear response. It suggests that PRDX6 and related molecules may have important implications for understanding fear-dysregulation associated disorders like PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Narawut Pakaprot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Varinthra P, Ganesan K, Huang SP, Chompoopong S, Eurtivong C, Suresh P, Wen ZH, Liu IY. The 4-(Phenylsulfanyl) butan-2-one Improves Impaired Fear Memory Retrieval and Reduces Excessive Inflammatory Response in Triple Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:615079. [PMID: 33613267 PMCID: PMC7888344 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.615079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an excessive inflammatory response and impaired memory retrieval, including spatial memory, recognition memory, and emotional memory. Acquisition and retrieval of fear memory help one avoid dangers and natural threats. Thus, it is crucial for survival. AD patients with impaired retrieval of fear memory are vulnerable to dangerous conditions. Excessive expression of inflammatory markers is known to impede synaptic transmission and reduce the efficiency of memory retrieval. In wild-type mice, reducing inflammation response can improve fear memory retrieval; however, this effect of this approach is not yet investigated in 3xTg-AD model mice. To date, no satisfactory drug or treatment can attenuate the symptoms of AD despite numerous efforts. In the past few years, the direction of therapeutic drug development for AD has been shifted to natural compounds with anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we demonstrate that the compound 4-(phenylsulfanyl) butan-2-one (4-PSB-2) is effective in enhancing fear memory retrieval of wild-type and 3xTg-AD mice by reducing the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS. We also found that 4-PSB-2 helps increase dendritic spine density, postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) expression, and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice. Our study indicates that 4-PSB-2 may be developed as a promising therapeutic compound for treating fear memory impairment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiruthika Ganesan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Commission on Higher Education (CHE), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Suresh P, Phasuk S, Liu IY. Modulation of microglia activation and Alzheimer's disease: CX3 chemokine ligand 1/CX3CR and P2X 7R signaling. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 33:1-6. [PMID: 33505871 PMCID: PMC7821819 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_144_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deficits. Two hallmarks of AD that cause chronic inflammation and lead to neuronal dysfunction and damage are tau tangles and amyloid plaques. Microglial cells, the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, maintain a homeostatic active/inactive state via a bidirectional, dynamic communication with neurons. Several studies have revealed that dysregulated microglial activation leads to AD pathology. Therefore, we reviewed the relationship between AD and two important signaling complexes, CX3 chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1)/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R, that play critical roles in the regulation of microglial activation. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 is one important signaling which controls the microglia function. Altering this pathway can have opposite effects on amyloid and tau pathology in AD. Another important molecule is P2X7R which involves in the activation of microglia. Over activation of P2X7R is evident in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss influence of the two signaling pathways at different stages of AD pathology as well as the drug candidates that can modulate CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and ATP/P2X7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Varinthra P, Huang SP, Chompoopong S, Wen ZH, Liu IY. 4-(Phenylsulfanyl) Butan-2-One Attenuates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. Mar Drugs 2020; 19:md19010001. [PMID: 33374505 PMCID: PMC7822165 DOI: 10.3390/md19010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease that causes irreversible impairment of central vision, and effective treatment is not yet available. Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in drusen that lie under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been reported as one of the early signs of AMD and was found in more than 60% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Extracellular deposition of Aβ can induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in RPE cells. Thus, finding a compound that can effectively reduce the inflammatory response may help the treatment of AMD. In this research, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the coral-derived compound 4-(phenylsulfanyl) butan-2-one (4-PSB-2) on Aβ1-42 oligomer (oAβ1-42) added to the human adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19). Our results demonstrated that 4-PSB-2 can decrease the elevated expressions of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS via NF-κB signaling in ARPE-19 cells treated with oAβ1-42 without causing any cytotoxicity or notable side effects. This study suggests that 4-PSB-2 is a promising drug candidate for attenuation of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3846-2722
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Liu IY, Varinthra P, Huang S, Chompoopong S, Suresh P. A coral‐derived compound suppresses hippocampal inflammation and improved memory retrieval in triple transgenic Alzheimer’s mice. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Varinthra P, Ganesan K, Huang SP, Liu IY. P1-103: COMPOUND E411 RESCUES TRACE FEAR MEMORY DEFICIT IN TRIPLE-TRANSGENIC ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE MICE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pairojana T, Phasuk S, Huang SP, Tantisira M, Chompoopong S, Pakaprot N, Liu IY. P2-044: THE EFFECT OF STANDARDIZED EXTRACT OF ASIAN HERB IM01 ON CONDITIONED FEAR MEMORY DEFICIT OF 3XTG-AD MICE. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
- Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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Abstract
Depression is a life-threatening psychiatric disorder and a major public health concern worldwide with an incidence of 5% and a lifetime prevalence of 15%–20%. It is related with the social disability, decreased quality of life, and a high incidence of suicide. Along with increased depressive cases, health care cost in treating patients suffering from depression has also surged. Previous evidence have reported that depressed patients often exhibit altered circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythm involves physical, mental, and behavioral changes in a daily cycle, and is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in responding to light and darkness in an environment. Circadian rhythm disturbance in depressive patients causes early morning waking, sleep disturbances, diurnal mood variation, changes of the mean core temperature, endocrine release, and metabolic functions. Many medical interventions have been used to treat depression; however, several adverse effects are noted. This article reviews the types, causes of depression, mechanism of circadian rhythm, and the relationship between circadian rhythm disturbance with depression. Pharmaceutical and alternative interventions used to treat depressed patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeraporn Varinthra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Huang IY, Hsu YL, Chen CC, Chen MF, Wen ZH, Huang HT, Liu IY. Excavatolide-B Enhances Contextual Memory Retrieval via Repressing the Delayed Rectifier Potassium Current in the Hippocampus. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110405. [PMID: 30366389 PMCID: PMC6266063 DOI: 10.3390/md16110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory retrieval dysfunction is a symptom of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and absence epilepsy (AE), as well as an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease. To date, few drugs have been reported to enhance memory retrieval. Here, we found that a coral-derived natural product, excavatolide-B (Exc-B), enhances contextual memory retrieval in both wild-type and Cav3.2−/− mice via repressing the delayed rectifier potassium current, thus lowering the threshold for action potential initiation and enhancing induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). The human CACNA1H gene encodes a T-type calcium channel (Cav3.2), and its mutation is associated with schizophrenia, ASD, and AE, which are all characterized by abnormal memory function. Our previous publication demonstrated that Cav3.2−/− mice exhibit impaired contextual-associated memory retrieval, whilst their retrieval of spatial memory and auditory cued memory remain intact. The effect of Exc-B on enhancing the retrieval of context-associated memory provides a hope for novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Y Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Luan Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia road, Section 2, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Ting Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan.
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15
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Pai CS, Sharma PK, Huang HT, Loganathan S, Lin H, Hsu YL, Phasuk S, Liu IY. The Activating Transcription Factor 3 ( Atf3) Homozygous Knockout Mice Exhibit Enhanced Conditioned Fear and Down Regulation of Hippocampal GELSOLIN. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29515366 PMCID: PMC5826182 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular basis underlying fear memory formation is a key theme in anxiety disorder research. Because activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is induced under stress conditions and is highly expressed in the hippocampus, we hypothesize that ATF3 plays a role in fear memory formation. We used fear conditioning and various other paradigms to test Atf3 knockout mice and study the role of ATF3 in processing fear memory. The results demonstrated that the lack of ATF3 specifically enhanced the expression of fear memory, which was indicated by a higher incidence of the freeze response after fear conditioning, whereas the occurrence of spatial memory including Morris Water Maze and radial arm maze remained unchanged. The enhanced freezing behavior and normal spatial memory of the Atf3 knockout mice resembles the fear response and numbing symptoms often exhibited by patients affected with posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, we determined that after fear conditioning, dendritic spine density was increased, and expression of Gelsolin, the gene encoding a severing protein for actin polymerization, was down-regulated in the bilateral hippocampi of the Atf3 knockout mice. Taken together, our results suggest that ATF3 may suppress fear memory formation in mice directly or indirectly through mechanisms involving modulation of actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Sheng Pai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pranao K Sharma
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ting Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Heng Lin
- Department of Physiology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Luan Hsu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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16
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Chung NC, Huang YH, Chang CH, Liao JC, Yang CH, Chen CC, Liu IY. Behavior training reverses asymmetry in hippocampal transcriptome of the cav3.2 knockout mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118832. [PMID: 25768289 PMCID: PMC4358833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous Cav3.2 knockout mice, which are defective in the pore-forming subunit of a low voltage activated T-type calcium channel, have been documented to show impaired maintenance of late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and defective retrieval of context-associated fear memory. To investigate the role of Cav3.2 in global gene expression, we performed a microarray transcriptome study on the hippocampi of the Cav3.2-/- mice and their wild-type littermates, either naïve (untrained) or trace fear conditioned. We found a significant left-right asymmetric effect on the hippocampal transcriptome caused by the Cav3.2 knockout. Between the naive Cav3.2-/- and the naive wild-type mice, 3522 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the left hippocampus, but only 4 DEGs were found in the right hippocampus. Remarkably, the effect of Cav3.2 knockout was partially reversed by trace fear conditioning. The number of DEGs in the left hippocampus was reduced to 6 in the Cav3.2 knockout mice after trace fear conditioning, compared with the wild-type naïve mice. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time the asymmetric effects of the Cav3.2 and its partial reversal by behavior training on the hippocampal transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Chun Chung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsueh Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Lee KF, Chen YC, Hsu PWC, Liu IY, Wu LSH. MicroRNA expression profiling altered by variant dosage of radiation exposure. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:456323. [PMID: 25313363 PMCID: PMC4182081 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various biological effects are associated with radiation exposure. Irradiated cells may elevate the risk for genetic instability, mutation, and cancer under low levels of radiation exposure, in addition to being able to extend the postradiation side effects in normal tissues. Radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the focus of rigorous research as it may promote the development of cancer even at low radiation doses. Alterations in the DNA sequence could not explain these biological effects of radiation and it is thought that epigenetics factors may be involved. Indeed, some microRNAs (or miRNAs) have been found to correlate radiation-induced damages and may be potential biomarkers for the various biological effects caused by different levels of radiation exposure. However, the regulatory role that miRNA plays in this aspect remains elusive. In this study, we profiled the expression changes in miRNA under fractionated radiation exposure in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. By utilizing publicly available microRNA knowledge bases and performing cross validations with our previous gene expression profiling under the same radiation condition, we identified various miRNA-gene interactions specific to different doses of radiation treatment, providing new insights for the molecular underpinnings of radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics, Center for Genetic Counseling, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Paul Wei-Che Hsu
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Lawrence Shih-Hsin Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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18
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Lee KF, Weng JTY, Hsu PWC, Chi YH, Chen CK, Liu IY, Chen YC, Wu LSH. Gene expression profiling of biological pathway alterations by radiation exposure. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:834087. [PMID: 25276823 PMCID: PMC4170887 DOI: 10.1155/2014/834087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Though damage caused by radiation has been the focus of rigorous research, the mechanisms through which radiation exerts harmful effects on cells are complex and not well-understood. In particular, the influence of low dose radiation exposure on the regulation of genes and pathways remains unclear. In an attempt to investigate the molecular alterations induced by varying doses of radiation, a genome-wide expression analysis was conducted. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from five participants and each sample was subjected to 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, 2.5 Gy, and 5 Gy of cobalt 60 radiation, followed by array-based expression profiling. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the immune system and cancer development pathways appeared to be the major affected targets by radiation exposure. Therefore, 1 Gy radioactive exposure seemed to be a critical threshold dosage. In fact, after 1 Gy radiation exposure, expression levels of several genes including FADD, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF10A, TNFSF10, TNFSF8, CASP1, and CASP4 that are associated with carcinogenesis and metabolic disorders showed significant alterations. Our results suggest that exposure to low-dose radiation may elicit changes in metabolic and immune pathways, potentially increasing the risk of immune dysfunctions and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics, Center for Genetic Counseling, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Julia Tzu-Ya Weng
- Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Paul Wei-Che Hsu
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kai Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
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19
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Wang RY, Phang RZ, Hsu PH, Wang WH, Huang HT, Liu IY. In vivo knockdown of hippocampal miR-132 expression impairs memory acquisition of trace fear conditioning. Hippocampus 2013; 23:625-33. [PMID: 23520022 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-132 (miR-132) has been demonstrated to affect multiple neuronal functions, including dendritic growth and spinogenesis in cultured neurons and brain slices, as well as learning behavior of animals. However, its role in acquisition of temporal-associated memory remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the mature miR-132 level in mouse hippocampus was significantly increased at 30 min after trace fear conditioning, a type of temporal-associated learning, and returned to baseline values in 2 h. We then knocked down miR-132 expression in vivo by infusing a lentivector expressing anti-miR-132 hairpin RNA into the third ventricle near the anterior hippocampi such RNA diffused laterally to both hippocampal formations, later confirmed by histological analysis. This approach successfully reduced hippocampal miR-132 expression in both naïve and trace fear conditioned groups, and impaired acquisition of trace fear memory in mice. To our knowledge, this result is the first demonstration of change in temporal learning behavior by reducing microRNA (miRNA) level specifically in the hippocampal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
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20
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Lee KF, Hsu CS, Kuo PL, Chen JL, Jiang YH, Liu IY. The identification of a spontaneous 47, XX, +21/46, XY chimeric fetus with male genitalia. BMC Med Genet 2012; 13:85. [PMID: 22994271 PMCID: PMC3523066 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Approximately 30 sex-chromosome discordant chimera cases have been reported to date, of which only four cases carried trisomy 21. Here, we present an additional case, an aborted fetus with a karyotype of 47,XX, +21/46,XY. Case presentation Autopsy demonstrated that this fetus was normally developed and had male genitalia. Major characteristics of Down syndrome were not observed except an enlarged gap between the first and second toes. Karyotyping of tissues cultured from the fetus revealed the same chimeric chromosomal composition detected in the amniotic fluid but with a different ratio of [47,XX,+21] to [46,XY]. Further short tandem repeat analysis indicated a double paternal contribution and single maternal contribution to the fetus, with the additional chromosome 21 in the [47,XX,+21] cell lineage originating from the paternal side. Conclusion We thus propose that this chimeric fetus was formed via the dispermic fertilization of a parthenogenetic ovum with one (Y) sperm and one (X,+21) sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Fang Lee
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics, Center for Genetic Counseling, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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21
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Huang CH, Chiang YW, Liang KC, Thompson RF, Liu IY. Extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activated in the hippocampal CA1 neurons is critical for retrieval of auditory trace fear memory. Brain Res 2010; 1326:143-51. [PMID: 20188711 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain regions involved with trace fear conditioning (TFC) and delayed fear conditioning (DFC) are well-characterized, but little is known about the cellular representation subsuming these types of classical conditioning. Previous evidence has shown that activation of the amygdala is required for both TFC and DFC, while TFC also involves the hippocampus for forming conditioned response to tone. Lesions of the hippocampus did not affect tone learning in DFC, but it impaired learning in TFC. Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, underlying a cellular representation subsuming learning and memory, is in part modulated by extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. ERK1/2 activation is required for both TFC and DFC during memory formation, but whether this pathway is involved in memory retrieval of TFC is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated changes in ERK1/2 phosphorylation after memory retrieval in groups of mice that received TFC, DFC, tone-shock un-paired conditioning, and naïve control. Our results showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was elevated in the hippocampal CA1 region after retrieval of all conditioned fear responses. In particular, in the TFC group, immunohistochemistry indicated higher level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons 30min after tone testing. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway diminished fear memory elicited by a tone in TFC. Together these results suggest that the memory retrieval process in TFC is more dependent on ERK1/2 signaling pathway than that in DFC. ERK1/2 signaling is critical for retrieval associative memory of temporally noncontiguous stimuli.
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22
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Liu R, Liu IY, Bi X, Thompson RF, Doctrow SR, Malfroy B, Baudry M. Reversal of age-related learning deficits and brain oxidative stress in mice with superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8526-31. [PMID: 12815103 PMCID: PMC166262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1332809100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in cognitive impairment in both old experimental animals and aged humans. This implication has led to the notion that antioxidant defense mechanisms in the brain are not sufficient to prevent age-related increase in oxidative damage and that dietary intake of a variety of antioxidants might be beneficial for preserving brain function. Here we report a dramatic loss of learning and memory function from 8 to 11 months of age in mice, associated with marked increases in several markers of brain oxidative stress. Chronic systemic administration of two synthetic catalytic scavengers of reactive oxygen species, Eukarion experimental compounds EUK-189 and EUK-207, from 8 to 11 months almost completely reversed cognitive deficits and increase in oxidative stress taking place during this time period in brain. In particular, increase in protein oxidation was completely prevented, whereas increase in lipid peroxidation was decreased by approximately 50%. In addition, we observed a significant negative correlation between contextual fear learning and levels of protein oxidation in brain. These results further support the role of reactive oxygen species in age-related learning impairment and suggest potential clinical applications for synthetic catalytic scavengers of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Liu
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Richard F. Thompson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Susan R. Doctrow
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Bernard Malfroy
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
| | - Michel Baudry
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
90090-2520;Department of Psychiatry and Human
Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612;
andEukarion, Inc., 6F Alfred Circle, Bedford,
MA 01730
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: HNB116, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520. E-mail:
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Abstract
Baseline neuropsychological function was assessed in 2,123 Framingham Heart Study participants and was related to mortality over an 8- to 10-year follow-up period. During that time, 573 persons died. Using Cox proportional hazards models, the authors showed poor cognitive function to be consistently associated with an increased risk of death. This association persisted after adjustment for the confounding effects of age, education, and illness. Subjects scoring below the 26th percentile of performance were at increased risk of mortality compared with high scorers (the relative risk was 1.3 for the 11th percentile-25th percentile and 1.7 for the 1st percentile-10th percentile).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Liu
- Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Liu
- Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892
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25
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Abstract
Data from 3,087 persons age 45 or older in the National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1971-74, showed that subjects with lens opacifying disease had an increased odds for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared to those who had no lens opacities. The crude odds ratio for aphakic patients was 4.6 (95% CI = 2.5, 8.6). The association remained after controlling for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure (a common risk factor) in a logistic regression model. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that light-induced damage may contribute to both lens and retinal disease and suggest that cataract extraction without implantation of ultra-violet/blue light absorbing intraocular lens may place subjects at increased risk of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Liu
- Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Warren CD, Liu IY, Herscovics A, Jeanloz RW. The synthesis and chemical properties of polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. J Biol Chem 1975; 250:8069-78. [PMID: 1176460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate, free of the alpha anomer, was coupled with citronellol and dolichol in the presence of triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride to give, after chromatographic purification and deacetylation, the respective polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. These compounds were compared with the previously synthesized alpha anomers by means of their chromatographic properties, spectra, optical rotations, and hydrolysis reactions when treated with acid and alkali. To characterize the compounds resulting from these treatments, and to determine the mechanism of the alkaline hydrolysis, beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate was converted into beta-D-mannonpyranose 1,2-phosphate, and hence into D-mannose 2-phosphate, obtained as a mixture of alpha and beta anomers, characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Beta-D-Mannopyranosyl phosphate was readily separated by thin layer chromatography from the corresponding alpha anomer.
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Warren CD, Liu IY, Herscovics A, Jeanloz RW. The synthesis and chemical properties of polyisoprenyl beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphates. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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28
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Herscovics A, Warren CD, Jeanloz RW, Wedgwood JF, Liu IY, Strominger JL. Occurrence of a beta-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate residue in the polyprenyl mannosyl phosphate formed in calf pancreas microsomes and in human lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 1974; 45:312-7. [PMID: 4414879 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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