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Haegeman A, Foucart Y, De Jonghe K, Goedefroit T, Al Rwahnih M, Boonham N, Candresse T, Gaafar YZA, Hurtado-Gonzales OP, Kogej Zwitter Z, Kutnjak D, Lamovšek J, Lefebvre M, Malapi M, Mavrič Pleško I, Önder S, Reynard JS, Salavert Pamblanco F, Schumpp O, Stevens K, Pal C, Tamisier L, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, van Duivenbode I, Waite DW, Hu X, Ziebell H, Massart S. Correction: Haegeman et al. Looking beyond Virus Detection in RNA Sequencing Data: Lessons Learned from a Community-Based Effort to Detect Cellular Plant Pathogens and Pests. Plants 2023, 12, 2139. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:623. [PMID: 38475595 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yoika Foucart
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kris De Jonghe
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Goedefroit
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maher Al Rwahnih
- Foundation Plant Services, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Neil Boonham
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Yahya Z A Gaafar
- Centre for Plant Health, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, BC V8L 1H3, Canada
| | - Oscar P Hurtado-Gonzales
- Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Beltsville, ML 20705, USA
| | - Zala Kogej Zwitter
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Lamovšek
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marie Lefebvre
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Martha Malapi
- Biotechnology Risk Analysis Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Riverdale, ML 20737, USA
| | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Serkan Önder
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, Eskişehir 26160, Turkey
| | | | | | - Olivier Schumpp
- Department of Plant Protection, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Stevens
- Foundation Plant Services, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chandan Pal
- Zespri International Limited, 400 Maunganui Road, Mount Maunganui 3116, New Zealand
| | - Lucie Tamisier
- Unités GAFL et Pathologie Végétale, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), 84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Çiğdem Ulubaş Serçe
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde 51240, Turkey
| | - Inge van Duivenbode
- Dutch General Inspection Service for Agricultural Seed and Seed Potatoes (NAK), Randweg 14, 8304 AS Emmeloord, The Netherlands
| | - David W Waite
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Beltsville, ML 20705, USA
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Jevremović D, Mavrič Pleško I. Editorial: New insights in small fruit diseases. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1306301. [PMID: 38023924 PMCID: PMC10663271 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1306301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Jevremović
- Department for Fruit Protection and Certification of Planting Material, Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, Serbia
| | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Haegeman A, Foucart Y, De Jonghe K, Goedefroit T, Al Rwahnih M, Boonham N, Candresse T, Gaafar YZA, Hurtado-Gonzales OP, Kogej Zwitter Z, Kutnjak D, Lamovšek J, Lefebvre M, Malapi M, Mavrič Pleško I, Önder S, Reynard JS, Salavert Pamblanco F, Schumpp O, Stevens K, Pal C, Tamisier L, Ulubaş Serçe Ç, van Duivenbode I, Waite DW, Hu X, Ziebell H, Massart S. Looking beyond Virus Detection in RNA Sequencing Data: Lessons Learned from a Community-Based Effort to Detect Cellular Plant Pathogens and Pests. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2139. [PMID: 37299118 PMCID: PMC10255714 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS), more specifically RNA sequencing of plant tissues, has become an indispensable tool for plant virologists to detect and identify plant viruses. During the data analysis step, plant virologists typically compare the obtained sequences to reference virus databases. In this way, they are neglecting sequences without homologies to viruses, which usually represent the majority of sequencing reads. We hypothesized that traces of other pathogens might be detected in this unused sequence data. In the present study, our goal was to investigate whether total RNA-seq data, as generated for plant virus detection, is also suitable for the detection of other plant pathogens and pests. As proof of concept, we first analyzed RNA-seq datasets of plant materials with confirmed infections by cellular pathogens in order to check whether these non-viral pathogens could be easily detected in the data. Next, we set up a community effort to re-analyze existing Illumina RNA-seq datasets used for virus detection to check for the potential presence of non-viral pathogens or pests. In total, 101 datasets from 15 participants derived from 51 different plant species were re-analyzed, of which 37 were selected for subsequent in-depth analyses. In 29 of the 37 selected samples (78%), we found convincing traces of non-viral plant pathogens or pests. The organisms most frequently detected in this way were fungi (15/37 datasets), followed by insects (13/37) and mites (9/37). The presence of some of the detected pathogens was confirmed by independent (q)PCRs analyses. After communicating the results, 6 out of the 15 participants indicated that they were unaware of the possible presence of these pathogens in their sample(s). All participants indicated that they would broaden the scope of their bioinformatic analyses in future studies and thus check for the presence of non-viral pathogens. In conclusion, we show that it is possible to detect non-viral pathogens or pests from total RNA-seq datasets, in this case primarily fungi, insects, and mites. With this study, we hope to raise awareness among plant virologists that their data might be useful for fellow plant pathologists in other disciplines (mycology, entomology, bacteriology) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yoika Foucart
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kris De Jonghe
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Goedefroit
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maher Al Rwahnih
- Foundation Plant Services, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Neil Boonham
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave-d’Ornon, France
| | - Yahya Z. A. Gaafar
- Centre for Plant Health, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Road, North Saanich, BC V8L 1H3, Canada
| | - Oscar P. Hurtado-Gonzales
- Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Beltsville, ML 20705, USA
| | - Zala Kogej Zwitter
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Lamovšek
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marie Lefebvre
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave-d’Ornon, France
| | - Martha Malapi
- Biotechnology Risk Analysis Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Riverdale, ML 20737, USA
| | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia (KIS), 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Serkan Önder
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazarı, Eskişehir 26160, Turkey
| | | | | | - Olivier Schumpp
- Department of Plant Protection, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Stevens
- Foundation Plant Services, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chandan Pal
- Zespri International Limited, 400 Maunganui Road, Mount Maunganui 3116, New Zealand
| | - Lucie Tamisier
- Unités GAFL et Pathologie Végétale, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Çiğdem Ulubaş Serçe
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240 Niğde, Turkey
| | - Inge van Duivenbode
- Dutch General Inspection Service for Agricultural Seed and Seed Potatoes (NAK), Randweg 14, 8304 AS Emmeloord, The Netherlands
| | - David W. Waite
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Beltsville, ML 20705, USA
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Kutnjak D, Tamisier L, Adams I, Boonham N, Candresse T, Chiumenti M, De Jonghe K, Kreuze JF, Lefebvre M, Silva G, Malapi-Wight M, Margaria P, Mavrič Pleško I, McGreig S, Miozzi L, Remenant B, Reynard JS, Rollin J, Rott M, Schumpp O, Massart S, Haegeman A. A Primer on the Analysis of High-Throughput Sequencing Data for Detection of Plant Viruses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:841. [PMID: 33920047 PMCID: PMC8071028 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have become indispensable tools assisting plant virus diagnostics and research thanks to their ability to detect any plant virus in a sample without prior knowledge. As HTS technologies are heavily relying on bioinformatics analysis of the huge amount of generated sequences, it is of utmost importance that researchers can rely on efficient and reliable bioinformatic tools and can understand the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the tools used. Here, we present a critical overview of the steps involved in HTS as employed for plant virus detection and virome characterization. We start from sample preparation and nucleic acid extraction as appropriate to the chosen HTS strategy, which is followed by basic data analysis requirements, an extensive overview of the in-depth data processing options, and taxonomic classification of viral sequences detected. By presenting the bioinformatic tools and a detailed overview of the consecutive steps that can be used to implement a well-structured HTS data analysis in an easy and accessible way, this paper is targeted at both beginners and expert scientists engaging in HTS plant virome projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kutnjak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucie Tamisier
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (L.T.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Ian Adams
- Fera Science Limited, York YO41 1LZ, UK; (I.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Neil Boonham
- Institute for Agri-Food Research and Innovation, Newcastle University, King’s Rd, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Thierry Candresse
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (T.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Amendola, 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Kris De Jonghe
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.J.); (A.H.)
| | - Jan F. Kreuze
- International Potato Center (CIP), Avenida la Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima 15023, Peru;
| | - Marie Lefebvre
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (T.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Martha Malapi-Wight
- Biotechnology Risk Analysis Programs, Biotechnology Regulatory Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA;
| | - Paolo Margaria
- Leibniz Institute-DSMZ, Inhoffenstrasse 7b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Sam McGreig
- Fera Science Limited, York YO41 1LZ, UK; (I.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Benoit Remenant
- ANSES Plant Health Laboratory, 7 Rue Jean Dixméras, CEDEX 01, 49044 Angers, France;
| | | | - Johan Rollin
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (L.T.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
- DNAVision, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Mike Rott
- Sidney Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 8801 East Saanich Rd, North Saanich, BC V8L 1H3, Canada;
| | - Olivier Schumpp
- Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland; (J.-S.R.); (O.S.)
| | - Sébastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium; (L.T.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.J.); (A.H.)
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Koloniuk I, Thekke-Veetil T, Reynard JS, Mavrič Pleško I, Přibylová J, Brodard J, Kellenberger I, Sarkisova T, Špak J, Lamovšek J, Massart S, Ho T, Postman JD, Tzanetakis IE. Molecular Characterization of Divergent Closterovirus Isolates Infecting Ribes Species. Viruses 2018; 10:E369. [PMID: 30002359 PMCID: PMC6071065 DOI: 10.3390/v10070369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five isolates of a new member of the family Closteroviridae, tentatively named blackcurrant leafroll-associated virus 1 (BcLRaV-1), were identified in the currant. The 17-kb-long genome codes for 10 putative proteins. The replication-associated polyprotein has several functional domains, including papain-like proteases, methyltransferase, Zemlya, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Additional open reading frames code for a small protein predicted to integrate into the host cell wall, a heat-shock protein 70 homolog, a heat-shock protein 90 homolog, two coat proteins, and three proteins of unknown functions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BcLRaV-1 is related to members of the genus Closterovirus, whereas recombination analysis provided evidence of intraspecies recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koloniuk
- Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Thanuja Thekke-Veetil
- Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | | | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jaroslava Přibylová
- Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Justine Brodard
- Virology-Phytoplasmology Laboratory, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tatiana Sarkisova
- Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Špak
- Department of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Janja Lamovšek
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Sebastien Massart
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, TERRA-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Thien Ho
- Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Joseph D Postman
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository, United States Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Abstract
The increased incidence of the crown gall disease caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has long been associated with activities of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Pot experiments on tomato were designed to assess plant vitality, nematode reproduction, and crown gall incidence in combined infection with Agrobacterium and Meloidogyne spp. on tomato roots. Results suggest that tomato plants infected with pathogenic A. tumefaciens 2 days before the nematodes show enhanced plant defense against M. ethiopica resulting in lower egg and gall counts on roots 45 and 90 days postinoculation (dpi); no significantly enhanced defense was observed when the plant was inoculated with bacteria and nematodes at the same time. Split-root experiments also showed that the observed interaction was systemic. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis that targeted several genes under plant hormonal control suggests that the suppression was mediated via systemic acquired resistance by the pathogenesis-related protein 1 and that M. ethiopica did not enhance the defense reaction of tomato against Agrobacterium spp. Nematodes completely inhibited tumor growth in a 45-day experiment if inoculated onto the roots before the pathogenic bacteria. We conclude that the observed antagonism in the tested pathosystem was the result of initially strong plant defense that was later suppressed by the invading pathogen and pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Lamovšek
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Gerič Stare
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mavrič Pleško
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Širca
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Urek
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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