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Olivares-Berjaga D, Martínez-Pinteño A, Rodríguez N, Madero S, Prohens L, Martínez-Serrano I, Mas S, Morén C, Parellada E, Gassó P. Effects of the PAM of mGluR2, JNJ-46356479, on brain apoptotic protein levels in a mouse model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110955. [PMID: 38296154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Current treatment for schizophrenia (SZ) ameliorates the positive symptoms, but is inefficient in treating the negative and cognitive symptoms. The SZ glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis has opened new avenues in the development of novel drugs targeting the glutamate storm, an inducer of progressive neuropathological changes. Positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), such as JNJ-46356479 (JNJ), reduce the presynaptic release of glutamate, which has previously been demonstrated to attenuate glutamate- and dopamine-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell cultures. We hypothesised that JNJ treatment would modify the brain levels of apoptotic proteins in a mouse model of ketamine (KET)-induced schizophrenia. We analysed the levels of proapoptotic (caspase-3 and Bax) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins by western blot in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of JNJ-treated mice. JNJ attenuated apoptosis in the brain by partially restoring the levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which is significantly reduced in animals exposed to KET. Additionally, a significant inverse correlation was observed between proapoptotic protein levels and behavioural deficits in the mice. Our findings suggest that JNJ may attenuate brain apoptosis in vivo, as previously described in cell cultures, providing a link between neuropathological deficits and SZ symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Martínez-Pinteño
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Natalia Rodríguez
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Santiago Madero
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Llucía Prohens
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Sergi Mas
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - Constanza Morén
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.
| | - Eduard Parellada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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Segura AG, Serna EDL, Sugranyes G, Baeza I, Valli I, Martínez-Serrano I, Díaz-Caneja CM, Andreu-Bernabeu Á, Moreno DM, Gassó P, Rodríguez N, Martínez-Pinteño A, Prohens L, Torrent C, García-Rizo C, Mas S, Castro-Fornieles J. Polygenic risk scores mediating functioning outcomes through cognitive and clinical features in youth at family risk and controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 81:28-37. [PMID: 38310718 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder exhibit substantial clinical overlap, particularly in individuals at familial high risk, who frequently present sub-threshold symptoms before the onset of illness. Severe mental disorders are highly polygenic traits, but their impact on the stages preceding the manifestation of mental disorders remains relatively unexplored. Our study aimed to examine the influence of polygenic risk scores (PRS) on sub-clinical outcomes over a 2-year period in youth at familial high risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and controls. The sample included 222 children and adolescents, comprising offspring of parents with schizophrenia (n = 38), bipolar disorder (n = 80), and community controls (n = 104). We calculated PRS for psychiatric disorders, neuroticism and cognition using the PRS-CS method. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate the association between PRS and cognition, symptom severity and functioning. Mediation analyses were conducted to explore whether clinical features acted as intermediaries in the impact of PRS on functioning outcomes. SZoff exhibited elevated PRS for schizophrenia. In the entire sample, PRS for depression, neuroticism, and cognitive traits showed associations with sub-clinical features. The effect of PRS for neuroticism and general intelligence on functioning outcomes were mediated by cognition and symptoms severity, respectively. This study delves into the interplay among genetics, the emergence of sub-clinical symptoms and functioning outcomes, providing novel evidence on mechanisms underpinning the continuum from sub-threshold features to the onset of mental disorders. The findings underscore the interplay of genetics, cognition, and clinical features, providing insights for personalized early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Segura
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Valli
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Serrano
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Andreu-Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores M Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Adolescent Inpatient Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Martínez-Pinteño
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llucia Prohens
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Torrent
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Fundació Clinic - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clemente García-Rizo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Clinical Foundations, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, 2021SGR01319, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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